WEBVTT

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Thank you.

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Water is quite beautiful to look at,

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and I guess you probably all know
that you're two-thirds water --

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you do, don't you?
Right.

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But you may not know that
because the water molecule is so small,

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that two-thirds translates
into 99% of your molecules.

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Think of it, 99% percent
of your molecules are water.

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So, your shoes are carrying around
a blob of water essentially.

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Now, the question is, in your cells,

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do those water molecules
actually do something?

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Are these molecules essentially jobless

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or do they do something
that might be really, really interesting?

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For that matter are we even really sure
that water is H₂O?

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We read about that in the textbook,

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but is it possible that some water
is actually not H₂O?

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So, these are questions
whose answers are actually not as simple

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as you think they might be.

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In fact, we're really in the dark
about water, we know so little.

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And why do we know so little?

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Well, you probably think
that water is so pervasive,

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and it's such a simple molecule,

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that everything ought to be known
about water, right?

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I mean you'd think it's all there.

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Well, scientists think the same.

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Many scientists think,
och, water it's so simple,

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that everything must be known.

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And, in fact, that's not at all the case.

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So, let me show you, to start with,
a few examples of things about water

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that we ought to know,
but we really haven't a clue.

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Here's something that you see every day.

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You see a cloud in the sky and, probably,
you haven't asked the question:

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How does the water get there?

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Why, I mean,
there's only one cloud sitting there,

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and the water is evaporating everywhere,

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why does it go to this cloud
forming what you see there?

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So, another question: Could you imagine
droplets floating on water?

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We expect droplets to coalesce
instantly with the water.

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The droplets persist for a long time.

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And here's another example
of walking on water.

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This is a lizard from Central America.

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And because it walks on water
it's called the Jesus Christ lizard.

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At first you'll say, "Well, I know
the answer to this,

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the surface tension is high in water."

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But the common idea of surface tension

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is that there's a single molecular layer
of water at the top,

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and this single molecular layer
is sufficient to create enough tension

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to hold whatever you put there.

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I think this is an example
that doesn't fit that.

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And here's another example.

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Two beakers of water.
You put two electrodes in,

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and you put high voltage between them
and then what happens is a bridge forms,

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and this bridge is made of water,
a bridge of water.

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And this bridge can be sustained

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as you move one beaker away
from the other beaker,

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as much as 4 centimeters,

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sustained essentially indefinitely.

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How come we don't understand this?

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So, what I mean is that there are
lots of things about water

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that we should understand,
but we don't understand,

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we really don't know.

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So, okay, so what do we know about water?

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Well, you've learned
that the water molecule

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contains an oxygen and two hydrogens.

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That you learn in the textbooks.
We know that.

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We also know there are
many water molecules,

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and these water molecules are
actually moving around microscopically.

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So, we know that.
What don't we know about water?

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Well, we don't know anything
about the social behavior of water.

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What do I mean by social?
Well, say, sitting at the bar

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and chatting with your neighbor.

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We don't know how water molecules
actually share information or interact,

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and also we don't know about
the actual movements of water molecules.

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How water molecules
interact with one another,

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and also how water molecules
interact with other molecules

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like that purple one sitting there.
Unknown.

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Also the phases of water.

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We've all learned
that there's a solid phase,

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a liquid phase and a vapor phase.

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However, a hundred years ago,

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there was some idea
that there might be a fourth phase,

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somewhere in between a solid and a liquid.

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Sir William Hardy,
a famous physical chemist,

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a hundred years ago exactly,

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professed that there was actually
a fourth phase of water,

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and this water was kind of more ordered
than other kinds of water,

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and in fact had a gel-like consistency.

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So, the question arose to us --

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you know, all of this was forgotten,
because people began, as methods improved,

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to begin to study molecules
instead of ensembles of molecules,

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and people forgot about
the collectivity of water molecules

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and began looking, the same as in biology,

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began looking at individual molecules
and lost sight of the collection.

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So, we thought we're going to look at this

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because we had some idea
that it's possible

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that this missing link, this fourth phase,

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might actually be the missing link

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so that we can understand the phenomena
regarding water that we don't understand.

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So, we started by looking somewhere
between a solid and a liquid.

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And the first experiments that we did
get us going.

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We took a gel, that's the solid,
and we put it next to water.

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And we added some particles to the water

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because we had the sense that particles
would show us something.

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And you can see
what happened

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is that the particles began
moving away from the interface

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between the gel and the water,

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and they just kept moving
and moving and moving.

