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Thank you.

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Water is quite beautiful to look at,

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and I guess you probably all know
that you're two-thirds water --

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you do, don't you?
Right.

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But you may not know that
because the water molecule is so small,

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that two-thirds translates
into 99% of your molecules.

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Think of it, 99% percent
of your molecules are water.

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So, your shoes are carrying around
a blob of water essentially.

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Now, the question is, in your cells,

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do those water molecules
actually do something?

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Are these molecules essentially jobless

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or do they do something
that might be really, really interesting?

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For that matter are we even really sure
that water is H₂O?

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We read about that in the textbook,

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but is it possible that some water
is actually not H₂O?

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So, these are questions
whose answers are actually not as simple

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as you think they might be.

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In fact, we're really in the dark
about water, we know so little.

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And why do we know so little?

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Well, you probably think
that water is so pervasive,

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and it's such a simple molecule,

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that everything ought to be known
about water, right?

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I mean you'd think it's all there.

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Well, scientists think the same.

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Many scientists think,
och, water it's so simple,

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that everything must be known.

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And, in fact, that's not at all the case.

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So, let me show you, to start with,
a few examples of things about water

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that we ought to know,
but we really haven't a clue.

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Here's something that you see every day.

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You see a cloud in the sky and, probably,
you haven't asked the question:

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How does the water get there?

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Why, I mean,
there's only one cloud sitting there,

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and the water is evaporating everywhere,

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why does it go to this cloud
forming what you see there?

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So, another question: Could you imagine
droplets floating on water?

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We expect droplets to coalesce
instantly with the water.

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The droplets persist for a long time.

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And here's another example
of walking on water.

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This is a lizard from Central America.

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And because it walks on water
it's called the Jesus Christ lizard.

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At first you'll say, "Well, I know
the answer to this,

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the surface tension is high in water."

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But the common idea of surface tension

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is that there's a single molecular layer
of water at the top,

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and this single molecular layer
is sufficient to create enough tension

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to hold whatever you put there.

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I think this is an example
that doesn't fit that.

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And here's another example.

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Two beakers of water.
You put two electrodes in,

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and you put high voltage between them
and then what happens is a bridge forms,

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and this bridge is made of water,
a bridge of water.

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And this bridge can be sustained

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as you move one beaker away
from the other beaker,

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as much as 4 centimeters,

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sustained essentially indefinitely.

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How come we don't understand this?

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So, what I mean is that there are
lots of things about water

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that we should understand,
but we don't understand,

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we really don't know.

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So, okay, so what do we know about water?

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Well, you've learned
that the water molecule

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contains an oxygen and two hydrogens.

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That you learn in the textbooks.
We know that.

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We also know there are
many water molecules,

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and these water molecules are
actually moving around microscopically.

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So, we know that.
What don't we know about water?

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Well, we don't know anything
about the social behavior of water.

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What do I mean by social?
Well, say, sitting at the bar

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and chatting with your neighbor.

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We don't know how water molecules
actually share information or interact,

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and also we don't know about
the actual movements of water molecules.

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How water molecules
interact with one another,

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and also how water molecules
interact with other molecules

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like that purple one sitting there.
Unknown.

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Also the phases of water.

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We've all learned
that there's a solid phase,

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a liquid phase and a vapor phase.

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However, a hundred years ago,

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there was some idea
that there might be a fourth phase,

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somewhere in between a solid and a liquid.

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Sir William Hardy,
a famous physical chemist,

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a hundred years ago exactly,

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professed that there was actually
a fourth phase of water,

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and this water was kind of more ordered
than other kinds of water,

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and in fact had a gel-like consistency.

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So, the question arose to us --

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you know, all of this was forgotten,
because people began, as methods improved,

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to begin to study molecules
instead of ensembles of molecules,

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and people forgot about
the collectivity of water molecules

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and began looking, the same as in biology,

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began looking at individual molecules
and lost sight of the collection.

