[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.48,0:00:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(dramatic music)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.94,0:00:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.94,0:00:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The birthplace of Western civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.98,0:00:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For over 1,000 years this\Nstrong and charismatic people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.55,0:00:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devised the most advanced\Ntechnological feats
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.28,0:00:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world had ever seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.70,0:00:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- So you have the appearance\Nof a new generation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.64,0:00:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thinkers, and you have\Na reason to build things,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.32,0:00:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand nature,\Nto create technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.06,0:00:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Feats of\Nengineering so amazing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.56,0:00:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ancients believed they\Nhad been built by the gods.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.62,0:00:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- One thing that we should really wonder
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.10,0:00:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how on Earth these people managed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.53,0:00:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lift these truly huge, gigantic stones.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.73,0:00:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] These technological wonders
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.44,0:00:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were fueled by leaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.24,0:00:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose thirst for greatness united a people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.18,0:00:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and launched them to\Nthe heights of empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.80,0:00:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(dramatic music)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.34,0:01:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this brilliant burst\Nof culture and creativity
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.76,0:01:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would fall victim to savage battles
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.28,0:01:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that pitted brother against brother.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.35,0:01:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A duel to the death that\Nwould lead to the end
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.66,0:01:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a golden age.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.62,0:01:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(dramatic music)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.27,0:01:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,September, 480 BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.07,0:01:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,morning breaks over the island of Salamis
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.98,0:01:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the thin, mile wide strait
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.90,0:01:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that separates it from mainland Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.28,0:01:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The calm sea provides no\Nhint of the great battle
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.46,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is about to begin here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By day's end, the Mediterranean
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.17,0:01:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be flowing red with blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.82,0:01:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At stake is nothing less than the future
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.94,0:01:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and independence of Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.08,0:01:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a country of islands and city-states
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.27,0:01:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which lie just outside the reach
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.45,0:02:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the greatest empire in the known world,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.38,0:02:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Persia.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.26,0:02:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Barry] Persia was the\Nworld's superpower of it's day.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.27,0:02:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enormously wealthy,\Nenormously self-confident.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.07,0:02:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The greatest multi-ethnic,\Nmulti-cultural empire
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.88,0:02:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world had seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.27,0:02:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] A Persian invasion force
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.67,0:02:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of epic proportions is on the horizon.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.99,0:02:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As many as 700 ships,\Ncarrying 150,000 warriors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.77,0:02:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,determined to add Greece to their empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.89,0:02:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one Greek is poised\Nand ready for battle,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.88,0:02:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his name is Themistocles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.57,0:02:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An Athenian admiral and statesman
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.44,0:02:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has been preparing\Nfor this moment for years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.20,0:02:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- When going up against Persia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.75,0:02:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world's greatest\Nsuperpower of the time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.47,0:02:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be no day at the\Nbeach for Themistocles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.18,0:02:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello, I'm Peter Weller.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.93,0:03:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, the Greek naval fleet
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.25,0:03:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was outnumbered two to one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.15,0:03:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second of all, Themistocles\Nfaced the almost insurmountable
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.90,0:03:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem of trying to unite a completely
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.47,0:03:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disparate and contentious\Ngroup of warriors
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.35,0:03:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into one command.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.87,0:03:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, the good news\Nabout the civic development
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.83,0:03:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Ancient Greece was the city-state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.55,0:03:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each of these city-states\Nwas sort of a self-contained,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.79,0:03:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,self-reliant mini country within Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.20,0:03:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bad news about the civic\Ndevelopment of Ancient Greece
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.58,0:03:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the city-state.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.51,0:03:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in as much as\Neach of these city-states
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.61,0:03:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sort of spoke the same lingo,\Nworshiped the same gods,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.41,0:03:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was really no sense\Nof a national unity,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.73,0:03:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their only priority\Nwas their own particular
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.84,0:03:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regional and cultural agenda.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.00,0:03:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At best they didn't get along,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.63,0:03:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at worst they were violently\Nat each other's throats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.14,0:03:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] If there\Nwas someone who could pull
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.71,0:03:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Athenians together,\Nit was Themistocles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.87,0:03:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man who didn't come from\Nthe aristocratic ranks,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.91,0:03:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wasn't ashamed to let\Nhis fellow Athenians know it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.62,0:03:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Barry] He was always an outsider,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.12,0:03:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he saw himself as an outsider,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.38,0:04:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he prided himself\Non his lack of polish.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.42,0:04:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said that he might not\Nknow how to tune a lyre,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.63,0:04:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to sing well, but he\Nknew all you needed to know
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.65,0:04:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a city great and free.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.86,0:04:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Themistocles was no stranger
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.58,0:04:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to facing the Persians in battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.10,0:04:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten years earlier, a smaller Persian force
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.80,0:04:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had invaded Greece for the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.14,0:04:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fought the Athenians and her allies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.28,0:04:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Marathon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.34,0:04:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Themistocles would bring\Nthat experience to Salamis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.72,0:04:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focus his strategy on\Na fatal flaw he detected
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.48,0:04:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Persian war machine, their navy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.64,0:04:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- He understood that water\Nwas not the Persian's
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.40,0:04:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural element.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.82,0:04:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Persia was a land power,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.62,0:04:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, Persian religion\Nconsidered salt water
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.32,0:04:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be demonic.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.70,0:04:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Themistocles\Nwanted the Greeks
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.28,0:04:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build a navy unlike any\Nthe world had ever seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.82,0:04:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immediately, work began\Nat break-neck speed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.92,0:04:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build a fleet of 200 triremes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.68,0:05:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the deadliest ship in the ancient world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.44,0:05:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Barry] Trireme's about 130 feet long,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.72,0:05:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's light and sleek,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.24,0:05:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's tipped with a wooden ram
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.56,0:05:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covered in bronze at the water level
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.03,0:05:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the offensive\Nweapon of the trireme.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.09,0:05:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Might think of the trireme, actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.64,0:05:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a guided missile.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.41,0:05:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The trireme\Nconsisted of 170 rowers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.72,0:05:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on three separate levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.50,0:05:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,62 on the top level, 54 in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.60,0:05:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 54 on the bottom.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.34,0:05:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the lowest level, rowers\Nwere seated so deep in the ship