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And they wound up stopping at a distance

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that's roughly the size
of one of your hairs.

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Now, that may seem small,
but by molecular dimensions

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that's practically infinite.
It's a huge dimension.

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So, we began studying
the properties of this zone,

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and we called it, for obvious reasons,
the exclusion zone,

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because practically everything
you put there would get excluded,

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would get expelled
from the zone as it builds up,

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or instead of exclusion zone,
EZ for short.

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And so we found that
the kinds of materials

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that would create or nucleate
this kind of zone,

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not just gels, but we found
that practically every water-loving,

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or so-called hydrophilic surface
could do exactly that,

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creating the EZ water.

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And as the EZ water builds,
it would expel all the solutes

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or particles, whatever
into the bulk water.

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We began learning about properties,
and we've spent now quite a few years

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looking at the properties.

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And it looks something like this:

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You have a material next to water and
these sheets of EZ layers begin to build,

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and they build and build and
they just keep building up one by one.

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So, if you look at the structure
of each one of these planes,

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you can see that it's a honeycomb,
hexagonal kind of structure,

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a bit like ice, but not ice.

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And, if you look at it carefully,
you can see the molecular structures.

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So, of course, it consists
of hydrogen and oxygen,

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because it's built from water.

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But, actually,
they're not water molecules.

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If you start counting
the number of hydrogens

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and the number of oxygens,

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it turns out that it's not H₂O.

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It's actually H₃O₂.

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So, it is possible that there's water
that's not H₂O, a phase of water.

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So, we began looking, of course, more into
these extremely interesting properties.

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And what we found is, if we stuck
electrodes into the EZ water,

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because we thought there might be
some electrical potential,

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it turned out that there's lots
of negative charge in that zone.

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And we used some dyes
to seek positive charge,

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and we found that in the bulk water zone
there was an equal amount of positivity.

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So, what's going on?

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It looked like,
that next to these interfaces

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the water molecule
was somehow splitting up

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into a negative part and a positive part.

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And the negative part sat
right next to the water-loving material.

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Positive charges went out beyond that.

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We found it's the same,
you didn't need a straight interface,

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you could also have a sphere.

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So, you put a sphere in the water, and
any sphere that's suspended in the water

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develops one of these exclusion zones,
EZ's, around it, with the negative charge,

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beyond that is all the positive charge.
Charge separation.

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It didn't have to be only
a material sphere, in fact,

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you could put a droplet in there,
a water droplet,

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or, in fact, even a bubble,
you'd get the same result.

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Surrounding each one of these entities
is a negative charge

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and the separated positive charge.

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So, here's a question for you.

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If you take two of these negatively
charged entities,

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and you drop them in a beaker of water
near each other,

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what happens to the distance between them?

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I bet that 95% of you would say:

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Well, that's easy, I learned in physics,
negative and negative repel each other,

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so, therefore they're going to go
apart from one another, right?

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That what you'd guess?

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Well, the actual result
if you think about it,

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is that it's not only the negative charge
but you also have positive charge.

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And the positive charge
is especially concentrated

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in between those two spheres,

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because they come from contributions
from both of those spheres.

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So, there are a lot of them there.

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When you have positive
in between two negatives

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what happens is that you get
an attractive force.

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And so you expect these two spheres
to actually come together

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despite the fact that
they have the same charge,

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and that's exactly what happens.

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It's been known for for many years.

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They come together, and if you have
many of them, instead of just two of them,

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you'll get something that looks like this.

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They'll come together and
this is called a colloid crystal.

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It's a stable structure.

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In fact, the yogurt that
you might have had this morning

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probably consists
of what you see right here.

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So, they come together
because of the opposite charge.

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The same thing is true
if you have droplets.

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They come together because of
the opposing charges.

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So, when you think of droplets,
and aerosol droplets in the air,

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and think about the cloud,

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it's actually the reason that
these aerosol droplets come together

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is because of this opposite charge.

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So, the droplets from the air,
similarly charged,

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come together coalesce,
giving you that cloud in the sky.

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So the fourth phase, or EZ phase,
actually explains quite a lot.

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It explains, for example, the cloud.

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It's the positive charge

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that draws these negatively charged
EZ shells together

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to give you a condensed cloud
that you see up in the sky.

