[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.03,0:00:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadness is part of the human experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.90,0:00:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for centuries there has \Nbeen vast disagreement
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.51,0:00:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over what exactly it is and what,\Nif anything, to do about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.38,0:00:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In its simplest terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.08,0:00:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sadness is often thought of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.72,0:00:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the natural reaction \Nto a difficult situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.97,0:00:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You feel sad when a friend moves away\Nor when a pet dies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.84,0:00:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a friend says, "I'm sad,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.68,0:00:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you often respond by asking,\N"What happened?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.50,0:00:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But your assumption that sadness\Nhas an external cause outside the self
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.06,0:00:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a relatively new idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.71,0:00:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ancient Greek doctors didn't\Nview sadness that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.48,0:00:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They believed it was a dark fluid\Ninside the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.26,0:00:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to their humoral system,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.58,0:00:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human body and soul were controlled\Nby four fluids, known as humors,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.38,0:00:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their balance directly influenced\Na person's health and temperament.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.16,0:01:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Melancholia comes from\Nmelaina kole,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.98,0:01:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word for black bile,\Nthe humor believed to cause sadness.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.64,0:01:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By changing your diet\Nand through medical practices,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.27,0:01:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could bring your humors\Ninto balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.61,0:01:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though we now know\Nmuch more about the systems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.63,0:01:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that govern the human body,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.35,0:01:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these Greek ideas about sadness
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.21,0:01:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resonate with current views,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.82,0:01:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not on the sadness we all\Noccasionally feel,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.51,0:01:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on clinical depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.75,0:01:26.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doctors believe that certain \Nkinds of long-term,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.09,0:01:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unexplained emotional states are at least\Npartially related to brain chemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.21,0:01:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the balance of various chemicals \Npresent inside the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.95,0:01:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like the Greek system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.24,0:01:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changing the balance of these chemicals\Ncan deeply alter
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.93,0:01:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we respond to even extremely\Ndifficult circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.15,0:01:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also a long tradition\Nof attempting to discern
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.92,0:01:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the value of sadness,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.91,0:01:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in that discussion,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.18,0:01:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll find a strong argument\Nthat sadness is not only
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.75,0:01:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an inevitable part of life\Nbut an essential one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.44,0:01:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've never felt melancholy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.24,0:02:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've missed out on part of\Nwhat it means to be human.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.80,0:02:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many thinkers contend that melancholy\Nis necessary in gaining wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.24,0:02:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robert Burton, born in 1577,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.80,0:02:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spent his life studying the causes\Nand experience of sadness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.18,0:02:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his masterpiece\N"The Anatomy of Melancholy,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.17,0:02:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Burton wrote, "He that increaseth wisdom\Nincreaseth sorrow."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.91,0:02:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romantic poets of \Nthe early 19th century
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.76,0:02:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believed melancholy allows us to more\Ndeeply understand other profound emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.02,0:02:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like beauty and joy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.60,0:02:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To understand the sadness of the trees\Nlosing their leaves in the fall
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.64,0:02:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to more fully understand the cycle\Nof life that brings flowers in the spring.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.15,0:02:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But wisdom and emotional intelligence seem\Npretty high on the hierarchy of needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.50,0:02:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does sadness have value on\Na more basic, tangible,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.65,0:02:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe even evolutionary level?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.25,0:02:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists think that crying\Nand feeling withdrawn
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.06,0:02:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what originally helped our\Nancestors secure social bonds
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.44,0:03:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and helped them get the support they needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.07,0:03:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadness, as opposed to anger or violence,\Nwas an expression of suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.34,0:03:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could immediately bring people closer\Nto the suffering person,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.19,0:03:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this helped both the person\Nand the larger community to thrive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.54,0:03:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps sadness helped generate\Nthe unity we needed to survive,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.61,0:03:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many have wondered whether\Nthe suffering felt by others
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.32,0:03:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is anything like the suffering\Nwe experience ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.07,0:03:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The poet Emily Dickinson wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.86,0:03:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I measure every Grief I meet\NWith narrow, probing Eyes -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.40,0:03:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder if it weighs like MIne -\NOr has an Easier size."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.49,0:03:36.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the 20th century,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.100,0:03:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,medical anthropologists,\Nlike Arthur Kleinman,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.61,0:03:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gathered evidence from the way\Npeople talk about pain
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.85,0:03:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to suggest that emotions aren't\Nuniversal at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.04,0:03:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that culture, particularly the way\Nwe use language,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.46,0:03:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can influence how we feel.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.84,0:03:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we talk about heartbreak,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.30,0:03:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the feeling of brokenness \Nbecomes part of our experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.15,0:04:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where as in a culture that talks \Nabout a bruised heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.88,0:04:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there actually seems to be a different\Nsubjective experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.04,0:04:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some contemporary thinkers \Naren't interested
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.22,0:04:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in sadness' subjectivity \Nversus universality,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.43,0:04:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would rather use technology to\Neliminate suffering in all its forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.98,0:04:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,David Pearce has suggested\Nthat genetic engineering
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.27,0:04:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other contemporary processes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.68,0:04:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot only alter the way humans\Nexperience emotional and physical pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.85,0:04:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that world ecosystems \Nought to be redesigned
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.20,0:04:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that animals don't suffer in the wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.82,0:04:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He calls his project \N"paradise engineering."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.13,0:04:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is there something sad about\Na world without sadness?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.34,0:04:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our cavemen ancestors and favorite poets
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.12,0:04:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might not want any part \Nof such a paradise.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.92,0:04:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the only things about sadness\Nthat seem universally agreed upon
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.14,0:04:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are that it has been felt by most\Npeople throughout time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.41,0:04:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that for thousands of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.33,0:04:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the best ways we have to deal\Nwith this difficult emotion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.58,0:05:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to articulate it, to try to express\Nwhat feels inexpressable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.45,0:05:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the words of Emily Dickinson,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.34,0:05:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'Hope' is the thing with feathers -\NThat perches in the soul -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.28,0:05:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And sings the tune without the words -\NAnd never stops - at all -"