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.24,0:05:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their oar ports were just 18 inches
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.79,0:05:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above the water line.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.52,0:05:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- So you have a ship, a wooden ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.96,0:05:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is powered from the oars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.72,0:05:50.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can go up to eight knots,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.05,0:05:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nine knots was an amazing\Nspeed for the ancient world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.06,0:05:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it can attack like a missile.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.52,0:06:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- And the rowers, of\Ncourse have to learn how to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.87,0:06:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work as a team, they have to\Nlearn to row together in unison
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.44,0:06:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an easy thing to begin to do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.77,0:06:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a very difficult thing to master.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.58,0:06:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Themistocles'\Nfleet of triremes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.74,0:06:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was finished in just a few years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.87,0:06:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the nick of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.07,0:06:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the spring of 480 BC, Persia launched
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.97,0:06:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a massive invasion of Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.99,0:06:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Themistocles knew that the Persian fleet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.84,0:06:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outnumbered the combined Greek fleet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.66,0:06:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by almost two to one.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.55,0:06:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he devised a simple yet cunning plan
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.20,0:06:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep the Greeks together\Nand level the odds.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.57,0:06:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [George] He had to turn a\Ndisadvantage into an advantage,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.83,0:06:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that he had fewer\Nships than the Persians.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.67,0:06:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he had to lure the\NPersians, if you like,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.19,0:06:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into such a battleground\Nthat they could not
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.18,0:06:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,advance the whole ranks.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.59,0:06:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he can actually concentrate their power
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.33,0:06:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and strike it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.85,0:06:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the best place that he could do that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.63,0:06:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the strait of Salamis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.29,0:06:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Themistocles\Nwould devise a ruse
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.16,0:07:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lure the Persian fleet into the narrows
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.26,0:07:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Straits of Salamis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.63,0:07:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Themistocles was a very cunning man,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.83,0:07:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a great trickster.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.46,0:07:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Themistocles knew that the Persians
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.74,0:07:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preferred to win battles\Nthrough diplomacy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.18,0:07:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through intimidation, and\Nthrough buying traitors.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.06,0:07:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] On the eve of the battle
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.58,0:07:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Themistocles sent a trusted servant
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.46,0:07:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the straits to the Persian camp.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.50,0:07:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The servant played the role of a traitor,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.72,0:07:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling the Persian king\Nthe Greeks were in disarray,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.77,0:07:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if the Persians sent\Ntheir ships in the night
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.37,0:07:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could surprise the\NGreek navy in the morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.25,0:07:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Persians took the bait.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.36,0:07:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- So at dawn, the Persians\Ndiscovered to their shock,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.70,0:07:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Greek fleet, instead\Nof being about to flee,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.70,0:07:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was getting into battle formation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.90,0:07:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they, the Persians,\Nwould have to fight.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.23,0:08:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was a perfect setup\Nof a battle by Themistocles.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.88,0:08:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Now 200 triremes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.84,0:08:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,powered by 34,000 Greek rowers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.59,0:08:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,formed into a line.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.46,0:08:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no room for\Nthe Persians to maneuver
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.46,0:08:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the narrow straits.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.84,0:08:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Themistocles had sprung the perfect trap.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.40,0:08:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The attacks raged all day long
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.73,0:08:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the Greek triremes\Nencircled the Persian ships,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.69,0:08:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then pounded them with their forward rams.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.20,0:08:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The Persian officers died\Nin unusually high proportions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.43,0:08:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The battle was so confused,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.21,0:08:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chaotic, and unnerving,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.07,0:08:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that at the end of the day\Nthe Greeks weren't even sure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.25,0:08:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had won.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.21,0:08:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But thousands of lifeless enemy bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.45,0:08:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the shores of Salamis
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.19,0:08:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revealed a decisive Greek victory.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.35,0:08:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some historical sources\Nclaim the Persians lost
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.84,0:08:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as many as 200 ships to the Greeks 40.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.59,0:08:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any Persians that didn't drown
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.63,0:08:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were slaughtered by Greek\Nsoldiers waiting onshore.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.47,0:09:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [George] Had the Greeks\Nnot won the battle of Salamis
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.05,0:09:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Greek civilization, or Ancient Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.21,0:09:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's values that we all\Nshare in today's world,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.42,0:09:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may never been there.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.90,0:09:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] After the\Nstunning victory at Salamis,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.10,0:09:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Themistocles was hailed as a hero,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.72,0:09:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but his personal ambitions and greed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.16,0:09:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began to add to his\Nmany political enemies.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.02,0:09:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only a matter of time
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.02,0:09:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the rage of the\Nassembly boiled over.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.68,0:09:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Athens at this time had a\Npractice called ostracism,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.30,0:09:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an annual un-popularity contest,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.13,0:09:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the people would\Nvote for the politician
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.64,0:09:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who they felt was most\Ndisruptive, most dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.33,0:09:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the political process,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.04,0:09:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would exile him for ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.80,0:09:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] In 471 BC,\NThemistocles was ostracized,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.29,0:09:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a stunning irony he was\Nforced to embrace the enemy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.78,0:09:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had fought so hard to defeat.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.58,0:09:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would never see Athens again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.34,0:10:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Amazingly he was forced\Nto flee to Persia itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.38,0:10:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where he found refuge\Nand he ended his life
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.61,0:10:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,speaking Persian, working\Nas an adminstrator
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.40,0:10:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Persian king,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.94,0:10:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping the Persians\Ngovern western Asia Minor.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.48,0:10:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Themistocles\Nhad played his part
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.48,0:10:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an epic story of Greek\Npower and achievement
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.82,0:10:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that looked to a glorious\Npast for inspiration.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.70,0:10:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The legendary tales of the gods and heroes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.52,0:10:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told in epics like The\NIliad and The Odyssey.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.18,0:10:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stories may be myth,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.18,0:10:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the engineering achievements of these
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.06,0:10:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greek ancestors were very real,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.18,0:10:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still stand today.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.76,0:10:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Greek city-state of Sparta,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.45,0:10:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boys began their military\Ntraining at age seven.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.77,0:10:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1300 BC, a people\Nspeaking an early form
