0:00:03.319,0:00:04.839 Thank you. 0:00:04.839,0:00:08.930 Water is quite beautiful to look at, 0:00:08.930,0:00:15.253 and I guess you probably all know[br]that you're two-thirds water -- 0:00:15.253,0:00:18.345 you do, don't you?[br]Right. 0:00:18.345,0:00:23.444 But you may not know that[br]because the water molecule is so small, 0:00:23.444,0:00:28.575 that two-thirds translates[br]into 99% of your molecules. 0:00:28.575,0:00:32.961 Think of it, 99% percent[br]of your molecules are water. 0:00:32.961,0:00:39.985 So, your shoes are carrying around[br]a blob of water essentially. 0:00:39.985,0:00:42.682 Now, the question is, in your cells, 0:00:42.682,0:00:47.257 do those water molecules[br]actually do something? 0:00:47.257,0:00:49.679 Are these molecules essentially jobless 0:00:49.679,0:00:54.776 or do they do something[br]that might be really, really interesting? 0:00:54.776,0:01:00.210 For that matter are we even really sure[br]that water is H₂O? 0:01:00.210,0:01:01.902 We read about that in the textbook, 0:01:01.902,0:01:06.438 but is it possible that some water[br]is actually not H₂O? 0:01:06.438,0:01:11.728 So, these are questions[br]whose answers are actually not as simple 0:01:11.728,0:01:14.011 as you think they might be. 0:01:14.011,0:01:17.751 In fact, we're really in the dark[br]about water, we know so little. 0:01:17.751,0:01:19.539 And why do we know so little? 0:01:19.539,0:01:23.124 Well, you probably think[br]that water is so pervasive, 0:01:23.124,0:01:25.779 and it's such a simple molecule, 0:01:25.779,0:01:28.757 that everything ought to be known[br]about water, right? 0:01:28.757,0:01:30.897 I mean you'd think it's all there. 0:01:30.897,0:01:32.916 Well, scientists think the same. 0:01:32.916,0:01:35.891 Many scientists think,[br]och, water it's so simple, 0:01:35.891,0:01:37.989 that everything must be known. 0:01:37.989,0:01:40.724 And, in fact, that's not at all the case. 0:01:40.724,0:01:44.717 So, let me show you, to start with,[br]a few examples of things about water 0:01:44.717,0:01:47.638 that we ought to know,[br]but we really haven't a clue. 0:01:47.638,0:01:49.641 Here's something that you see every day. 0:01:49.641,0:01:54.677 You see a cloud in the sky and, probably,[br]you haven't asked the question: 0:01:54.677,0:01:56.744 How does the water get there? 0:01:56.744,0:02:00.026 Why, I mean,[br]there's only one cloud sitting there, 0:02:00.031,0:02:02.093 and the water is evaporating everywhere, 0:02:02.093,0:02:06.449 why does it go to this cloud[br]forming what you see there? 0:02:06.449,0:02:12.797 So, another question: Could you imagine[br]droplets floating on water? 0:02:12.797,0:02:18.346 We expect droplets to coalesce[br]instantly with the water. 0:02:18.346,0:02:20.152 The droplets persist for a long time. 0:02:20.152,0:02:22.500 And here's another example[br]of walking on water. 0:02:22.500,0:02:28.717 This is a lizard from Central America. 0:02:28.717,0:02:32.746 And because it walks on water[br]it's called the Jesus Christ lizard. 0:02:32.746,0:02:35.669 At first you'll say, "Well, I know[br]the answer to this, 0:02:35.669,0:02:38.368 the surface tension is high in water." 0:02:38.368,0:02:41.044 But the common idea of surface tension 0:02:41.044,0:02:45.685 is that there's a single molecular layer[br]of water at the top, 0:02:45.685,0:02:49.284 and this single molecular layer[br]is sufficient to create enough tension 0:02:49.284,0:02:51.284 to hold whatever you put there. 0:02:51.284,0:02:53.996 I think this is an example[br]that doesn't fit that. 0:02:53.996,0:02:55.685 And here's another example. 0:02:55.685,0:02:58.241 Two beakers of water.[br]You put two electrodes in, 0:02:58.241,0:03:03.332 and you put high voltage between them[br]and then what happens is a bridge forms, 0:03:03.332,0:03:06.288 and this bridge is made of water,[br]a bridge of water. 