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♪[音乐]♪

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既然我们已经知道如何定义钱

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我们将要学习银行如何通过部分准备金

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来影响货币供给

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想想一下 你从大学毕业

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你奶奶给了你一千美元现金

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这一千块是她自1970年代以来
一直存在床垫底下的

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你把这笔现金存到了你的支票账户中

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银行能拿你的钱做什么呢？

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这些钱是不是存在标有你的名字的金库里呢？

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不是

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银行把你大部分的钱借给了有需要的人

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银行只把你的一小部分钱留作预备

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即ATM里的现金

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或是为了满足提款需要

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这就是为什么这种体系叫“部分准备金”

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那么银行到底保留了多少呢？

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每10美元

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美国大型银行必须保存至少1美元

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或者我们可以说

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大型银行必须储存至少10%

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但银行往往具有更高的储备率

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这取决于他们想要的流动性

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如果一个银行担心

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它的顾客可能会取走其大部分的钱

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或者银行贷款不盈利

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银行就会保留更多的储备

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储备率可能会高于10%

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并可以随时变化

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因为部分准备金

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银行体系对于货币供应有很大的影响

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来看看

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假设你的银行从你的1000美金中 
储存10%

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或是100美金 作为准备金

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假设银行借出去了90% 或是900美金

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对于泰勒来说 他想创业

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这900美金的借款就会记入他的支票账户中

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现在储备里有1900美元

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还没完

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新储备增加到了2710美元

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你就能明白

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美联储可以创造新货币

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只要点击一下电脑按钮就好了

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可以用新货币买金融资产

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从而向银行体系注入新储备

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但是美联储对于货币供应的控制

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是间接性的

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如果银行按最少的要求储备

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即10% 就像我们之前所假定的

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货币乘数就会接近10

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如果是这样的话 美联储要有很大的杠杆作用

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从而使M1和M2的储备变化很小

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但是正常情况下

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实际的货币乘数接近3

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为什么？

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记住 银行的储备不能少于10%

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储备永远可以大于10%

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银行储备的越多 货币乘数越小

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所以要明白

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货币乘数不是定值

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乘数效应不是机械关系

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还有另一个原因

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如果泰勒把他的一些贷款

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藏在床垫底下

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而不是存到银行

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那这个银行

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就不会有钱发放贷款

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货币乘数会变得更低

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经济萧条的时候

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这些事情会一同发生

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银行可能不愿贷款

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可能会把更多的钱储存起来

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另外 在经济萧条的时候
人们想持有更多的现金

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而不是把钱存在银行

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这些原因都会导致货币乘数下跌

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所以相比经济繁荣的时候

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当经济萧条的时候美联储

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就要更努力的增加货币供给量

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我们会在下一视频中

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深入研究美联储如何控制货币供给

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以及自从大萧条以来

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货币供给是如何变化的

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[讲解员] 你正在成为经济学
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