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In terms of the water droplets,

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the reason that these are sustained
on the surface

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for actually sometimes
as long as tens of seconds --

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and you can see it if you're in a boat

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and it's raining, you can sometimes
see this on the surface of the lake,

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these droplets are sustained
for some time --

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and the reason they're sustained is
that each droplet contains this shell,

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this EZ shell,
and the shell has to be breached

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in order for the water to coalesce
with the water beneath.

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Now, in terms of the Jesus Christ lizard,
the reason the lizard can walk,

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it's not because of
one single molecular layer,

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but there are many EZ layers
lining the surface,

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and these are gel-like, they're stiffer
than ordinary surfaces

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so, therefore, you can float a coin
on the surface of the water,

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you can float a paperclip,

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although if put it beneath the surface
it sinks right down to the bottom.

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it's because of that.

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And in terms of the water bridge,

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If you think of it as plain old, liquid,
bulk water -- hard to understand.

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But if you think of it as EZ water
and a gel-like character,

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then you can understand how it could be
sustained with almost no droop,

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a very stiff structure.

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Okay, so, all well and good,
but why is this useful for us?

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What can we do with it?

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Well, we can get energy from water.

00:12:55.023 --> 00:12:59.118
In fact, the energy that we can get
from water is free energy.

00:12:59.118 --> 00:13:02.150
It's literally free.
We can take it from the environment.

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Let me explain.

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So, you have a situation in the diagram
with negative charge and positive charge,

00:13:10.274 --> 00:13:13.141
and when you have two opposing charges
next to each other

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it's like battery.

00:13:15.172 --> 00:13:20.645
So, really we have
a battery made of water.

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And you can
extract charge from it,

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so that is right now.

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Batteries run down, like your cell phone
needs to be plugged in every day or two,

00:13:32.661 --> 00:13:37.476
and so the question is: Well, what charges
this water battery?

00:13:37.476 --> 00:13:41.717
It took us a while to figure that out,
what recharges the battery.

00:13:41.717 --> 00:13:46.690
And one day, we're doing an experiment,
and a student in the lab walks by

00:13:46.690 --> 00:13:48.851
and he has this lamp.

00:13:48.851 --> 00:13:51.657
And he takes the lamp
and he shines it on the specimen,

00:13:51.657 --> 00:13:56.026
and where the light was shining
we found that the exclusion zone grew,

00:13:56.026 --> 00:13:57.714
grew by leaps and bounds.

00:13:57.714 --> 00:14:00.448
So, we thought, aha, it looks like light,

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and we've many experiments to show,

00:14:02.457 --> 00:14:06.083
that the energy for building this
comes from light.

00:14:06.083 --> 00:14:10.495
It comes not only from the direct light,
but also indirect light.

00:14:10.495 --> 00:14:12.340
What do I mean by indirect light?

00:14:12.340 --> 00:14:15.916
Well, what I mean is
that the indirect light

00:14:15.916 --> 00:14:22.180
is, for example, infrared light
that exists all over this auditorium.

00:14:22.180 --> 00:14:25.698
If we were to turn out all the lights,
including the floodlights,

00:14:25.698 --> 00:14:30.271
and I pulled out my infrared camera
and looked at the audience,

00:14:30.271 --> 00:14:33.458
you'd see a very clear, bright image.

00:14:33.458 --> 00:14:36.245
And if I looked at the walls
you'd see a very clear image.

00:14:36.245 --> 00:14:43.063
And the reason for that is that
everything is giving off infrared energy.

00:14:43.063 --> 00:14:45.816
You're giving off infrared energy.

00:14:45.816 --> 00:14:48.623
That's the energy that's most effective

00:14:48.623 --> 00:14:54.568
in building this charge separation
and this fourth phase.

00:14:54.568 --> 00:14:59.459
So, in other words you have the material,
you have the EZ water,

00:14:59.459 --> 00:15:01.766
and you collect energy from outside,

00:15:01.766 --> 00:15:03.833
and as you collect the energy
from outside,

00:15:03.833 --> 00:15:05.268
the exclusion zone builds.

00:15:05.268 --> 00:15:11.904
And if you a take away that extra energy,
it will go back to its normal size.

00:15:11.904 --> 00:15:17.202
So, this battery is basically
charged by light, by the sun.

00:15:17.202 --> 00:15:19.980
It's a gift from the sun.

00:15:19.980 --> 00:15:22.715
If you think about it, what's going on,

00:15:22.715 --> 00:15:27.354
if you think about the plant
that you have sitting in your kitchen,

00:15:27.354 --> 00:15:30.206
you're getting light,
you know where the energy comes from,

00:15:30.206 --> 00:15:32.087
the energy comes from the light.