0:03:06.288,0:03:08.055 And this bridge can be sustained 0:03:08.055,0:03:11.325 as you move one beaker away[br]from the other beaker, 0:03:11.325,0:03:13.538 as much as 4 centimeters, 0:03:13.538,0:03:15.626 sustained essentially indefinitely. 0:03:15.626,0:03:18.375 How come we don't understand this? 0:03:18.375,0:03:21.728 So, what I mean is that there are[br]lots of things about water 0:03:21.728,0:03:24.859 that we should understand,[br]but we don't understand, 0:03:24.859,0:03:27.883 we really don't know. 0:03:27.883,0:03:30.535 So, okay, so what do we know about water? 0:03:30.535,0:03:33.514 Well, you've learned[br]that the water molecule 0:03:33.514,0:03:36.399 contains an oxygen and two hydrogens. 0:03:36.399,0:03:39.459 That you learn in the textbooks.[br]We know that. 0:03:39.459,0:03:42.101 We also know there are[br]many water molecules, 0:03:42.101,0:03:46.421 and these water molecules are[br]actually moving around microscopically. 0:03:46.421,0:03:50.083 So, we know that.[br]What don't we know about water? 0:03:50.083,0:03:54.180 Well, we don't know anything[br]about the social behavior of water. 0:03:54.180,0:03:56.789 What do I mean by social?[br]Well, say, sitting at the bar 0:03:56.792,0:03:58.515 and chatting with your neighbor. 0:03:58.515,0:04:03.107 We don't know how water molecules[br]actually share information or interact, 0:04:03.107,0:04:09.145 and also we don't know about[br]the actual movements of water molecules. 0:04:09.145,0:04:12.111 How water molecules[br]interact with one another, 0:04:12.111,0:04:16.257 and also how water molecules[br]interact with other molecules 0:04:16.257,0:04:20.416 like that purple one sitting there.[br]Unknown. 0:04:20.416,0:04:23.144 Also the phases of water. 0:04:23.144,0:04:27.676 We've all learned[br]that there's a solid phase, 0:04:27.676,0:04:30.309 a liquid phase and a vapor phase. 0:04:30.309,0:04:33.231 However, a hundred years ago, 0:04:33.231,0:04:36.000 there was some idea[br]that there might be a fourth phase, 0:04:36.000,0:04:39.404 somewhere in between a solid and a liquid. 0:04:39.404,0:04:42.248 Sir William Hardy,[br]a famous physical chemist, 0:04:42.248,0:04:44.432 a hundred years ago exactly, 0:04:44.432,0:04:47.236 professed that there was actually[br]a fourth phase of water, 0:04:47.236,0:04:52.724 and this water was kind of more ordered[br]than other kinds of water, 0:04:52.724,0:04:56.630 and in fact had a gel-like consistency. 0:04:56.630,0:04:58.394 So, the question arose to us -- 0:04:58.394,0:05:04.155 you know, all of this was forgotten,[br]because people began, as methods improved, 0:05:04.155,0:05:08.598 to begin to study molecules[br]instead of ensembles of molecules, 0:05:08.598,0:05:11.695 and people forgot about[br]the collectivity of water molecules 0:05:11.695,0:05:14.873 and began looking, the same as in biology, 0:05:14.873,0:05:18.877 began looking at individual molecules[br]and lost sight of the collection. 0:05:18.877,0:05:21.557 So, we thought we're going to look at this 0:05:21.557,0:05:24.704 because we had some idea[br]that it's possible 0:05:24.704,0:05:27.763 that this missing link, this fourth phase, 0:05:27.763,0:05:30.352 might actually be the missing link 0:05:30.352,0:05:35.519 so that we can understand the phenomena[br]regarding water that we don't understand. 0:05:35.519,0:05:40.139 So, we started by looking somewhere[br]between a solid and a liquid. 0:05:40.139,0:05:43.336 And the first experiments that we did[br]get us going. 0:05:43.336,0:05:47.590 We took a gel, that's the solid,[br]and we put it next to water. 0:05:47.590,0:05:49.778 And we added some particles to the water 0:05:49.778,0:05:54.072 because we had the sense that particles[br]would show us something. 0:05:54.072,0:05:55.959 And you can see[br]what happened 0:05:55.959,0:06:00.459 is that the particles began[br]moving away from the interface 0:06:00.459,0:06:02.329 between the gel and the water, 0:06:02.329,0:06:04.617 and they just kept moving[br]and moving and moving. 