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.31,0:10:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Greek language
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.95,0:10:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had inhabited large\Nportions of mainland Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.17,0:11:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were known as the Mycenaeans,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.39,0:11:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for years their wars and scandals,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.91,0:11:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exploits and achievements,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.69,0:11:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became the stuff of legend
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.70,0:11:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and laid the foundation\Nof Greek civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.84,0:11:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their capital city of Mycenae
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.95,0:11:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was surrounded by a massive citadel
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.39,0:11:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built over the course of 150 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.41,0:11:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to myth, it was from this city
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.85,0:11:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Mycenaeans were led\Nby a king named Agamemnon.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.97,0:11:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whose epic struggles were written down
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.83,0:11:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the 8th century BC poet, Homer,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.83,0:11:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in two of history's most famous tales,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.57,0:11:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Iliad and The Odyssey.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.69,0:11:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- So, The Iliad was\Nsomething like the Bible
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.73,0:11:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Ancient Greeks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.46,0:11:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It contains a moral story.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.53,0:12:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It told you how you should live.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.49,0:12:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It described gods, it described religion,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.31,0:12:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also described people.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.25,0:12:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It described situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.43,0:12:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gave ideals that you should look upon.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.08,0:12:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The tales of\NThe Iliad and The Odyssey
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.41,0:12:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had become some of the\Nmost famous in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.48,0:12:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The abduction of Helen by Paris,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.56,0:12:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Agamemnon's ten year siege of Troy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.30,0:12:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the giant wooden horse
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.18,0:12:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which the Greeks used to enter\NTroy and destroy the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.50,0:12:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although Agamemnon's exploits\Nduring the Trojan War
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.96,0:12:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have been heroic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.79,0:12:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his return home to Mycenae\Nwas far from a hero's welcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.19,0:12:43.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was murdered by his own wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.06,0:12:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Scholars have debated for centuries
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.62,0:12:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether or not Homer actually penned
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.25,0:12:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Iliad and The Odyssey,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.55,0:12:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether he just collected\Nthe folktales of song,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.74,0:13:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether he had\Nanything with them at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.02,0:13:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if the Ancient Greeks came back today
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.74,0:13:04.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd scoff at this pithy harangue,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.100,0:13:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the Ancient Greeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.44,0:13:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homer wasn't just some\Ntop 40s folk singer,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.56,0:13:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor was he the best-selling hack writer
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.48,0:13:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of some piece of pulp fiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.10,0:13:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Home was an historian,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.96,0:13:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these legends weren't\Nthe bedtime stories
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.20,0:13:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be whispered to the kiddies
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.75,0:13:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the oil lamps were blown out.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.98,0:13:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were accountable facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.04,0:13:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(dramatic music)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.20,0:13:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what is left of Mycenae,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.66,0:13:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the capital city of which Homer writes
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.56,0:13:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where many, including\Nme, would like to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.69,0:13:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Agamemnon really ruled.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.22,0:13:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These ruins show us that not only
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.02,0:13:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were these early Greeks master builders,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.30,0:13:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were capable of some\Namazing engineering feats.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.10,0:13:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- As you approach Mycenae, first thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.44,0:13:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course that you will see\Nis the fortification walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.98,0:13:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which are very impressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.03,0:14:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and immediately you have\Nthis feeling of awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.64,0:14:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The citadel walls of Mycenae
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.75,0:14:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are buttressed by stone blocks
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.61,0:14:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which weigh up to ten tons a piece.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.98,0:14:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were engineered with such precision
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.47,0:14:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that each stone fit perfectly in place
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.99,0:14:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to its adjacent block.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.82,0:14:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for awe inspiring visuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.41,0:14:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing in Mycenae comes closer
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.78,0:14:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the colossal main\Nentrance to the citadel,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.82,0:14:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Lion's Gate.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.23,0:14:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- This is the Lion's Gate.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.86,0:14:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main gate to the citadel of Mycenae.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.68,0:14:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is one of the most stunning structures
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.12,0:14:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of early antiquity.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.97,0:14:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an imposing piece of symbolism,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.13,0:14:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is an imposing piece of engineering.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.91,0:14:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two lions standing fully upright,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.07,0:14:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their paws on the base of a column.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.23,0:14:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their heads, which are missing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.65,0:14:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be turning outward.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.27,0:14:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anybody approaching this gate would know
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.79,0:14:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Mycenae stood for one thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.23,0:14:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.07,0:15:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Structurally the gate\Nlooks to be a standard
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.09,0:15:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,engineering practice of post\Nand lintel construction.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.94,0:15:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These vertical elements\Nhere are these massive piers
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.39,0:15:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the posts supporting the lintel,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.65,0:15:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the horizontal element,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.64,0:15:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which weighs about 12 tons.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.38,0:15:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is above the gate\Nwhere the lions live
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.75,0:15:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the engineers took\Nit one step further.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.81,0:15:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at this\Ntriangle of indented stones
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.83,0:15:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right by the lions,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.29,0:15:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it develops an element that we call
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.64,0:15:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the corebelled arch.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.07,0:15:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Suppose you have these four stones,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.92,0:15:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead of piling them up,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.22,0:15:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you try to create an\Nopening from the outside
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.54,0:15:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you steal a little bit of space
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.66,0:15:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by putting them this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.19,0:15:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is corbeling.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.73,0:15:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we are little bit more ambitious
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.27,0:15:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this is not sufficiently large,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.45,0:15:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we try to displace\Nfurther these stones,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.95,0:15:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still in corbeling,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.25,0:15:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we are running this risk\Nthat this is falling down.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.51,0:15:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is the little trick?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.45,0:15:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.83,0:16:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You start putting counter weights
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.13,0:16:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind each of these corbelstones.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.98,0:16:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Clairy] Now this triangle,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.55,0:16:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first of all we should\Nsay that this is a true
