[Script Info]
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[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.43,0:00:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Recorded on October 26, 2020.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.91,0:00:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,COVID-19 vaccine development
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.28,0:00:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ethical considerations\Naround human challenge trials
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.93,0:00:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are constantly evolving.]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.17,0:00:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In April 2020,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.88,0:00:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I made what many perceive\Nas a risky decision.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.24,0:00:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I volunteered to be deliberately\Ninfected with COVID-19.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.11,0:00:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This infection would be part\Nof what is called a human challenge trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.82,0:00:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where young, healthy people\Nare given a vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.76,0:00:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are deliberately exposed\Nto the virus that causes COVID-19.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.58,0:00:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These trials help researchers\Nfigure out more quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.22,0:00:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a vaccine is working.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.58,0:00:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think this research is crucial,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.24,0:00:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because today, I'm going\Nto speak to you for six minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.28,0:00:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.46,0:00:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roughly 1,250 people will be\Nconfirmed infected with COVID-19.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.48,0:00:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty-one people will die.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.06,0:00:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then this pattern will repeat\Nhour after hour and day by day,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.35,0:00:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we're able to vaccinate\Nmost of the eight billion people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.46,0:00:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affected by this global crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.13,0:00:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists have been working\Naround the clock
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.30,0:01:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make those vaccines a reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.04,0:01:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what should we do when the human cost\Nof waiting for those vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.89,0:01:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is rising by the day?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.36,0:01:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where human\Nchallenge trials come in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.46,0:01:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're different from the traditional\Nphase three vaccine trials
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.54,0:01:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking place now,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.74,0:01:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people are given\Na vaccine or placebo
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.96,0:01:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and asked to go about\Ntheir everyday lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.52,0:01:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, researchers have to wait\Nto see how many people in each group
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.31,0:01:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become infected.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.22,0:01:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until enough of them get sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.83,0:01:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have enough data\Nto know whether a vaccine is working.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.32,0:01:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finding an effective vaccine\Nwith this method
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.44,0:01:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can take months or sometimes years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.12,0:01:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it requires thousands of volunteers.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.62,0:01:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A challenge trial works faster
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.43,0:01:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because researchers control exposure,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.22,0:01:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of waiting for people to get sick.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.59,0:01:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead of a year,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.70,0:01:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could know in as little as a month
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.51,0:01:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether a vaccine seems effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.93,0:01:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of thousands of volunteers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.85,0:01:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a challenge trial relies\Non just 50 to 100.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.38,0:01:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we know for certain
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.74,0:02:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people are exposed\Nand develop disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.17,0:02:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these trials also allow us to gather data
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.57,0:02:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the early stages of infection\Nand our immune response.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.62,0:02:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This data is impossible to gather\Nin any other way,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.58,0:02:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially for people who become infected\Nbut never show symptoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.35,0:02:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This knowledge is important\Nfor designing policies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.78,0:02:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that limit COVID-19 transmission.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.50,0:02:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The time saved translates\Ninto precious months' head start
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.85,0:02:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on manufacturing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.28,0:02:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting us more working\NCOVID-19 vaccines faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.88,0:02:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These trials are useful --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.15,0:02:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even their recent phase three results\Nsound encouraging.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.74,0:02:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The arrival of the first vaccine\Nis going to be a monumental breakthrough.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.09,0:02:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just isn't quite the fairytale ending\Nwe're all hoping for.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.10,0:02:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to need multiple vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.31,0:02:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we just don't have\Nthe infrastructure needed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.78,0:02:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to immunize all eight billion people\Non the planet with just one kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.74,0:02:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each type of vaccine requires\Nits own special process and equipment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.51,0:02:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make, store and deliver it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.68,0:02:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we had multiple\Nworking COVID-19 vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.43,0:03:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could make use of all\Nof our equipment at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.57,0:03:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the leading candidates\Nneed to be kept extremely cold