00:15:32.087 --> 00:15:36.849
It's the photons that hit the plant,
that supply all the energy, right?

00:15:36.849 --> 00:15:40.072
And the plant converts it
to chemical energy,

00:15:40.072 --> 00:15:42.996
the light energy to chemical energy,
and the chemical energy

00:15:42.996 --> 00:15:47.704
is then used to do growth and metabolism
and bending and what-have-you.

00:15:47.704 --> 00:15:49.988
That we all know, it's very common.

00:15:49.988 --> 00:15:52.770
What I'm suggesting to you
from our results,

00:15:52.770 --> 00:15:55.434
is that the same thing happens in water.

00:15:55.434 --> 00:16:00.013
No surprise, because the plant
is mostly water,

00:16:00.013 --> 00:16:03.555
suggesting to you that energy
is coming in from outside,

00:16:03.555 --> 00:16:08.122
light energy, infrared energy,
radiant energy basically,

00:16:08.122 --> 00:16:10.152
and the water is absorbing the energy

00:16:10.152 --> 00:16:14.667
and converting that energy
into some sort of useful work.

00:16:14.667 --> 00:16:18.545
And so we come to the equation E = H₂O.

00:16:18.545 --> 00:16:22.210
A bit different from the equation
that you're familiar with.

00:16:22.210 --> 00:16:27.715
But I think it really is true that
you can't separate energy from water;

00:16:27.715 --> 00:16:34.709
water is a repository of energy
coming free from the environment.

00:16:34.709 --> 00:16:39.180
Now can we harvest some of this energy,
or is it just totally useless?

00:16:39.180 --> 00:16:44.136
Well, we can do that because you have
a negative zone and a positive zone.

00:16:44.136 --> 00:16:48.651
And if you put two electrodes in,
you can get energy, right?

00:16:48.651 --> 00:16:50.242
Just like a battery.

00:16:50.242 --> 00:16:52.402
And we've done that
and we were able to,

00:16:52.402 --> 00:16:56.427
for example, have
a every simple optical display.

00:16:56.427 --> 00:16:59.685
It can be run from the energy
that you can get from here.

00:16:59.685 --> 00:17:03.371
And obviously we need to build it up
into something bigger and more major

00:17:03.371 --> 00:17:04.996
in order to get the energy.

00:17:04.996 --> 00:17:08.810
This is free energy
and it comes from water.

00:17:08.810 --> 00:17:13.027
Another opportunity we've been developing

00:17:13.027 --> 00:17:16.699
is getting drinking --
clear, free, drinking water.

00:17:16.699 --> 00:17:18.934
If you have a hydrophilic material,

00:17:18.934 --> 00:17:22.896
and you put contaminated water next to it

00:17:22.896 --> 00:17:24.843
with junk that you want to get rid of --

00:17:24.884 --> 00:17:26.808
So, what happens is, I've shown you,

00:17:26.808 --> 00:17:32.686
is that this stuff gets excluded
from beyond the exclusion zone,

00:17:32.686 --> 00:17:35.871
and the remaining EZ
doesn't have any contaminants.

00:17:35.871 --> 00:17:39.649
So, you can put bacteria there,
and the bacteria would go out.

00:17:39.649 --> 00:17:42.043
And because the exclusion zone is big,

00:17:42.043 --> 00:17:44.321
it's easy to extract the water
and harvest it.

00:17:44.321 --> 00:17:45.714
And we've done that.

00:17:45.714 --> 00:17:49.354
And we're working on
trying to make it practical.

00:17:49.354 --> 00:17:53.054
Well, one of the things we noticed
is that it looks as though salt

00:17:53.054 --> 00:17:54.827
is also excluded.

00:17:54.827 --> 00:18:00.090
So, we're now thinking about
extending this,

00:18:00.090 --> 00:18:01.877
putting in ocean water.

00:18:01.877 --> 00:18:05.224
And you put the ocean water in,
and if the salt is excluded,

00:18:05.224 --> 00:18:09.588
then you simply take the EZ water
which should be free of salt,

00:18:09.588 --> 00:18:15.901
and you can get drinking water then
out of this.

00:18:15.901 --> 00:18:19.455
So, getting biological energy.

00:18:19.455 --> 00:18:23.950
The cells are full of macromolecules,
proteins, nucleic acids,

00:18:23.950 --> 00:18:26.987
and each one these is a nucleating site
to build EZ waters.