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.24,0:16:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mycenaean innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.99,0:16:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is something that we\Nsee for the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.13,0:16:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was probably worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.88,0:16:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in that sense we are\Nlooking at something
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.01,0:16:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's very innovative, very new.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.93,0:16:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The Mycenaean engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.37,0:16:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took the corbelled arch one step further.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.75,0:16:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They applied the idea to create
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.36,0:16:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a revolutionary interior space,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.80,0:16:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a corbelled dome.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.79,0:16:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dome was used in only\None kind of construction,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.47,0:16:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tomb.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.13,0:16:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like the Egyptians,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.37,0:16:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Mycenaeans built incredible structures
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.86,0:16:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to house their leaders in the afterlife.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.18,0:16:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These tombs are called tholos.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.56,0:16:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their construction departed from anything
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.34,0:17:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Mycenaean engineers\Nhad ever done before.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.95,0:17:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The circular form,\Nit's completely absent
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.55,0:17:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the architectural\Nminds of the Mycenaeans.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.68,0:17:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Mycenaeans work with\Nstraight lines and right angles.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.46,0:17:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the circle is just for\Nthis kind of structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.39,0:17:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that makes the\Nimpression and the symbolism
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.06,0:17:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the circle as related\Nto death, even stronger.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.62,0:17:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Building a tholos\Nwas a giant engineering feat
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.06,0:17:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first step would\Nhave been to hollow out
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.84,0:17:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the side of a hill.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.26,0:17:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- So they dug this trench,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.30,0:17:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this trench would form the dromos,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.72,0:17:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means in Greek, road or way,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.17,0:17:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case it's a walkway to the tomb,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.10,0:17:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's flanked on each\Nside by these beautiful
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.50,0:17:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almond stones set in\Nlinked wise and edgewise.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.42,0:17:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now 3,200 years ago in 1200 BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.15,0:17:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a visitor approaching\Nwould walk down this dromos
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.62,0:17:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he would be confronted by
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.86,0:17:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an unbelievably magnificent\Nand stunning site,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.58,0:18:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this massive doorway.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.20,0:18:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The doorway would be flanked\Nby two fantastic columns,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.30,0:18:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carved out of solid green marble,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.28,0:18:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with zigzag and spiral\Ndesigns going all the way up.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.68,0:18:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one of these massive stones\Nis two and a half feet tall
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.48,0:18:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are 33 rings of these stones
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.60,0:18:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laid out in a conical shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.26,0:18:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now each layer of stone\Nis laid over the lower one
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.10,0:18:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a sort of protruding fashion,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.98,0:18:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what we mean by\Nthe corbelled style.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.26,0:18:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then they're shaved down\Nto make it all very smooth.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.26,0:18:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Clairy] In order for\Nthis structure to be stable,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.36,0:18:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need a constant pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.26,0:18:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from outwards, inwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.80,0:18:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very much like a barrel,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.72,0:18:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you need this\Nband, this metallic band
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.09,0:18:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around to keep the rings together.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.02,0:18:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This pressure comes from\Nthe addition of earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.43,0:18:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As they build, they add earth from around
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.67,0:18:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite a lot of earth,\Nand there comes a point
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.48,0:19:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they have finished the\Nbeehive structure inside
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.23,0:19:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same time they have built a whole
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.03,0:19:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earthen mound on top.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.75,0:19:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Around 1,100 BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.04,0:19:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this early Greek civilization\Nsuddenly and mysteriously
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.65,0:19:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disintegrated and disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.76,0:19:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [George] There's a lot\Nof theories about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.34,0:19:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the most dominant\None is new tribes,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.45,0:19:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new barbarian tribes came from the steps,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.54,0:19:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they attacked the\Ncivilizations of Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.95,0:19:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they attacked the\Ncivilization of Mesopotamia,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.09,0:19:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing disruption in the trade routes.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.43,0:19:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that became their fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.63,0:19:38.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] With the fall of Mycenaea,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.41,0:19:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greece entered a dark age.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.02,0:19:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over four centuries, it's\Nculture fell into a deep slumber.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.07,0:19:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, in the 8th century BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.57,0:19:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual city-states began\Nto develop and flourish.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.67,0:19:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one forging its own identity,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.25,0:19:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,competing for economic, military,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.73,0:19:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and engineering prominence.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.39,0:20:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One Greek island in particular, Samos,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.52,0:20:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would see the construction\Nof one of the most
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.41,0:20:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amazing engineering feats\Nseen in the ancient world.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.99,0:20:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moving mountains to bring\Nwater to the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.73,0:20:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The Ancient\NGreeks believed that Homer,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.36,0:20:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 8th century poet who\Nwrote The Iliad and Odyssey,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.81,0:20:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually blind.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.78,0:20:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(dramatic music)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.29,0:20:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Sparta,\NAthens, Corinth, Thebes,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.13,0:20:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are just a few of the more than 100
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.80,0:20:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,city-states that emerged all around Greece
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.70,0:20:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,400 years after the disappearance
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.85,0:20:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Mycenaean civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.62,0:20:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before the advent of democracy in Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.64,0:20:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of these city-states\Nwere led by a single ruler,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.09,0:20:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a tyrant in Ancient Greek.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.56,0:20:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around 540 BC, a tyrant named Polycrates
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.53,0:21:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came to rule over the\Nisland city-state of Samos
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.85,0:21:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Eastern Aegean Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.43,0:21:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- He was quite a player on\Nthe international scene.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.47,0:21:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made tactical alliances,\Nnot just with the Persians,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.36,0:21:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also, for example, with the Egyptians.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.51,0:21:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was an ambitious figure.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.32,0:21:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Polycrates\Nsaw that the path to power
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.69,0:21:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an island like Samos,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.35,0:21:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lay through the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.15,0:21:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He built a fleet of 100 triremes,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.77,0:21:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,terrorizing neighboring city-states
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.05,0:21:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taxing ships that passed\Nthrough the surrounding waters.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.49,0:21:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Under Polycrates Samos, his home island,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.98,0:21:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became the dominant sea power,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.19,0:21:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was the basis\Nof his wealth and power.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.63,0:21:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] With his newly found riches,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.57,0:21:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polycrates built up defensive walls