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So, we thought we're going to look at this

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because we had some idea
that it's possible

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that this missing link, this fourth phase,

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might actually be the missing link

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so that we can understand the phenomena
regarding water that we don't understand.

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So, we started by looking somewhere
between a solid and a liquid.

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And the first experiments that we did
get us going.

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We took a gel, that's the solid,
and we put it next to water.

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And we added some particles to the water

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because we had the sense that particles
would show us something.

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And you can see
what happened

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is that the particles began
moving away from the interface

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between the gel and the water,

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and they just kept moving
and moving and moving.

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And they wound up stopping at a distance

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that's roughly the size
of one of your hairs.

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Now, that may seem small,
but by molecular dimensions

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that's practically infinite.
It's a huge dimension.

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So, we began studying
the properties of this zone,

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and we called it, for obvious reasons,
the exclusion zone,

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because practically everything
you put there would get excluded,

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would get expelled
from the zone as it builds up,

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or instead of exclusion zone,
EZ for short.

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And so we found that
the kinds of materials

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that would create or nucleate
this kind of zone,

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not just gels, but we found
that practically every water-loving,

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or so-called hydrophilic surface
could do exactly that,

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creating the EZ water.

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And as the EZ water builds,
it would expel all the solutes

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or particles, whatever
into the bulk water.

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We began learning about properties,
and we've spent now quite a few years

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looking at the properties.

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And it looks something like this:

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You have a material next to water and
these sheets of EZ layers begin to build,

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and they build and build and
they just keep building up one by one.

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So, if you look at the structure
of each one of these planes,

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you can see that it's a honeycomb,
hexagonal kind of structure,

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a bit like ice, but not ice.

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And, if you look at it carefully,
you can see the molecular structures.

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So, of course, it consists
of hydrogen and oxygen,

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because it's built from water.

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But, actually,
they're not water molecules.

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If you start counting
the number of hydrogens

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and the number of oxygens,

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it turns out that it's not H₂O.

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It's actually H₃O₂.

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So, it is possible that there's water
that's not H₂O, a phase of water.

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So, we began looking, of course, more into
these extremely interesting properties.

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And what we found is, if we stuck
electrodes into the EZ water,

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because we thought there might be
some electrical potential,

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it turned out that there's lots
of negative charge in that zone.

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And we used some dyes
to seek positive charge,

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and we found that in the bulk water zone
there was an equal amount of positivity.

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So, what's going on?

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It looked like,
that next to these interfaces

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the water molecule
was somehow splitting up

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into a negative part and a positive part.

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And the negative part sat
right next to the water-loving material.

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Positive charges went out beyond that.

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We found it's the same,
you didn't need a straight interface,

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you could also have a sphere.

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So, you put a sphere in the water, and
any sphere that's suspended in the water

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develops one of these exclusion zones,
EZ's, around it, with the negative charge,

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beyond that is all the positive charge.
Charge separation.

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It didn't have to be only
a material sphere, in fact,

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you could put a droplet in there,
a water droplet,

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or, in fact, even a bubble,
you'd get the same result.

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Surrounding each one of these entities
is a negative charge

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and the separated positive charge.

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So, here's a question for you.

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If you take two of these negatively
charged entities,

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and you drop them in a beaker of water
near each other,

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what happens to the distance between them?

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I bet that 95% of you would say:

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Well, that's easy, I learned in physics,
negative and negative repel each other,

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so, therefore they're going to go
apart from one another, right?

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That what you'd guess?

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Well, the actual result
if you think about it,

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is that it's not only the negative charge
but you also have positive charge.

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And the positive charge
is especially concentrated

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in between those two spheres,

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because they come from contributions
from both of those spheres.

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So, there are a lot of them there.

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When you have positive
in between two negatives

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what happens is that you get
an attractive force.

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And so you expect these two spheres
to actually come together

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despite the fact that
they have the same charge,

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and that's exactly what happens.

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It's been known for for many years.