0:06:04.617,0:06:06.814 And they wound up stopping at a distance 0:06:06.814,0:06:10.566 that's roughly the size[br]of one of your hairs. 0:06:10.566,0:06:14.848 Now, that may seem small,[br]but by molecular dimensions 0:06:14.848,0:06:18.449 that's practically infinite.[br]It's a huge dimension. 0:06:18.449,0:06:21.819 So, we began studying[br]the properties of this zone, 0:06:21.819,0:06:25.400 and we called it, for obvious reasons,[br]the exclusion zone, 0:06:25.400,0:06:28.989 because practically everything[br]you put there would get excluded, 0:06:28.989,0:06:31.711 would get expelled[br]from the zone as it builds up, 0:06:31.711,0:06:36.259 or instead of exclusion zone,[br]EZ for short. 0:06:36.259,0:06:39.685 And so we found that[br]the kinds of materials 0:06:39.685,0:06:42.577 that would create or nucleate[br]this kind of zone, 0:06:42.577,0:06:47.215 not just gels, but we found[br]that practically every water-loving, 0:06:47.215,0:06:51.163 or so-called hydrophilic surface[br]could do exactly that, 0:06:51.163,0:06:52.809 creating the EZ water. 0:06:52.809,0:06:56.200 And as the EZ water builds,[br]it would expel all the solutes 0:06:56.200,0:07:00.567 or particles, whatever[br]into the bulk water. 0:07:00.567,0:07:04.759 We began learning about properties,[br]and we've spent now quite a few years 0:07:04.759,0:07:06.623 looking at the properties. 0:07:06.623,0:07:08.305 And it looks something like this: 0:07:08.333,0:07:15.758 You have a material next to water and[br]these sheets of EZ layers begin to build, 0:07:15.758,0:07:19.629 and they build and build and[br]they just keep building up one by one. 0:07:19.629,0:07:25.359 So, if you look at the structure[br]of each one of these planes, 0:07:25.359,0:07:29.617 you can see that it's a honeycomb,[br]hexagonal kind of structure, 0:07:29.617,0:07:32.407 a bit like ice, but not ice. 0:07:32.407,0:07:36.368 And, if you look at it carefully,[br]you can see the molecular structures. 0:07:36.368,0:07:39.020 So, of course, it consists[br]of hydrogen and oxygen, 0:07:39.020,0:07:40.854 because it's built from water. 0:07:40.854,0:07:43.577 But, actually,[br]they're not water molecules. 0:07:43.577,0:07:46.505 If you start counting[br]the number of hydrogens 0:07:46.505,0:07:48.500 and the number of oxygens, 0:07:48.500,0:07:51.759 it turns out that it's not H₂O. 0:07:51.759,0:07:54.373 It's actually H₃O₂. 0:07:54.373,0:07:59.800 So, it is possible that there's water[br]that's not H₂O, a phase of water. 0:07:59.800,0:08:05.179 So, we began looking, of course, more into[br]these extremely interesting properties. 0:08:05.179,0:08:09.828 And what we found is, if we stuck[br]electrodes into the EZ water, 0:08:09.828,0:08:12.954 because we thought there might be[br]some electrical potential, 0:08:12.954,0:08:17.120 it turned out that there's lots[br]of negative charge in that zone. 0:08:17.120,0:08:20.090 And we used some dyes[br]to seek positive charge, 0:08:20.090,0:08:25.099 and we found that in the bulk water zone[br]there was an equal amount of positivity. 0:08:25.099,0:08:26.462 So, what's going on? 0:08:26.462,0:08:29.680 It looked like,[br]that next to these interfaces 0:08:29.680,0:08:32.929 the water molecule[br]was somehow splitting up 0:08:32.929,0:08:35.892 into a negative part and a positive part. 0:08:35.892,0:08:41.573 And the negative part sat[br]right next to the water-loving material. 0:08:41.573,0:08:46.354 Positive charges went out beyond that. 0:08:46.354,0:08:51.094 We found it's the same,[br]you didn't need a straight interface, 0:08:51.094,0:08:52.493 you could also have a sphere. 0:08:52.493,0:08:57.077 So, you put a sphere in the water, and[br]any sphere that's suspended in the water 0:08:57.077,0:09:01.787 develops one of these exclusion zones,[br]EZ's, around it, with the negative charge, 0:09:01.787,0:09:06.385 beyond that is all the positive charge.[br]Charge separation. 