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.53,0:21:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around his capital city
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.33,0:21:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and set about to solve a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.07,0:21:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that plagued many cities in\Nthe arid Mediterranean climate,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.91,0:21:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drinking water.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.52,0:21:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Samos was a very, very\Nimportant and powerful city
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.92,0:22:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were needing a lot of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.66,0:22:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were short of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.87,0:22:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] There was a\Nplentiful spring available,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.03,0:22:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was separated from the city
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.47,0:22:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the 900 foot high Mt. Castro.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.59,0:22:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somehow, Polycrates and his engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.28,0:22:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to figure out how to\Nconnect the city and the spring.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.91,0:22:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Running an aqueduct around the mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.10,0:22:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not an option.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.48,0:22:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- You could construct\Na water supply system
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.30,0:22:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the mountain,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.65,0:22:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the first thing a\Nbesieging enemy would do
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.45,0:22:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to cut off that water line,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.28,0:22:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there you are with your\Nwonderful fortification,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.94,0:22:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with your wonderful new walls,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.03,0:22:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're drying out.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.42,0:22:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] A solution required\Nthinking outside the box.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.87,0:22:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polycrates turned to an\Nengineer named Eupalinos.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.86,0:22:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eupalinos came up with a solution
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.07,0:22:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that literally meant moving a mountain.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.78,0:22:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A tunnel running straight\Nthrough Mt. Castro.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.30,0:22:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be a huge\Nproject, and a lengthy one.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.78,0:22:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Theodosios] The time\Nneeded for such tunneling
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.88,0:23:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be enormous, therefore,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:02.80,0:23:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the decision was taken to drive
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.22,0:23:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tunnels from both sides.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.42,0:23:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a mathematical\Nand a technical problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.44,0:23:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Like the engineers\Nof the modern day chunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.84,0:23:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the English Channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.68,0:23:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eupalinos dug tunnels from\Neach side of the mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.98,0:23:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until they met in the middle.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.04,0:23:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To succeed, Eupalinos\Nwould have to be sure
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.28,0:23:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that each tunnel started\Nat the same vertical height
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.32,0:23:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on opposite sides of the mountain.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.58,0:23:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tunnels also had to match\Nup on a horizontal plane.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:35.30,0:23:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise they would pass each other
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.08,0:23:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like ships in the night.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.08,0:23:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without sophisticated surveying equipment,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.73,0:23:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a remarkable challenge\Nfor an engineer to take on.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.12,0:23:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One theory involves a short\Nwalk around a large mountain.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.46,0:23:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By forging a path from\Nthe spring to the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.40,0:23:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in short perpendicular lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.79,0:23:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eupalinos could measure each small length
Dialogue: 0,0:23:58.66,0:24:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to calculate two\Nsides of a right triangle.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.73,0:24:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With two known sides of the triangle,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.28,0:24:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hypotenuse became\Nthe path of the tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:24:07.72,0:24:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the mountain.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.14,0:24:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What made this prodigious\Nfeat of engineering
Dialogue: 0,0:24:12.86,0:24:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even more amazing is that\Nit involved not one tunnel,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.99,0:24:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but two.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.32,0:24:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main tunnel was dug\Nat a height and length
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.64,0:24:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of about six feet by six feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.27,0:24:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but was only used as a\Nworkspace to dig a second tunnel
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.89,0:24:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adjacent and below the main one.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.05,0:24:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would serve as the actual aqueduct.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.63,0:24:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the work tunnel was\Ndug on a straight plane,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.42,0:24:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the aqueduct tunnel was dug\Nalong the side and below.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:37.91,0:24:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This second tunnel needed to\Nbe angled on a slight gradient
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.69,0:24:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow the water to flow\Ngently downward toward the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.93,0:24:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a matter of life and death
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.57,0:24:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the dark and dangerous\Nbowels of the mountain.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.86,0:24:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Lothar] Once they\Nwere in the mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.34,0:24:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the difficulties must have been paramount
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.47,0:25:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because rock may be moving\Nin unpredictable ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.63,0:25:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,water may all of a sudden\Nsplash up and cause havoc.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.16,0:25:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was probably a constant danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.04,0:25:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apart from that it was dark,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.51,0:25:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and needed to be illuminated
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.39,0:25:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you needed to constantly\Nknow where you are
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.25,0:25:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to keep your line straight.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.53,0:25:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] After slight adjustments,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.21,0:25:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two crews met in the middle
Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.63,0:25:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost exactly where Eupalinos\Nhad originally determined.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.44,0:25:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The floors of each tunnel connected
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.24,0:25:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with only 24 inches\Ndifference between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.53,0:25:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A discrepancy of less\Nthan 1/8th of a percent
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.49,0:25:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the tunnel's 3,500 foot length.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.43,0:25:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stunning engineering acheivement
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.83,0:25:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may have been the shining moment
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.30,0:25:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Polycrates reign.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.31,0:25:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But his political fortunes\Nwould not prove so bright.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:50.77,0:25:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The Persian governor on\Nthe coast of Asia Minor
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.92,0:25:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided that that degree of autonomy
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.87,0:26:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Polycrates enjoyed was unsuitable
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.50,0:26:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the development of Persian power
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.80,0:26:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was arrested,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.79,0:26:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and brutally tortured and crucified.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.77,0:26:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Polycrates was\Njust one tyrant among many
Dialogue: 0,0:26:15.97,0:26:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who ruled the city-states\Nof Ancient Greece
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.55,0:26:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between 800 BC and 500 BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.96,0:26:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rule of the few over the many
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.30,0:26:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the only form of government
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.69,0:26:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humans had ever known.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.52,0:26:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that was about to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:31.03,0:26:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city-state of Athens
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.69,0:26:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was going to change the\Ncourse of world history.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.76,0:26:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The visionary leader\Nwho would make it happen
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.14,0:26:41.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was named Pericles.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.79,0:26:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His legacy would be an\Neverlasting monument
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.73,0:26:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Athenian acropolis\Nthat rose above the clouds.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:48.99,0:26:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An amazing piece of precision engineering
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.92,0:26:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call the Parthenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.30,0:26:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The word\Nencyclopedia comes from
Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.16,0:27:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two Greek words meaning\N"a circle of learning."