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They come together, and if you have
many of them, instead of just two of them,

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you'll get something that looks like this.

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They'll come together and
this is called a colloid crystal.

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It's a stable structure.

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In fact, the yogurt that
you might have had this morning

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probably consists
of what you see right here.

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So, they come together
because of the opposite charge.

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The same thing is true
if you have droplets.

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They come together because of
the opposing charges.

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So, when you think of droplets,
and aerosol droplets in the air,

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and think about the cloud,

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it's actually the reason that
these aerosol droplets come together

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is because of this opposite charge.

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So, the droplets from the air,
similarly charged,

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come together coalesce,
giving you that cloud in the sky.

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So the fourth phase, or EZ phase,
actually explains quite a lot.

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It explains, for example, the cloud.

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It's the positive charge

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that draws these negatively charged
EZ shells together

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to give you a condensed cloud
that you see up in the sky.

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In terms of the water droplets,

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the reason that these are sustained
on the surface

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for actually sometimes
as long as tens of seconds --

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and you can see it if you're in a boat

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and it's raining, you can sometimes
see this on the surface of the lake,

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these droplets are sustained
for some time --

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and the reason they're sustained is
that each droplet contains this shell,

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this EZ shell,
and the shell has to be breached

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in order for the water to coalesce
with the water beneath.

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Now, in terms of the Jesus Christ lizard,
the reason the lizard can walk,

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it's not because of
one single molecular layer,

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but there are many EZ layers
lining the surface,

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and these are gel-like, they're stiffer
than ordinary surfaces

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so, therefore, you can float a coin
on the surface of the water,

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you can float a paperclip,

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although if put it beneath the surface
it sinks right down to the bottom.

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it's because of that.

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And in terms of the water bridge,

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If you think of it as plain old, liquid,
bulk water -- hard to understand.

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But if you think of it as EZ water
and a gel-like character,

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then you can understand how it could be
sustained with almost no droop,

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a very stiff structure.

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Okay, so, all well and good,
but why is this useful for us?

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What can we do with it?

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Well, we can get energy from water.

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In fact, the energy that we can get
from water is free energy.

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It's literally free.
We can take it from the environment.

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Let me explain.

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So, you have a situation in the diagram
with negative charge and positive charge,

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and when you have two opposing charges
next to each other

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it's like battery.

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So, really we have
a battery made of water.

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And you can
extract charge from it,

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so that is right now.

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Batteries run down, like your cell phone
needs to be plugged in every day or two,

237
00:13:32,661 --> 00:13:37,476
and so the question is: Well, what charges
this water battery?

238
00:13:37,476 --> 00:13:41,717
It took us a while to figure that out,
what recharges the battery.

239
00:13:41,717 --> 00:13:46,690
And one day, we're doing an experiment,
and a student in the lab walks by

240
00:13:46,690 --> 00:13:48,851
and he has this lamp.

241
00:13:48,851 --> 00:13:51,657
And he takes the lamp
and he shines it on the specimen,

242
00:13:51,657 --> 00:13:56,026
and where the light was shining
we found that the exclusion zone grew,

243
00:13:56,026 --> 00:13:57,714
grew by leaps and bounds.

244
00:13:57,714 --> 00:14:00,448
So, we thought, aha, it looks like light,

245
00:14:00,448 --> 00:14:02,457
and we've many experiments to show,

246
00:14:02,457 --> 00:14:06,083
that the energy for building this
comes from light.

247
00:14:06,083 --> 00:14:10,495
It comes not only from the direct light,
but also indirect light.

248
00:14:10,495 --> 00:14:12,340
What do I mean by indirect light?

249
00:14:12,340 --> 00:14:15,916
Well, what I mean is
that the indirect light

250
00:14:15,916 --> 00:14:22,180
is, for example, infrared light
that exists all over this auditorium.