0:09:06.385,0:09:10.023 It didn't have to be only[br]a material sphere, in fact, 0:09:10.023,0:09:12.430 you could put a droplet in there,[br]a water droplet, 0:09:12.430,0:09:15.360 or, in fact, even a bubble,[br]you'd get the same result. 0:09:15.360,0:09:18.212 Surrounding each one of these entities[br]is a negative charge 0:09:18.212,0:09:21.649 and the separated positive charge. 0:09:21.649,0:09:24.220 So, here's a question for you. 0:09:24.220,0:09:29.359 If you take two of these negatively[br]charged entities, 0:09:29.359,0:09:32.737 and you drop them in a beaker of water[br]near each other, 0:09:32.737,0:09:35.528 what happens to the distance between them? 0:09:35.528,0:09:39.196 I bet that 95% of you would say: 0:09:39.196,0:09:43.220 Well, that's easy, I learned in physics,[br]negative and negative repel each other, 0:09:43.220,0:09:46.868 so, therefore they're going to go[br]apart from one another, right? 0:09:46.873,0:09:49.118 That what you'd guess? 0:09:49.118,0:09:51.332 Well, the actual result[br]if you think about it, 0:09:51.332,0:09:56.777 is that it's not only the negative charge[br]but you also have positive charge. 0:09:56.777,0:09:59.550 And the positive charge[br]is especially concentrated 0:09:59.550,0:10:01.771 in between those two spheres, 0:10:01.771,0:10:04.797 because they come from contributions[br]from both of those spheres. 0:10:04.802,0:10:06.451 So, there are a lot of them there. 0:10:06.451,0:10:10.422 When you have positive[br]in between two negatives 0:10:10.422,0:10:12.932 what happens is that you get[br]an attractive force. 0:10:12.932,0:10:17.024 And so you expect these two spheres[br]to actually come together 0:10:17.024,0:10:19.312 despite the fact that[br]they have the same charge, 0:10:19.312,0:10:20.965 and that's exactly what happens. 0:10:20.965,0:10:23.701 It's been known for for many years. 0:10:23.701,0:10:27.382 They come together, and if you have[br]many of them, instead of just two of them, 0:10:27.382,0:10:29.460 you'll get something that looks like this. 0:10:29.460,0:10:33.521 They'll come together and[br]this is called a colloid crystal. 0:10:33.521,0:10:34.909 It's a stable structure. 0:10:34.909,0:10:37.945 In fact, the yogurt that[br]you might have had this morning 0:10:37.945,0:10:41.442 probably consists[br]of what you see right here. 0:10:41.442,0:10:44.910 So, they come together[br]because of the opposite charge. 0:10:44.910,0:10:47.359 The same thing is true[br]if you have droplets. 0:10:47.359,0:10:50.670 They come together because of[br]the opposing charges. 0:10:50.670,0:10:55.348 So, when you think of droplets,[br]and aerosol droplets in the air, 0:10:55.348,0:10:57.401 and think about the cloud, 0:10:57.401,0:11:01.558 it's actually the reason that[br]these aerosol droplets come together 0:11:01.558,0:11:03.669 is because of this opposite charge. 0:11:03.669,0:11:06.295 So, the droplets from the air,[br]similarly charged, 0:11:06.295,0:11:11.066 come together coalesce,[br]giving you that cloud in the sky. 0:11:11.066,0:11:16.284 So the fourth phase, or EZ phase,[br]actually explains quite a lot. 0:11:16.284,0:11:20.543 It explains, for example, the cloud. 0:11:20.543,0:11:22.207 It's the positive charge 0:11:22.207,0:11:25.815 that draws these negatively charged[br]EZ shells together 0:11:25.815,0:11:28.546 to give you a condensed cloud[br]that you see up in the sky. 0:11:28.546,0:11:30.903 In terms of the water droplets, 0:11:30.903,0:11:33.358 the reason that these are sustained[br]on the surface 0:11:33.358,0:11:36.719 for actually sometimes[br]as long as tens of seconds -- 0:11:36.719,0:11:39.987 and you can see it if you're in a boat 0:11:39.987,0:11:45.049 and it's raining, you can sometimes[br]see this on the surface of the lake, 0:11:45.049,0:11:47.550 these droplets are sustained[br]for some time -- 0:11:47.550,0:11:51.245 and the reason they're sustained is[br]that each droplet contains this shell, 0:11:51.245,0:11:54.301 this EZ shell,[br]and the shell has to be breached 0:11:54.301,0:11:58.479 in order for the water to coalesce[br]with the water beneath. 