00:18:26.987 --> 00:18:29.764
So, around each one of these is EZ water.

00:18:29.764 --> 00:18:34.492
Now, the EZ water is negatively charged,
the region beyond is positively charged,

00:18:34.492 --> 00:18:36.347
so you have charge separation.

00:18:36.347 --> 00:18:39.437
And these separated charges
are free, available,

00:18:39.437 --> 00:18:42.049
to drive reactions inside your cells.

00:18:42.049 --> 00:18:46.005
So, what it means really is,
it's a kind of photosynthesis

00:18:46.005 --> 00:18:48.116
that your cells are doing.

00:18:48.116 --> 00:18:50.380
The light is being absorbed,

00:18:50.380 --> 00:18:52.798
converted into charge separation,

00:18:52.798 --> 00:18:55.145
just the same that happens
in photosynthesis,

00:18:55.145 --> 00:18:58.134
and these charges are used by you.

00:18:58.134 --> 00:19:03.834
One example of this,
obtaining energy on a larger scale,

00:19:03.834 --> 00:19:07.679
I mean the energy is coming in
all the time from all over

00:19:07.701 --> 00:19:10.079
and it's absorbed by you,
actually quite deeply:

00:19:10.079 --> 00:19:12.863
If you take a flashlight and
you shine it through the palm,

00:19:12.863 --> 00:19:16.456
you can actually see it through here,
so it penetrates quite deeply,

00:19:16.456 --> 00:19:20.104
and you have many blood vessels
all around you,

00:19:20.104 --> 00:19:22.538
especially capillaries near the periphery,

00:19:22.538 --> 00:19:26.501
and it's possible that some of this energy
that's coming in

00:19:26.501 --> 00:19:30.163
is used to help drive the blood flow.

00:19:30.163 --> 00:19:32.370
Let me explain that in a moment.

00:19:32.370 --> 00:19:37.418
What you see here is the microcirculation,
it's a piece of muscle,

00:19:37.430 --> 00:19:40.560
and you can see a few capillaries
winding their way through.

00:19:40.560 --> 00:19:44.208
And then these capillaries are
the red blood cells that you can see.

00:19:44.986 --> 00:19:47.728
A typical red blood cell looks like
on the upper right.

00:19:47.728 --> 00:19:51.880
It's big, but when they actually flow,
they bend.

00:19:51.880 --> 00:19:54.829
The reason they bend
is that the vessel is too small.

00:19:54.829 --> 00:19:58.181
So, the vessel is sometimes
even half the size of the red blood cells.

00:19:58.181 --> 00:20:00.128
They're going to squinch and go through.

00:20:00.128 --> 00:20:02.508
Now it requires quite a bit of energy
to do that,

00:20:02.508 --> 00:20:06.408
and the question is: Does your heart
really supply all the energy

00:20:06.408 --> 00:20:09.940
that's necessary for driving this event?

00:20:09.940 --> 00:20:11.925
And what we found is a surprise.

00:20:11.925 --> 00:20:16.994
We found that if we take a hollow tube
made of hydrophilic material,

00:20:16.994 --> 00:20:21.526
just like a straw,
and we put the straw in the water,

00:20:21.526 --> 00:20:26.452
we found constant unending flow
that goes through.

00:20:26.452 --> 00:20:28.885
So, here's the experiment,
here's the tube,

00:20:28.885 --> 00:20:32.013
and you can see
that the tube is put in the water.

00:20:32.013 --> 00:20:35.876
We fill out the inside just to make sure
it's completely filled inside,

00:20:35.876 --> 00:20:39.918
put into the water and the water contains
some spheres, some particles,

00:20:39.918 --> 00:20:42.101
so we can detect
any movements that occurred.

00:20:42.101 --> 00:20:45.764
And you look in the microscope
and what you find looks like this:

00:20:45.764 --> 00:20:47.930
unending flow through the tube.

00:20:47.930 --> 00:20:51.360
It can go on for a full day
as long as we've looked at it.

00:20:51.360 --> 00:20:54.418
So, it's free;
light is driving this flow,

00:20:54.418 --> 00:20:59.146
in a tube, no extra sources of energy
other than light.

00:20:59.146 --> 00:21:01.614
So, if you think about the human,

00:21:01.614 --> 00:21:07.183
and think about the energy that's being
absorbed in your water, and in your cells,

00:21:07.183 --> 00:21:09.800
it's possible that we may use
some of this energy

00:21:09.800 --> 00:21:14.990
to drive biological processes in a way
that you had not envisioned before.