251
00:14:22,180 --> 00:14:25,698
If we were to turn out all the lights,
including the floodlights,

252
00:14:25,698 --> 00:14:30,271
and I pulled out my infrared camera
and looked at the audience,

253
00:14:30,271 --> 00:14:33,458
you'd see a very clear, bright image.

254
00:14:33,458 --> 00:14:36,245
And if I looked at the walls
you'd see a very clear image.

255
00:14:36,245 --> 00:14:43,063
And the reason for that is that
everything is giving off infrared energy.

256
00:14:43,063 --> 00:14:45,816
You're giving off infrared energy.

257
00:14:45,816 --> 00:14:48,623
That's the energy that's most effective

258
00:14:48,623 --> 00:14:54,568
in building this charge separation
and this fourth phase.

259
00:14:54,568 --> 00:14:59,459
So, in other words you have the material,
you have the EZ water,

260
00:14:59,459 --> 00:15:01,766
and you collect energy from outside,

261
00:15:01,766 --> 00:15:03,833
and as you collect the energy
from outside,

262
00:15:03,833 --> 00:15:05,268
the exclusion zone builds.

263
00:15:05,268 --> 00:15:11,904
And if you a take away that extra energy,
it will go back to its normal size.

264
00:15:11,904 --> 00:15:17,202
So, this battery is basically
charged by light, by the sun.

265
00:15:17,202 --> 00:15:19,980
It's a gift from the sun.

266
00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:22,715
If you think about it, what's going on,

267
00:15:22,715 --> 00:15:27,354
if you think about the plant
that you have sitting in your kitchen,

268
00:15:27,354 --> 00:15:30,206
you're getting light,
you know where the energy comes from,

269
00:15:30,206 --> 00:15:32,087
the energy comes from the light.

270
00:15:32,087 --> 00:15:36,849
It's the photons that hit the plant,
that supply all the energy, right?

271
00:15:36,849 --> 00:15:40,072
And the plant converts it
to chemical energy,

272
00:15:40,072 --> 00:15:42,996
the light energy to chemical energy,
and the chemical energy

273
00:15:42,996 --> 00:15:47,704
is then used to do growth and metabolism
and bending and what-have-you.

274
00:15:47,704 --> 00:15:49,988
That we all know, it's very common.

275
00:15:49,988 --> 00:15:52,770
What I'm suggesting to you
from our results,

276
00:15:52,770 --> 00:15:55,434
is that the same thing happens in water.

277
00:15:55,434 --> 00:16:00,013
No surprise, because the plant
is mostly water,

278
00:16:00,013 --> 00:16:03,555
suggesting to you that energy
is coming in from outside,

279
00:16:03,555 --> 00:16:08,122
light energy, infrared energy,
radiant energy basically,

280
00:16:08,122 --> 00:16:10,152
and the water is absorbing the energy

281
00:16:10,152 --> 00:16:14,667
and converting that energy
into some sort of useful work.

282
00:16:14,667 --> 00:16:18,545
And so we come to the equation E = H₂O.

283
00:16:18,545 --> 00:16:22,210
A bit different from the equation
that you're familiar with.

284
00:16:22,210 --> 00:16:27,715
But I think it really is true that
you can't separate energy from water;

285
00:16:27,715 --> 00:16:34,709
water is a repository of energy
coming free from the environment.

286
00:16:34,709 --> 00:16:39,180
Now can we harvest some of this energy,
or is it just totally useless?

287
00:16:39,180 --> 00:16:44,136
Well, we can do that because you have
a negative zone and a positive zone.

288
00:16:44,136 --> 00:16:48,651
And if you put two electrodes in,
you can get energy, right?

289
00:16:48,651 --> 00:16:50,242
Just like a battery.

290
00:16:50,242 --> 00:16:52,402
And we've done that
and we were able to,

291
00:16:52,402 --> 00:16:56,427
for example, have
a every simple optical display.

292
00:16:56,427 --> 00:16:59,685
It can be run from the energy
that you can get from here.