0:11:58.479,0:12:02.951 Now, in terms of the Jesus Christ lizard,[br]the reason the lizard can walk, 0:12:02.951,0:12:05.982 it's not because of[br]one single molecular layer, 0:12:05.982,0:12:08.995 but there are many EZ layers[br]lining the surface, 0:12:08.995,0:12:13.334 and these are gel-like, they're stiffer[br]than ordinary surfaces 0:12:13.334,0:12:17.163 so, therefore, you can float a coin[br]on the surface of the water, 0:12:17.163,0:12:18.747 you can float a paperclip, 0:12:18.747,0:12:22.618 although if put it beneath the surface[br]it sinks right down to the bottom. 0:12:22.618,0:12:24.310 it's because of that. 0:12:24.310,0:12:28.962 And in terms of the water bridge, 0:12:28.962,0:12:33.860 If you think of it as plain old, liquid,[br]bulk water -- hard to understand. 0:12:33.860,0:12:37.590 But if you think of it as EZ water[br]and a gel-like character, 0:12:37.590,0:12:41.730 then you can understand how it could be[br]sustained with almost no droop, 0:12:41.730,0:12:44.284 a very stiff structure. 0:12:44.284,0:12:50.162 Okay, so, all well and good,[br]but why is this useful for us? 0:12:50.162,0:12:51.953 What can we do with it? 0:12:51.953,0:12:55.023 Well, we can get energy from water. 0:12:55.023,0:12:59.118 In fact, the energy that we can get[br]from water is free energy. 0:12:59.118,0:13:02.150 It's literally free.[br]We can take it from the environment. 0:13:02.150,0:13:03.711 Let me explain. 0:13:03.711,0:13:10.274 So, you have a situation in the diagram[br]with negative charge and positive charge, 0:13:10.274,0:13:13.141 and when you have two opposing charges[br]next to each other 0:13:13.141,0:13:15.172 it's like battery. 0:13:15.172,0:13:20.645 So, really we have[br]a battery made of water. 0:13:20.645,0:13:22.565 And you can[br]extract charge from it, 0:13:22.565,0:13:26.934 so that is right now. 0:13:26.934,0:13:32.661 Batteries run down, like your cell phone[br]needs to be plugged in every day or two, 0:13:32.661,0:13:37.476 and so the question is: Well, what charges[br]this water battery? 0:13:37.476,0:13:41.717 It took us a while to figure that out,[br]what recharges the battery. 0:13:41.717,0:13:46.690 And one day, we're doing an experiment,[br]and a student in the lab walks by 0:13:46.690,0:13:48.851 and he has this lamp. 0:13:48.851,0:13:51.657 And he takes the lamp[br]and he shines it on the specimen, 0:13:51.657,0:13:56.026 and where the light was shining[br]we found that the exclusion zone grew, 0:13:56.026,0:13:57.714 grew by leaps and bounds. 0:13:57.714,0:14:00.448 So, we thought, aha, it looks like light, 0:14:00.448,0:14:02.457 and we've many experiments to show, 0:14:02.457,0:14:06.083 that the energy for building this[br]comes from light. 0:14:06.083,0:14:10.495 It comes not only from the direct light,[br]but also indirect light. 0:14:10.495,0:14:12.340 What do I mean by indirect light? 0:14:12.340,0:14:15.916 Well, what I mean is[br]that the indirect light 0:14:15.916,0:14:22.180 is, for example, infrared light[br]that exists all over this auditorium. 0:14:22.180,0:14:25.698 If we were to turn out all the lights,[br]including the floodlights, 0:14:25.698,0:14:30.271 and I pulled out my infrared camera[br]and looked at the audience, 0:14:30.271,0:14:33.458 you'd see a very clear, bright image. 0:14:33.458,0:14:36.245 And if I looked at the walls[br]you'd see a very clear image. 0:14:36.245,0:14:43.063 And the reason for that is that[br]everything is giving off infrared energy. 0:14:43.063,0:14:45.816 You're giving off infrared energy. 0:14:45.816,0:14:48.623 That's the energy that's most effective 0:14:48.623,0:14:54.568 in building this charge separation[br]and this fourth phase. 0:14:54.568,0:14:59.459 So, in other words you have the material,[br]you have the EZ water, 0:14:59.459,0:15:01.766 and you collect energy from outside, 0:15:01.766,0:15:03.833 and as you collect the energy[br]from outside, 0:15:03.833,0:15:05.268 the exclusion zone builds. 