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.51,0:03:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they are delivered to people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.55,0:03:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can be really hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.74,0:03:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in countries\Nwhere there isn't reliable electricity
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.02,0:03:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a secure method to store them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.42,0:03:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists have been using\Nhuman challenge trials
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.86,0:03:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hundreds of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.60,0:03:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've sped up the development\Nof vaccines against typhoid and cholera,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.44,0:03:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've helped us better understand\Nhow immunity develops
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.33,0:03:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to things like the flu,\Nmalaria and dengue.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.81,0:03:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've even used them\Nfor other types of coronavirus before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.73,0:03:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's been a lot of debate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.10,0:03:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about whether challenge\Ntrials are too risky.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.10,0:03:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I happen to think\Nthat those risks are worth taking.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.74,0:03:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A challenge trial would only recruit\Nyoung and healthy participants --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.14,0:03:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think between the ages of 20 and 29.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.86,0:03:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fewer than one percent of people\Nin that age-group
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.23,0:03:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need to be taken to hospital\Nafter becoming infected with COVID-19.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.50,0:03:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it would likely be even lower\Nin a challenge trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.05,0:04:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because researchers check to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.93,0:04:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that participants have\Nno preexisting conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.14,0:04:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The risk of a young healthy person\Ndying of COVID-19
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.78,0:04:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is around five thousandths of a percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.86,0:04:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means for every 100,000 20-year-olds\Nwho become infected with COVID-19,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.79,0:04:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about five die.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.61,0:04:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I were to give birth\Nin the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.76,0:04:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my risk of dying\Nwould be higher than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.09,0:04:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you could choose\Nto think about it this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.11,0:04:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If my little sister needed a kidney,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.34,0:04:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wouldn't hesitate for a moment\Nbefore I offered her mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.92,0:04:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if I can take on that risk\Nto benefit a loved one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.30,0:04:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes sense to allow people\Nto take on a similar risk
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.74,0:04:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to speed up the development of a vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.83,0:04:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would benefit\Nnot just their loved ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.67,0:04:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but everyone around them as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.60,0:04:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot we still don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.27,0:04:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially about the long-term\Neffects of COVID-19 infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.09,0:04:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I volunteered despite that uncertainty
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.22,0:04:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because like many of you,\NI feel frustrated
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.44,0:04:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knowing that hundreds\Nof thousands of people are dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.36,0:05:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's without mentioning\Nthe millions more who are struggling
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.95,0:05:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as measures to stop the spread\Ntake a toll on their physical,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.30,0:05:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emotional and mental well-being.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.56,0:05:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out I'm not alone\Nin feeling this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.11,0:05:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since May, over 39,000 people\Nfrom across the world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.74,0:05:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have volunteered to participate\Nin potential COVID-19 challenge trials
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.50,0:05:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through a non-profit I helped found\Ncalled 1Day Sooner.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.90,0:05:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We advocate for challenge\Ntrial participants,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.10,0:05:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have been encouraging stakeholders\Nto begin preparing for these trials.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.88,0:05:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As early as May,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.11,0:05:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when challenge trials\Nwere still being considered
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.44,0:05:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their role in the fight\Nagainst COVID-19,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.11,0:05:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the World Health Organization\Ncited 1Day Sooner
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.87,0:05:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an example of the kind\Nof public engagement needed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.66,0:05:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to run a challenge trial.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.26,0:05:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In mid-October,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.46,0:05:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the UK government\Nformally announced their intention
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.40,0:05:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to conduct a challenge trial\Nat the beginning of 2021.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.42,0:05:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic\Nis a global crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.61,0:05:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has inspired\Nrecord-shattering innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.32,0:06:01.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has highlighted the heroic acts\Nof many frontline workers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.85,0:06:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is has also taken a catastrophic toll.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.39,0:06:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The arrival of each new vaccine\Nbrings us one step closer to rebuilding.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.98,0:06:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the true global solution
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.06,0:06:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lies in those vaccines being in the hands\Nof people all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.99,0:06:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Challenge trials could be\Na part of that solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.31,0:06:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.