00:21:14.990 --> 00:21:18.774
So, what I presented to you
has many implications

00:21:18.774 --> 00:21:22.990
for science and technology
that we've just begun thinking about.

00:21:22.990 --> 00:21:26.094
And the most important is
that the radiant energy

00:21:26.094 --> 00:21:29.439
is absorbed by the water,
and giving energy to the water

00:21:29.439 --> 00:21:31.310
in terms of chemical potential.

00:21:31.310 --> 00:21:33.883
And this may be used
in biological contexts,

00:21:33.883 --> 00:21:37.981
for example, as in blood flow,

00:21:37.981 --> 00:21:40.087
but in many other contexts as well.

00:21:40.087 --> 00:21:43.937
And when you think of chemical reactions
that involve water,

00:21:43.937 --> 00:21:47.247
you just think of a molecule
sitting in the water.

00:21:47.247 --> 00:21:49.320
But what I've shown you is not just that,

00:21:49.320 --> 00:21:54.259
you have the particle, EZ,
positive charge, the effect of light,

00:21:54.259 --> 00:21:57.013
all of those need to be
taken into account.

00:21:57.013 --> 00:22:02.304
So, it may be necessary to reconsider
many of the kinds of reactions,

00:22:02.304 --> 00:22:04.064
for understanding these reactions

00:22:04.064 --> 00:22:06.766
that we've learned about
in our chemistry class.

00:22:06.766 --> 00:22:09.610
Weather.
So, I've shown you about clouds.

00:22:09.610 --> 00:22:12.713
The critical factor is charge.

00:22:12.713 --> 00:22:17.551
If you take a course in weather and such,

00:22:17.551 --> 00:22:21.326
you hear that the most critical factors
are temperature and pressure.

00:22:21.326 --> 00:22:23.616
Charge is almost not mentioned,

00:22:23.616 --> 00:22:27.916
despite the fact that you can see
lightning and thunder all the time.

00:22:27.916 --> 00:22:32.459
But charges may be much more important
than pressure and temperature

00:22:32.459 --> 00:22:35.604
in giving us the kind of weather
that we see.

00:22:35.604 --> 00:22:39.780
Health. When you're sick
the doctor says drink water.

00:22:39.780 --> 00:22:44.147
There may be more to that
than meets the eye.

00:22:44.147 --> 00:22:47.048
And in food, food is mostly water,

00:22:47.048 --> 00:22:49.971
we don't think of food as being water,
but it's mostly water.

00:22:49.971 --> 00:22:53.339
If we want to understand how to freeze it,
how to preserve it,

00:22:53.339 --> 00:22:55.104
how to avoid dehydration,

00:22:55.104 --> 00:22:58.057
we must know something
about the nature of water,

00:22:58.057 --> 00:23:01.028
and we're beginning
to understand about that.

00:23:01.028 --> 00:23:06.741
In terms of practical uses,
there's desalination a possibility,

00:23:06.741 --> 00:23:08.819
and by the way, the desalination,

00:23:08.819 --> 00:23:11.838
where you need it most
is where the sun shines the most,

00:23:11.838 --> 00:23:13.617
in dry areas.

00:23:13.617 --> 00:23:18.849
So, the energy for doing all this
is available, freely available, to do it.

00:23:18.849 --> 00:23:20.799
And for standard filtration as well,

00:23:20.799 --> 00:23:26.382
a very simple way of removing bacteria
and such from drinking water --

00:23:26.382 --> 00:23:29.876
it could be actually quite cheap
for third world countries.

00:23:29.876 --> 00:23:33.438
And finally, getting electricity
out of water

00:23:33.438 --> 00:23:37.813
through the sun's energy that comes in,
another possibility.

00:23:37.813 --> 00:23:43.308
So, I've tried to explain to you
water's fourth phase,

00:23:43.308 --> 00:23:47.651
really understanding that water has
not three phases, but four phases.

00:23:47.651 --> 00:23:50.825
And understanding the fourth phase,
I think is the key

00:23:50.825 --> 00:23:55.788
to unlock the door to the understanding
of many, many phenomena.

00:23:55.788 --> 00:23:59.488
And mostly, what we actually like most,

00:23:59.488 --> 00:24:03.900
is understanding
the gentle beauty of nature.

00:24:03.900 --> 00:24:05.603
Thank you very much.

00:24:05.603 --> 00:24:07.603
(Applause)