0:15:05.268,0:15:11.904 And if you a take away that extra energy,[br]it will go back to its normal size. 0:15:11.904,0:15:17.202 So, this battery is basically[br]charged by light, by the sun. 0:15:17.202,0:15:19.980 It's a gift from the sun. 0:15:19.980,0:15:22.715 If you think about it, what's going on, 0:15:22.715,0:15:27.354 if you think about the plant[br]that you have sitting in your kitchen, 0:15:27.354,0:15:30.206 you're getting light,[br]you know where the energy comes from, 0:15:30.206,0:15:32.087 the energy comes from the light. 0:15:32.087,0:15:36.849 It's the photons that hit the plant,[br]that supply all the energy, right? 0:15:36.849,0:15:40.072 And the plant converts it[br]to chemical energy, 0:15:40.072,0:15:42.996 the light energy to chemical energy,[br]and the chemical energy 0:15:42.996,0:15:47.704 is then used to do growth and metabolism[br]and bending and what-have-you. 0:15:47.704,0:15:49.988 That we all know, it's very common. 0:15:49.988,0:15:52.770 What I'm suggesting to you[br]from our results, 0:15:52.770,0:15:55.434 is that the same thing happens in water. 0:15:55.434,0:16:00.013 No surprise, because the plant[br]is mostly water, 0:16:00.013,0:16:03.555 suggesting to you that energy[br]is coming in from outside, 0:16:03.555,0:16:08.122 light energy, infrared energy,[br]radiant energy basically, 0:16:08.122,0:16:10.152 and the water is absorbing the energy 0:16:10.152,0:16:14.667 and converting that energy[br]into some sort of useful work. 0:16:14.667,0:16:18.545 And so we come to the equation E = H₂O. 0:16:18.545,0:16:22.210 A bit different from the equation[br]that you're familiar with. 0:16:22.210,0:16:27.715 But I think it really is true that[br]you can't separate energy from water; 0:16:27.715,0:16:34.709 water is a repository of energy[br]coming free from the environment. 0:16:34.709,0:16:39.180 Now can we harvest some of this energy,[br]or is it just totally useless? 0:16:39.180,0:16:44.136 Well, we can do that because you have[br]a negative zone and a positive zone. 0:16:44.136,0:16:48.651 And if you put two electrodes in,[br]you can get energy, right? 0:16:48.651,0:16:50.242 Just like a battery. 0:16:50.242,0:16:52.402 And we've done that[br]and we were able to, 0:16:52.402,0:16:56.427 for example, have[br]a every simple optical display. 0:16:56.427,0:16:59.685 It can be run from the energy[br]that you can get from here. 0:16:59.685,0:17:03.371 And obviously we need to build it up[br]into something bigger and more major 0:17:03.371,0:17:04.996 in order to get the energy. 0:17:04.996,0:17:08.810 This is free energy[br]and it comes from water. 0:17:08.810,0:17:13.027 Another opportunity we've been developing 0:17:13.027,0:17:16.699 is getting drinking --[br]clear, free, drinking water. 0:17:16.699,0:17:18.934 If you have a hydrophilic material, 0:17:18.934,0:17:22.896 and you put contaminated water next to it 0:17:22.896,0:17:24.843 with junk that you want to get rid of -- 0:17:24.884,0:17:26.808 So, what happens is, I've shown you, 0:17:26.808,0:17:32.686 is that this stuff gets excluded[br]from beyond the exclusion zone, 0:17:32.686,0:17:35.871 and the remaining EZ[br]doesn't have any contaminants. 0:17:35.871,0:17:39.649 So, you can put bacteria there,[br]and the bacteria would go out. 0:17:39.649,0:17:42.043 And because the exclusion zone is big, 0:17:42.043,0:17:44.321 it's easy to extract the water[br]and harvest it. 0:17:44.321,0:17:45.714 And we've done that. 0:17:45.714,0:17:49.354 And we're working on[br]trying to make it practical. 0:17:49.354,0:17:53.054 Well, one of the things we noticed[br]is that it looks as though salt 0:17:53.054,0:17:54.827 is also excluded. 0:17:54.827,0:18:00.090 So, we're now thinking about[br]extending this, 0:18:00.090,0:18:01.877 putting in ocean water. 0:18:01.877,0:18:05.224 And you put the ocean water in,[br]and if the salt is excluded, 0:18:05.224,0:18:09.588 then you simply take the EZ water[br]which should be free of salt, 0:18:09.588,0:18:15.901 and you can get drinking water then[br]out of this. 0:18:15.901,0:18:19.455 So, getting biological energy. 