293
00:16:59,685 --> 00:17:03,371
And obviously we need to build it up
into something bigger and more major

294
00:17:03,371 --> 00:17:04,996
in order to get the energy.

295
00:17:04,996 --> 00:17:08,810
This is free energy
and it comes from water.

296
00:17:08,810 --> 00:17:13,027
Another opportunity we've been developing

297
00:17:13,027 --> 00:17:16,699
is getting drinking --
clear, free, drinking water.

298
00:17:16,699 --> 00:17:18,934
If you have a hydrophilic material,

299
00:17:18,934 --> 00:17:22,896
and you put contaminated water next to it

300
00:17:22,896 --> 00:17:24,843
with junk that you want to get rid of --

301
00:17:24,884 --> 00:17:26,808
So, what happens is, I've shown you,

302
00:17:26,808 --> 00:17:32,686
is that this stuff gets excluded
from beyond the exclusion zone,

303
00:17:32,686 --> 00:17:35,871
and the remaining EZ
doesn't have any contaminants.

304
00:17:35,871 --> 00:17:39,649
So, you can put bacteria there,
and the bacteria would go out.

305
00:17:39,649 --> 00:17:42,043
And because the exclusion zone is big,

306
00:17:42,043 --> 00:17:44,321
it's easy to extract the water
and harvest it.

307
00:17:44,321 --> 00:17:45,714
And we've done that.

308
00:17:45,714 --> 00:17:49,354
And we're working on
trying to make it practical.

309
00:17:49,354 --> 00:17:53,054
Well, one of the things we noticed
is that it looks as though salt

310
00:17:53,054 --> 00:17:54,827
is also excluded.

311
00:17:54,827 --> 00:18:00,090
So, we're now thinking about
extending this,

312
00:18:00,090 --> 00:18:01,877
putting in ocean water.

313
00:18:01,877 --> 00:18:05,224
And you put the ocean water in,
and if the salt is excluded,

314
00:18:05,224 --> 00:18:09,588
then you simply take the EZ water
which should be free of salt,

315
00:18:09,588 --> 00:18:15,901
and you can get drinking water then
out of this.

316
00:18:15,901 --> 00:18:19,455
So, getting biological energy.

317
00:18:19,455 --> 00:18:23,950
The cells are full of macromolecules,
proteins, nucleic acids,

318
00:18:23,950 --> 00:18:26,987
and each one these is a nucleating site
to build EZ waters.

319
00:18:26,987 --> 00:18:29,764
So, around each one of these is EZ water.

320
00:18:29,764 --> 00:18:34,492
Now, the EZ water is negatively charged,
the region beyond is positively charged,

321
00:18:34,492 --> 00:18:36,347
so you have charge separation.

322
00:18:36,347 --> 00:18:39,437
And these separated charges
are free, available,

323
00:18:39,437 --> 00:18:42,049
to drive reactions inside your cells.

324
00:18:42,049 --> 00:18:46,005
So, what it means really is,
it's a kind of photosynthesis

325
00:18:46,005 --> 00:18:48,116
that your cells are doing.

326
00:18:48,116 --> 00:18:50,380
The light is being absorbed,

327
00:18:50,380 --> 00:18:52,798
converted into charge separation,

328
00:18:52,798 --> 00:18:55,145
just the same that happens
in photosynthesis,

329
00:18:55,145 --> 00:18:58,134
and these charges are used by you.

330
00:18:58,134 --> 00:19:03,834
One example of this,
obtaining energy on a larger scale,

331
00:19:03,834 --> 00:19:07,679
I mean the energy is coming in
all the time from all over

332
00:19:07,701 --> 00:19:10,079
and it's absorbed by you,
actually quite deeply:

333
00:19:10,079 --> 00:19:12,863
If you take a flashlight and
you shine it through the palm,

334
00:19:12,863 --> 00:19:16,456
you can actually see it through here,
so it penetrates quite deeply,

335
00:19:16,456 --> 00:19:20,104
and you have many blood vessels
all around you,

336
00:19:20,104 --> 00:19:22,538
especially capillaries near the periphery,

337
00:19:22,538 --> 00:19:26,501
and it's possible that some of this energy
that's coming in

338
00:19:26,501 --> 00:19:30,163
is used to help drive the blood flow.