Dialogue: 0,0:27:05.51,0:27:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] In 480 BC,\Nwhen Themistocles defeated
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.92,0:27:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Persians at the Battle of Salamis,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.42,0:27:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he saved not only Athens,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.30,0:27:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also it's young democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:15.61,0:27:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which had been born\Nabout 25 years earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.04,0:27:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Athens, the age of the single ruler
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.60,0:27:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was over.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.78,0:27:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athens was rich in military might,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.58,0:27:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treasure, technology, and ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.18,0:27:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was poised for her golden age,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:32.74,0:27:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one man would take her there.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.56,0:27:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name was Pericles,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.73,0:27:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a democrat and enlightened intellectual
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.40,0:27:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who encouraged the arts.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:43.06,0:27:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Pericles would also\Nexpand Athenian power
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.25,0:27:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through any means,\Nincluding threats, bribery,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.68,0:27:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and naked force.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.80,0:27:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Pericles came from one of\Nthe old aristocratic families
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.78,0:27:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.96,0:27:58.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he came from the kind\Nof family background
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.87,0:28:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which a career of political\Nand military leadership
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.72,0:28:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.90,0:28:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] His rise to power began
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.67,0:28:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he was elected as a young man
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.44,0:28:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the position of strategos,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.56,0:28:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of ten such men who commanded the army
Dialogue: 0,0:28:15.45,0:28:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and set foreign policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.18,0:28:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A natural at politics and a gifted orator,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.29,0:28:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pericles was soon Athens' most influential
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.27,0:28:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and powerful statesmen.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:26.46,0:28:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Pericles was the typical\Npolitical animal, if you like.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.80,0:28:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This guy was a politician.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.69,0:28:35.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was able to speak and convince.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:35.53,0:28:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was completely\Ndedicated to what he did.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.11,0:28:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Pericles\Nbecame leader of Athens
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.55,0:28:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 461 BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.22,0:28:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks to the fleet of triremes\NThemistocles had built,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.79,0:28:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Athenian navy held unrivaled power
Dialogue: 0,0:28:50.59,0:28:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.11,0:28:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But despite the defeat of the\NPersian empire at Salamis,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.55,0:29:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the threat of another\Ninvasion was always looming.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.59,0:29:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 478 BC, Athens, together\Nwith the city-states
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.84,0:29:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Aegean, formed a\Nmutual defense alliance
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.49,0:29:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the Delian League.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.68,0:29:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ancient world's version of NATO.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.03,0:29:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- By 450 BC Athens has\Nbecome the undisputed leader
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.50,0:29:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Delian League,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.09,0:29:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is nothing more than a money faucet
Dialogue: 0,0:29:23.51,0:29:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the city-state.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.95,0:29:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Pericles, as undisputed\Nleader of Athens,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.09,0:29:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finds ways to put this money\Nto the best possible use
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.13,0:29:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by building massive public structures
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.40,0:29:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that best reflect the grandeur\Nand magnificence of Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.05,0:29:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now legend has it that\NPoseidon, god of the sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.26,0:29:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Athena, goddess of wisdom,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.05,0:29:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each came to the Acropolis to compete
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.19,0:29:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the patronage of the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.81,0:29:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the outcome to be decided\Nby the inhabitants.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.86,0:29:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poseidon struck the\Nground with his trident
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.01,0:29:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and up popped a spring.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.90,0:29:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athena struck the ground with her spear
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.84,0:29:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and up came an olive tree,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:58.55,0:30:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which not only suggested\Nsustenance for the Greeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.73,0:30:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a possible outlet\Nfor commercial venue.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.39,0:30:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thus Athena became the\Npatron goddess of the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:07.86,0:30:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the centuries there were\Nseveral temples to Athena,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.59,0:30:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of them destroyed.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.13,0:30:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we leave it to Pericles
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.10,0:30:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give the world the most\Nremarkable piece of architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.12,0:30:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all of Greek antiquity,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.14,0:30:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Parthenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.59,0:30:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Pericles decided\Nto rebuild the Parthenon
Dialogue: 0,0:30:29.46,0:30:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Acropolis,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.96,0:30:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the crumbling\Nfoundations of an older
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.31,0:30:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athenian temple.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.38,0:30:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would take thousands of\Nlaborers and skilled craftsman
Dialogue: 0,0:30:40.23,0:30:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create this magnificent temple.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.02,0:30:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it would cost more than any building
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.85,0:30:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Greeks had ever engineered.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.98,0:30:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 million dracmas.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.08,0:30:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our terms, billions of dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.46,0:30:54.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- That's an amazing amount,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.76,0:30:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but keep in mind that was\Na huge state enterprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.71,0:31:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Construction\Non the gargantuan
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.18,0:31:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building project began in 447 BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.18,0:31:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Parthenon was to be\Nabout 2/3rds the length
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.66,0:31:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a football field,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.50,0:31:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's outer dimensions, 228 feet long,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.70,0:31:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by 101 feet wide.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.48,0:31:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first challenge was\Nto cleave the marble
Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.54,0:31:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a mountain quarry ten miles away.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:21.24,0:31:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In all, about 30,000 tons\Nof the fine white stone
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.96,0:31:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.80,0:31:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the quarry, workers used\Nthe natural cracks of the stone
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.84,0:31:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to separate giant marble\Nslabs from the mountainside.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.80,0:31:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- The first step is to locate this crux
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.42,0:31:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and calculate if this piece of marble
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.30,0:31:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sufficient for my specific purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.30,0:31:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second step is to\Nput within these cracks,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:47.15,0:31:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those horizontal cracks\Nand vertical cracks
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.38,0:31:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wedges, iron wedges, why?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.96,0:31:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because an enormous energy
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.61,0:32:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was given by hammering
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.88,0:32:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these wedges simultaneously,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.81,0:32:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the brittleness of the material
Dialogue: 0,0:32:08.52,0:32:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes further cracking.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.06,0:32:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Once the\Ngiant slabs were ready,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.33,0:32:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gangs of men used levers,\Nropes, and pulleys,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.48,0:32:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to maneuver the marble\Nand prepare the stone
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.05,0:32:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for transportation to the Acropolis.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.05,0:32:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But accidents often happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.11,0:32:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- It was an enormous risk
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.45,0:32:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this big block
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.32,0:32:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would slide further down
Dialogue: 0,0:32:33.94,0:32:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing people underneath.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.28,0:32:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] But cutting\Nand transporting the marble
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.16,0:32:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the side of the mountain
Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.62,0:32:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was only half the battle\Nin the construction
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.58,0:32:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Parthenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.56,0:32:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Engineers now had to answer the question
Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.18,0:32:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how to lift these\Nten ton marble behemoths
Dialogue: 0,0:32:52.42,0:32:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and erect the greatest temple\Nthe world had ever seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.64,0:33:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] No medals were\Nawarded in the ancient Olympics