0:18:19.455,0:18:23.950 The cells are full of macromolecules,[br]proteins, nucleic acids, 0:18:23.950,0:18:26.987 and each one these is a nucleating site[br]to build EZ waters. 0:18:26.987,0:18:29.764 So, around each one of these is EZ water. 0:18:29.764,0:18:34.492 Now, the EZ water is negatively charged,[br]the region beyond is positively charged, 0:18:34.492,0:18:36.347 so you have charge separation. 0:18:36.347,0:18:39.437 And these separated charges[br]are free, available, 0:18:39.437,0:18:42.049 to drive reactions inside your cells. 0:18:42.049,0:18:46.005 So, what it means really is,[br]it's a kind of photosynthesis 0:18:46.005,0:18:48.116 that your cells are doing. 0:18:48.116,0:18:50.380 The light is being absorbed, 0:18:50.380,0:18:52.798 converted into charge separation, 0:18:52.798,0:18:55.145 just the same that happens[br]in photosynthesis, 0:18:55.145,0:18:58.134 and these charges are used by you. 0:18:58.134,0:19:03.834 One example of this,[br]obtaining energy on a larger scale, 0:19:03.834,0:19:07.679 I mean the energy is coming in[br]all the time from all over 0:19:07.701,0:19:10.079 and it's absorbed by you,[br]actually quite deeply: 0:19:10.079,0:19:12.863 If you take a flashlight and[br]you shine it through the palm, 0:19:12.863,0:19:16.456 you can actually see it through here,[br]so it penetrates quite deeply, 0:19:16.456,0:19:20.104 and you have many blood vessels[br]all around you, 0:19:20.104,0:19:22.538 especially capillaries near the periphery, 0:19:22.538,0:19:26.501 and it's possible that some of this energy[br]that's coming in 0:19:26.501,0:19:30.163 is used to help drive the blood flow. 0:19:30.163,0:19:32.370 Let me explain that in a moment. 0:19:32.370,0:19:37.418 What you see here is the microcirculation,[br]it's a piece of muscle, 0:19:37.430,0:19:40.560 and you can see a few capillaries[br]winding their way through. 0:19:40.560,0:19:44.208 And then these capillaries are[br]the red blood cells that you can see. 0:19:44.986,0:19:47.728 A typical red blood cell looks like[br]on the upper right. 0:19:47.728,0:19:51.880 It's big, but when they actually flow,[br]they bend. 0:19:51.880,0:19:54.829 The reason they bend[br]is that the vessel is too small. 0:19:54.829,0:19:58.181 So, the vessel is sometimes[br]even half the size of the red blood cells. 0:19:58.181,0:20:00.128 They're going to squinch and go through. 0:20:00.128,0:20:02.508 Now it requires quite a bit of energy[br]to do that, 0:20:02.508,0:20:06.408 and the question is: Does your heart[br]really supply all the energy 0:20:06.408,0:20:09.940 that's necessary for driving this event? 0:20:09.940,0:20:11.925 And what we found is a surprise. 0:20:11.925,0:20:16.994 We found that if we take a hollow tube[br]made of hydrophilic material, 0:20:16.994,0:20:21.526 just like a straw,[br]and we put the straw in the water, 0:20:21.526,0:20:26.452 we found constant unending flow[br]that goes through. 0:20:26.452,0:20:28.885 So, here's the experiment,[br]here's the tube, 0:20:28.885,0:20:32.013 and you can see[br]that the tube is put in the water. 0:20:32.013,0:20:35.876 We fill out the inside just to make sure[br]it's completely filled inside, 0:20:35.876,0:20:39.918 put into the water and the water contains[br]some spheres, some particles, 0:20:39.918,0:20:42.101 so we can detect[br]any movements that occurred. 0:20:42.101,0:20:45.764 And you look in the microscope[br]and what you find looks like this: 0:20:45.764,0:20:47.930 unending flow through the tube. 0:20:47.930,0:20:51.360 It can go on for a full day[br]as long as we've looked at it. 0:20:51.360,0:20:54.418 So, it's free;[br]light is driving this flow, 0:20:54.418,0:20:59.146 in a tube, no extra sources of energy[br]other than light. 