339
00:19:30,163 --> 00:19:32,370
Let me explain that in a moment.

340
00:19:32,370 --> 00:19:37,418
What you see here is the microcirculation,
it's a piece of muscle,

341
00:19:37,430 --> 00:19:40,560
and you can see a few capillaries
winding their way through.

342
00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:44,208
And then these capillaries are
the red blood cells that you can see.

343
00:19:44,986 --> 00:19:47,728
A typical red blood cell looks like
on the upper right.

344
00:19:47,728 --> 00:19:51,880
It's big, but when they actually flow,
they bend.

345
00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:54,829
The reason they bend
is that the vessel is too small.

346
00:19:54,829 --> 00:19:58,181
So, the vessel is sometimes
even half the size of the red blood cells.

347
00:19:58,181 --> 00:20:00,128
They're going to squinch and go through.

348
00:20:00,128 --> 00:20:02,508
Now it requires quite a bit of energy
to do that,

349
00:20:02,508 --> 00:20:06,408
and the question is: Does your heart
really supply all the energy

350
00:20:06,408 --> 00:20:09,940
that's necessary for driving this event?

351
00:20:09,940 --> 00:20:11,925
And what we found is a surprise.

352
00:20:11,925 --> 00:20:16,994
We found that if we take a hollow tube
made of hydrophilic material,

353
00:20:16,994 --> 00:20:21,526
just like a straw,
and we put the straw in the water,

354
00:20:21,526 --> 00:20:26,452
we found constant unending flow
that goes through.

355
00:20:26,452 --> 00:20:28,885
So, here's the experiment,
here's the tube,

356
00:20:28,885 --> 00:20:32,013
and you can see
that the tube is put in the water.

357
00:20:32,013 --> 00:20:35,876
We fill out the inside just to make sure
it's completely filled inside,

358
00:20:35,876 --> 00:20:39,918
put into the water and the water contains
some spheres, some particles,

359
00:20:39,918 --> 00:20:42,101
so we can detect
any movements that occurred.

360
00:20:42,101 --> 00:20:45,764
And you look in the microscope
and what you find looks like this:

361
00:20:45,764 --> 00:20:47,930
unending flow through the tube.

362
00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:51,360
It can go on for a full day
as long as we've looked at it.

363
00:20:51,360 --> 00:20:54,418
So, it's free;
light is driving this flow,

364
00:20:54,418 --> 00:20:59,146
in a tube, no extra sources of energy
other than light.

365
00:20:59,146 --> 00:21:01,614
So, if you think about the human,

366
00:21:01,614 --> 00:21:07,183
and think about the energy that's being
absorbed in your water, and in your cells,

367
00:21:07,183 --> 00:21:09,800
it's possible that we may use
some of this energy

368
00:21:09,800 --> 00:21:14,990
to drive biological processes in a way
that you had not envisioned before.

369
00:21:14,990 --> 00:21:18,774
So, what I presented to you
has many implications

370
00:21:18,774 --> 00:21:22,990
for science and technology
that we've just begun thinking about.

371
00:21:22,990 --> 00:21:26,094
And the most important is
that the radiant energy

372
00:21:26,094 --> 00:21:29,439
is absorbed by the water,
and giving energy to the water

373
00:21:29,439 --> 00:21:31,310
in terms of chemical potential.

374
00:21:31,310 --> 00:21:33,883
And this may be used
in biological contexts,

375
00:21:33,883 --> 00:21:37,981
for example, as in blood flow,

376
00:21:37,981 --> 00:21:40,087
but in many other contexts as well.