Dialogue: 0,0:33:02.40,0:33:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A winner received an\Nolive wreath on his head.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.26,0:33:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] July, 447 BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.28,0:33:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Construction began on a magnificent temple
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.100,0:33:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Athenian Acropolis.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.54,0:33:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Parthenon was the vision of Pericles,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.66,0:33:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dynamic and ambitious leader
Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.04,0:33:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would take Athens into a golden age
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.99,0:33:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never before seen in ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.61,0:33:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- It was a statement,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:30.19,0:33:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the most powerful city.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:32.71,0:33:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the cauldron of\Ndemocracy and freethinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.05,0:33:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the best people,\Nwe have the best army,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.73,0:33:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the best navy, we are the leaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.41,0:33:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The Parthenon would differ
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.66,0:33:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from most temples of the day
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.57,0:33:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which consisted of a\Nhexistyle construction,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:49.61,0:33:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,featuring six columns on one end
Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.80,0:33:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 13 on the side.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.04,0:33:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Parthenon would be a larger octistyle,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.01,0:33:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 8 by 17 columns.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:00.93,0:34:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- That makes the building very different
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.25,0:34:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they basically have\Nall the same proportions.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.17,0:34:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you make them larger you\Nsimply scale up everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.03,0:34:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make it wider was to\Ngive it an extra dimension.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.13,0:34:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The columns\Nprovide the main support
Dialogue: 0,0:34:18.11,0:34:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.86,0:34:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each column consisted of 11 separate drums
Dialogue: 0,0:34:22.99,0:34:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stacked one on top of\Nthe other like checkers.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.15,0:34:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were carved so that\Nthey would perfectly fit
Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.61,0:34:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when laid together in a column.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.85,0:34:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To do this, the top of\Neach drum was divided
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.66,0:34:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into four concentric circles,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:37.07,0:34:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with each ring either\Nsmoothed or roughed out,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.91,0:34:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on the amount of grit needed
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.89,0:34:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to interlock with the next drum.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.60,0:34:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the center of each drum
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.23,0:34:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,masons cut a rectangular notch
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.56,0:34:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measuring about four to six inches square
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.29,0:34:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and three to four inches deep.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.40,0:34:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carpenters then inserted\Nwooden plugs into the notches
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.89,0:34:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which served to align and center each drum
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.27,0:35:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the one above it.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.05,0:35:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next challenge was in lifting
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.75,0:35:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the enormously heavy drums,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.94,0:35:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially those for the upper sections
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.74,0:35:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the columns.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.19,0:35:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single column of the Parthenon
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.21,0:35:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could weigh between 63 and 119 tons.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.39,0:35:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- A crane is an extremely simple device.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.00,0:35:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have just the boom, and then
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.73,0:35:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a series of pulleys,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.36,0:35:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, as we know, just\Ngive you the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.52,0:35:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of taking up a weight of say,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:34.07,0:35:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ten tons by pulling down only 100 kilos.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.20,0:35:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Engineers\Nattached the stone to the crane
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.30,0:35:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one of several ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.46,0:35:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The method most often used
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.45,0:35:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to tie the end of\Nthe rope to the top part
Dialogue: 0,0:35:47.74,0:35:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a metal S-hook,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.77,0:35:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fasten shorter ropes to\Nthe bottom of the hook,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.64,0:35:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then loop these around\Nsmall protruding knobs
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.74,0:35:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called bosses, that had been\Nleft uncut from the marble
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.54,0:36:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this very purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:01.40,0:36:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Typically four bosses would be left
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.44,0:36:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surrounding the drum or stone block,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.82,0:36:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evenly distributing the force needed
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.62,0:36:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hoist the object.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.06,0:36:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The walls enclosing interior spaces
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.38,0:36:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to be laid down with extreme precision
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.28,0:36:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the builders did not use mortar.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.74,0:36:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To hold the ends of each block together,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.08,0:36:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,builders hollowed out the ends
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.60,0:36:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a double T design.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.02,0:36:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, iron rods were inserted\Nto clamp them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.88,0:36:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the columns and\Nblocks were put in place,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:31.72,0:36:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bosses used to lift\Nthem were chipped off
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.96,0:36:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and smoothed over.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.100,0:36:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- There's a saying that\Nthere are no straight lines
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.57,0:36:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Parthenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.10,0:36:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what's meant by this is the architects
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.34,0:36:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,incorporated a series of sort of
Dialogue: 0,0:36:49.38,0:36:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,optical illusions when they built it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.30,0:36:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It starts with the stairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.56,0:36:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes up to the columns,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.60,0:36:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way up to the top of the building,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.02,0:36:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pediment, that triangular\Nelement at the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.56,0:37:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's take a look at the stairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:01.17,0:37:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they seem to be straight, but no,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.72,0:37:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a closer look they bow in the center
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.80,0:37:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they go back down at the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.50,0:37:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this conceit, if you will,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.81,0:37:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continues right up to the columns.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.97,0:37:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This column is of the Doric\Norder, there's no base.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:14.06,0:37:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to grow right\Nup out of the stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.89,0:37:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each column has 20 flutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.21,0:37:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes the column sort of ungulate
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.07,0:37:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you look around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:22.62,0:37:25.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the column bows out in the center
Dialogue: 0,0:37:25.85,0:37:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bows back up at the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.68,0:37:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a process called entasis.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.87,0:37:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Clairy] Such long lines,\Nwhich are more or less
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.08,0:37:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the level of your horizon,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.13,0:37:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend to curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:37.37,0:37:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in order to extinguish this effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:41.60,0:37:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they curve them the other way
Dialogue: 0,0:37:44.37,0:37:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the result, again, is\Nmore harmonious and you
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.60,0:37:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see it as being straight,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.87,0:37:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if it was all\Nstraight, perfect right angles,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.47,0:37:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you will see it like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:57.55,0:37:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The\NParthenon's main function
Dialogue: 0,0:37:59.56,0:38:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to provide shelter\Nfor the monumental statue
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.13,0:38:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Athena.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:04.45,0:38:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Parthenon was an extremely\Nexpensive building.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:07.57,0:38:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the statue inside of\Nit was almost equal in cost
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.46,0:38:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the building itself, if\Nnot even more expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.56,0:38:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Athena's statue was\Nabout 10, 11 meters high,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.51,0:38:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means 30 to 35 feet or so.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.44,0:38:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was of the\Nmaterials gold and ivory.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:29.55,0:38:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Hundreds of sculptures
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.73,0:38:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created lifelike figures that\Nproved that craftsmanship