0:20:59.146,0:21:01.614 So, if you think about the human, 0:21:01.614,0:21:07.183 and think about the energy that's being[br]absorbed in your water, and in your cells, 0:21:07.183,0:21:09.800 it's possible that we may use[br]some of this energy 0:21:09.800,0:21:14.990 to drive biological processes in a way[br]that you had not envisioned before. 0:21:14.990,0:21:18.774 So, what I presented to you[br]has many implications 0:21:18.774,0:21:22.990 for science and technology[br]that we've just begun thinking about. 0:21:22.990,0:21:26.094 And the most important is[br]that the radiant energy 0:21:26.094,0:21:29.439 is absorbed by the water,[br]and giving energy to the water 0:21:29.439,0:21:31.310 in terms of chemical potential. 0:21:31.310,0:21:33.883 And this may be used[br]in biological contexts, 0:21:33.883,0:21:37.981 for example, as in blood flow, 0:21:37.981,0:21:40.087 but in many other contexts as well. 0:21:40.087,0:21:43.937 And when you think of chemical reactions[br]that involve water, 0:21:43.937,0:21:47.247 you just think of a molecule[br]sitting in the water. 0:21:47.247,0:21:49.320 But what I've shown you is not just that, 0:21:49.320,0:21:54.259 you have the particle, EZ,[br]positive charge, the effect of light, 0:21:54.259,0:21:57.013 all of those need to be[br]taken into account. 0:21:57.013,0:22:02.304 So, it may be necessary to reconsider[br]many of the kinds of reactions, 0:22:02.304,0:22:04.064 for understanding these reactions 0:22:04.064,0:22:06.766 that we've learned about[br]in our chemistry class. 0:22:06.766,0:22:09.610 Weather.[br]So, I've shown you about clouds. 0:22:09.610,0:22:12.713 The critical factor is charge. 0:22:12.713,0:22:17.551 If you take a course in weather and such, 0:22:17.551,0:22:21.326 you hear that the most critical factors[br]are temperature and pressure. 0:22:21.326,0:22:23.616 Charge is almost not mentioned, 0:22:23.616,0:22:27.916 despite the fact that you can see[br]lightning and thunder all the time. 0:22:27.916,0:22:32.459 But charges may be much more important[br]than pressure and temperature 0:22:32.459,0:22:35.604 in giving us the kind of weather[br]that we see. 0:22:35.604,0:22:39.780 Health. When you're sick[br]the doctor says drink water. 0:22:39.780,0:22:44.147 There may be more to that[br]than meets the eye. 0:22:44.147,0:22:47.048 And in food, food is mostly water, 0:22:47.048,0:22:49.971 we don't think of food as being water,[br]but it's mostly water. 0:22:49.971,0:22:53.339 If we want to understand how to freeze it,[br]how to preserve it, 0:22:53.339,0:22:55.104 how to avoid dehydration, 0:22:55.104,0:22:58.057 we must know something[br]about the nature of water, 0:22:58.057,0:23:01.028 and we're beginning[br]to understand about that. 0:23:01.028,0:23:06.741 In terms of practical uses,[br]there's desalination a possibility, 0:23:06.741,0:23:08.819 and by the way, the desalination, 0:23:08.819,0:23:11.838 where you need it most[br]is where the sun shines the most, 0:23:11.838,0:23:13.617 in dry areas. 0:23:13.617,0:23:18.849 So, the energy for doing all this[br]is available, freely available, to do it. 0:23:18.849,0:23:20.799 And for standard filtration as well, 0:23:20.799,0:23:26.382 a very simple way of removing bacteria[br]and such from drinking water -- 0:23:26.382,0:23:29.876 it could be actually quite cheap[br]for third world countries. 0:23:29.876,0:23:33.438 And finally, getting electricity[br]out of water 0:23:33.438,0:23:37.813 through the sun's energy that comes in,[br]another possibility. 0:23:37.813,0:23:43.308 So, I've tried to explain to you[br]water's fourth phase, 0:23:43.308,0:23:47.651 really understanding that water has[br]not three phases, but four phases. 0:23:47.651,0:23:50.825 And understanding the fourth phase,[br]I think is the key 0:23:50.825,0:23:55.788 to unlock the door to the understanding[br]of many, many phenomena. 0:23:55.788,0:23:59.488 And mostly, what we actually like most, 0:23:59.488,0:24:03.900 is understanding[br]the gentle beauty of nature. 0:24:03.900,0:24:05.603 Thank you very much. 0:24:05.603,0:24:07.603 (Applause)