377
00:21:40,087 --> 00:21:43,937
And when you think of chemical reactions
that involve water,

378
00:21:43,937 --> 00:21:47,247
you just think of a molecule
sitting in the water.

379
00:21:47,247 --> 00:21:49,320
But what I've shown you is not just that,

380
00:21:49,320 --> 00:21:54,259
you have the particle, EZ,
positive charge, the effect of light,

381
00:21:54,259 --> 00:21:57,013
all of those need to be
taken into account.

382
00:21:57,013 --> 00:22:02,304
So, it may be necessary to reconsider
many of the kinds of reactions,

383
00:22:02,304 --> 00:22:04,064
for understanding these reactions

384
00:22:04,064 --> 00:22:06,766
that we've learned about
in our chemistry class.

385
00:22:06,766 --> 00:22:09,610
Weather.
So, I've shown you about clouds.

386
00:22:09,610 --> 00:22:12,713
The critical factor is charge.

387
00:22:12,713 --> 00:22:17,551
If you take a course in weather and such,

388
00:22:17,551 --> 00:22:21,326
you hear that the most critical factors
are temperature and pressure.

389
00:22:21,326 --> 00:22:23,616
Charge is almost not mentioned,

390
00:22:23,616 --> 00:22:27,916
despite the fact that you can see
lightning and thunder all the time.

391
00:22:27,916 --> 00:22:32,459
But charges may be much more important
than pressure and temperature

392
00:22:32,459 --> 00:22:35,604
in giving us the kind of weather
that we see.

393
00:22:35,604 --> 00:22:39,780
Health. When you're sick
the doctor says drink water.

394
00:22:39,780 --> 00:22:44,147
There may be more to that
than meets the eye.

395
00:22:44,147 --> 00:22:47,048
And in food, food is mostly water,

396
00:22:47,048 --> 00:22:49,971
we don't think of food as being water,
but it's mostly water.

397
00:22:49,971 --> 00:22:53,339
If we want to understand how to freeze it,
how to preserve it,

398
00:22:53,339 --> 00:22:55,104
how to avoid dehydration,

399
00:22:55,104 --> 00:22:58,057
we must know something
about the nature of water,

400
00:22:58,057 --> 00:23:01,028
and we're beginning
to understand about that.

401
00:23:01,028 --> 00:23:06,741
In terms of practical uses,
there's desalination a possibility,

402
00:23:06,741 --> 00:23:08,819
and by the way, the desalination,

403
00:23:08,819 --> 00:23:11,838
where you need it most
is where the sun shines the most,

404
00:23:11,838 --> 00:23:13,617
in dry areas.

405
00:23:13,617 --> 00:23:18,849
So, the energy for doing all this
is available, freely available, to do it.

406
00:23:18,849 --> 00:23:20,799
And for standard filtration as well,

407
00:23:20,799 --> 00:23:26,382
a very simple way of removing bacteria
and such from drinking water --

408
00:23:26,382 --> 00:23:29,876
it could be actually quite cheap
for third world countries.

409
00:23:29,876 --> 00:23:33,438
And finally, getting electricity
out of water

410
00:23:33,438 --> 00:23:37,813
through the sun's energy that comes in,
another possibility.

411
00:23:37,813 --> 00:23:43,308
So, I've tried to explain to you
water's fourth phase,

412
00:23:43,308 --> 00:23:47,651
really understanding that water has
not three phases, but four phases.

413
00:23:47,651 --> 00:23:50,825
And understanding the fourth phase,
I think is the key

414
00:23:50,825 --> 00:23:55,788
to unlock the door to the understanding
of many, many phenomena.

415
00:23:55,788 --> 00:23:59,488
And mostly, what we actually like most,

416
00:23:59,488 --> 00:24:03,900
is understanding
the gentle beauty of nature.

417
00:24:03,900 --> 00:24:05,603
Thank you very much.

418
00:24:05,603 --> 00:24:07,603
(Applause)