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.24,0:38:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wasn't simply in the engineering.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.06,0:38:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most famous carving in the decoration
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.85,0:38:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the temple is the frieze\Nrunning on the interior walls
Dialogue: 0,0:38:42.68,0:38:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Parthenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.61,0:38:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was carved in a low relief,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:46.47,0:38:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just inches off the stone,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.51,0:38:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and depicts the panathenia,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.39,0:38:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a celebration to the goddess Athena
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.28,0:38:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,held in Athens every four years.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.74,0:38:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- What survives on the\Nside of the Parthenon today
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.37,0:39:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the white marble\Nremains of the building.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.44,0:39:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In antiquity, not only the sculptures,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.36,0:39:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also many other parts of the building
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.37,0:39:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were richly decorated with paint.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.41,0:39:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] But not every\Ncitizen was enthralled
Dialogue: 0,0:39:09.07,0:39:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Parthenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.57,0:39:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some saw Pericles' pet project
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.92,0:39:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an Athenian eyesore
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.98,0:39:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and simply a monument to his own glory.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:18.82,0:39:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Now many Athenians hated\Nthe Parthenon, the temples.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.94,0:39:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They thought it was disgusting.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.71,0:39:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They thought it was terrible.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.82,0:39:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plato didn't like it at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.06,0:39:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For many Athenians, when they saw in their
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.24,0:39:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holiest of holies, if you like,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.38,0:39:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those new buildings coming up,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.40,0:39:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buildings that had incorporated novelties,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.24,0:39:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buildings that were making\Na break from the tide.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:41.14,0:39:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] The whispers\Nof discontent in Athens
Dialogue: 0,0:39:43.12,0:39:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weren't limited to the Parthenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.50,0:39:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Pericles continued to\Nexpand Athens domination
Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.10,0:39:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his rivals began to conspire against him.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.90,0:39:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon they lashed out and\Nattacked his close associates.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.64,0:40:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the top of the list was\Nan elegant and educated woman
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.38,0:40:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Aspasia,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.12,0:40:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a member of the elite\NHetaerae social caste,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.26,0:40:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Pericles consort.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:08.90,0:40:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Hetaerae were high-class courtesans,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.66,0:40:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often compared, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.08,0:40:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Geishas in Japanese culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:19.01,0:40:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hetaerae moved in the top circles
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.28,0:40:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Athenian and Greek cultural life.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.64,0:40:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] In classical Athens,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.22,0:40:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a woman's role lay under\Nthe dominion of men,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.04,0:40:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Aspasia was the exception to the rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.79,0:40:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pericles treated Aspasia as an equal,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.50,0:40:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his consort quickly became part
Dialogue: 0,0:40:37.86,0:40:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Athenian elite.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:40.32,0:40:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- But they became a well-known couple
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.58,0:40:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to the sort of astonishment
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.13,0:40:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some scandal of the Athenian people,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.16,0:40:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pericles was even to be seen actually
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.10,0:40:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kissing Aspasia publicly.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.31,0:40:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course, public\Ndisplays of affection
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.33,0:41:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were not anything that one expected to see
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.93,0:41:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in classical Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.100,0:41:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] By 432, after\Nnearly 15 years of construction,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:10.57,0:41:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Parthenon was completed.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:13.38,0:41:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This temple to Athena did\Njust what Pericles wanted,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:17.51,0:41:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it advertised the power\Nof Athens to the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.66,0:41:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ironically, the supremacy\Nthe Parthenon symbolized
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.31,0:41:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was already waning,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.14,0:41:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Athens long time enemy, Sparta
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.66,0:41:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was on the rise.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.55,0:41:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Once Athens had established\Nthis great alliance system,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.29,0:41:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or as some people put\Nit, this Athenian empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.21,0:41:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and arguably that's what it became,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.87,0:41:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Spartans began more and more to look
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.01,0:41:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,askance, as it were, at the Athenians
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.49,0:41:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually, by the 430s,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.85,0:41:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feel threatened by the Athenians.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.53,0:42:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] In 431 BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:00.54,0:42:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sparta moved on Athens.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:03.19,0:42:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For two long years, Athens held out
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.71,0:42:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the Spartan siege.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.10,0:42:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Pericles' shining city\Nwas about to come under attack
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.25,0:42:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by an invisible enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.05,0:42:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- After a couple of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:15.89,0:42:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the overcrowding\Nin the city of Athens,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.21,0:42:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disease that seems to have come originally
Dialogue: 0,0:42:21.71,0:42:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the near East,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.62,0:42:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attacked the Athenian people.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.41,0:42:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's known as the Great Athenian Plague.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:29.09,0:42:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Large numbers of Athenians\Ndied in this plague.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.49,0:42:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voiceover] Pericles,\Nnow in his early 60s,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.05,0:42:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,survived the plague, but\Nwas physically weakened
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.39,0:42:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bore the brunt of the blame
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.14,0:42:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the city's misfortune.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.02,0:42:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 429, with plague and war
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.88,0:42:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overshadowing his beloved\Ncity, Pericles died.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:53.54,0:42:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(somber music)
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.84,0:43:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bloody and brutal conflict\Nbetween Athens and Sparta
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.70,0:43:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known as the Peloponnesian War,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.06,0:43:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continued for another 25 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.96,0:43:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until finally in 404 BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.12,0:43:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athens fell.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.24,0:43:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- With the end of the Peloponnesian War
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.80,0:43:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the time of Pericles and the\Ndominance of Athens was over.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.30,0:43:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great marvels of Greek\Nculture and Greek engineering
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.82,0:43:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would live on,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.08,0:43:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the irony was that the two men,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:29.40,0:43:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the two purveyors of the fantastic legacy
Dialogue: 0,0:43:32.30,0:43:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of classical age of Athens,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:34.58,0:43:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were not Athenians at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.82,0:43:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The names of these two\Nmen would be synonymous
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.04,0:43:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only with conquest, but with Helenism,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:46.01,0:43:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the spreading of the Greek\Nideal of culture and value
Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.60,0:43:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout the world right on up
Dialogue: 0,0:43:50.08,0:43:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our own modern day.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:52.05,0:43:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These two men were\NPhillip II of Macedonia,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.72,0:43:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his son, a man who would be the envy
Dialogue: 0,0:43:57.46,0:43:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of every single general and emperor
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.29,0:44:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Julius Caesar and\NNapoleon, to George Patton.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:02.63,0:44:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man who would traverse\Nmost of his known world
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.29,0:44:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his short 33 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:07.79,0:44:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that student of Aristotle,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:09.87,0:44:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and self-proclaimed god,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:12.41,0:44:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander the Great.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.45,0:44:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Peter Weller for the History Channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.81,0:44:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(dramatic music)