[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.57,0:00:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.51,0:00:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,country
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.71,0:00:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.18,0:00:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.54,0:00:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.20,0:00:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.11,0:00:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intro
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.53,0:00:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.23,0:00:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.63,0:00:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pier 54 New York City.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.73,0:00:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On May the 1st 1915 2000 passengers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.14,0:01:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boarded one of the fastest most
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.91,0:01:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,luxurious ships in the world the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.12,0:01:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lusitania
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.23,0:01:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"She was simply a wonderful steady ship
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.19,0:01:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she had four red funnels and she was a
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.57,0:01:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beautiful sight to see. She really was"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.84,0:01:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,EDA Stanley and her family were heading
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.76,0:01:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,home to England and into the midst of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.95,0:01:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most brutal conflict man had ever
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.84,0:01:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experienced, The First World War was
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.11,0:01:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost a year old and any transatlantic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.57,0:01:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crossing was made potentially dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.57,0:01:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the presence of German submarines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.48,0:01:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, the passengers felt safe. After all
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.42,0:01:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Lusitania was a passenger ship
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.55,0:01:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.14,0:01:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On her last day at sea the Lusitania was
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.44,0:01:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,approaching the Irish coast
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.55,0:01:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.43,0:01:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It was two o'clock in the afternoon and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.20,0:02:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could see all this coastline. It was a
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.25,0:02:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beautiful day. Couldn't have been any better.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.52,0:02:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a terrific bang. Dad knew what it was.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.96,0:02:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean that he knew darn well that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.19,0:02:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a torpedo"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.36,0:02:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The single German torpedo did such
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.37,0:02:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,damage that the Lusitania could launch
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.47,0:02:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only six of her lifeboats before she
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.23,0:02:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went down
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.65,0:02:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We could not take the people and they
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.75,0:02:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were begging to be taken in we would have
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.08,0:02:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capsized and everybody would have gone
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.85,0:02:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down. 1,200 drowned. I think.....There was
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.92,0:02:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more drowned than was saved"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.86,0:02:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among those who drowned were a hundred
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.57,0:02:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and twenty-eight Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.23,0:02:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The memory has faded for all but a very
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.24,0:02:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,few some of whom you'll hear from. But
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.72,0:03:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it has affected so much of what
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.88,0:03:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has happened since, the bulk of this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.35,0:03:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,program is about the First World War. The
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.65,0:03:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great War they called. It began in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.35,0:03:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,June of 1914 with the assassination of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.69,0:03:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.67,0:03:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hungary. He was shot by a Serbian
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.37,0:03:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nationalist in Sarajevo.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.18,0:03:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ferdinand had governed in a
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.48,0:03:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circle of European royalty that also
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.07,0:03:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,included the king of England,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.45,0:03:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Tsar of Russia, and the Kaiser of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.85,0:03:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany and together their colonial
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.83,0:03:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,empires dominated most of the Earth's
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.71,0:03:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,population. And when the competitive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.44,0:03:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kaiser seized upon the assassination as
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.11,0:03:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a pretext to begin a European war he
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.96,0:03:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found the other Royals only too willing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.21,0:03:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go along. All of them sought to widen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.24,0:03:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their influence. None could possibly
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.27,0:03:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,realize how radically they were about to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.76,0:03:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alter the course of the 20th century. In
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.47,0:04:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the summer of 1914 the generation that
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.90,0:04:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would fight the First World War was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.54,0:04:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enthusiastic about doing so. Those young
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.94,0:04:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men who were so quick to answer their
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.01,0:04:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nation's call to arms had no reason to
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.16,0:04:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anticipate the hell ahead
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.89,0:04:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.61,0:04:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the German city of Coblenz
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.46,0:04:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twelve-year-old Joachim von Elbe began a
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.71,0:04:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diary. August 5 1914: the city is full of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.58,0:04:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soldiers. They were singing this song, on
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.93,0:04:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on to fight we are born on on to fight
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.31,0:05:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Fatherland
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.48,0:05:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Kaiser Wilhelm we have sworn
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.32,0:05:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Kaiser Wilhelm we give our hand."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.44,0:05:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The optimism of the Germans was matched
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.78,0:05:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by their allies in Austria and by their
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.38,0:05:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enemies in Russia in France and in
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.21,0:05:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,England. "As soon as I enlisted I was in
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.43,0:05:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crowd of all other 18,19 and 20 year
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.34,0:05:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,olds and we thought was going to be a
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.26,0:05:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tremendous tremendous lark to go and knock
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.08,0:05:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Kaiser off his throne, you see"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.90,0:05:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Everyone, everyone thought the war would
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.12,0:05:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be over Christmas and they really badly
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.81,0:05:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanted to get to France to get in the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.60,0:05:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fighting"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.87,0:05:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.08,0:06:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,music
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.54,0:06:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Germans attacked first
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.80,0:06:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very quickly they were through
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.45,0:06:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Belgium and into France. The romantic
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.32,0:06:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notion of war that so many young men
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.21,0:06:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carried into battle was very quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.45,0:06:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shattered. The new weapons of war were so
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.20,0:06:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ferocious that by the end of the first
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.27,0:06:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,year French casualties alone would
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.46,0:06:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,approach a million men
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.65,0:06:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.23,0:06:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Nobody in Europe expected these appalling
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.91,0:06:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,casualties and when they came they were
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.85,0:06:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,utterly crushing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.99,0:06:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,music
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.65,0:06:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first dreadful experience was that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.53,0:06:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the victims of what was called "the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.46,0:06:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,massacre of the innocents" in Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.01,0:06:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These boys from high school or college
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.41,0:07:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were given a couple of months
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.84,0:07:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,training and sent off to the Front and
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.30,0:07:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then died in tens of thousands in a few
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.60,0:07:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weeks
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.21,0:07:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,music
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.09,0:07:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing like that had ever happened
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.20,0:07:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before to any country in Europe and
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.33,0:07:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moreover this was the flower of German
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.34,0:07:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,youth. They were they the best educated
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.38,0:07:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,young men. They were from middle-class
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.75,0:07:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,families almost exclusively and they had
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.59,0:07:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no expectation at all this terrible
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.41,0:07:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing was going to happen."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.81,0:07:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Americans had never dreamed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.48,0:07:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a war on the other
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.80,0:07:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,side of the ocean could affect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.69,0:07:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US was officially neutral and most
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.42,0:07:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of its citizens assumed it would stay
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.97,0:07:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that way." People were going about
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.28,0:08:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their own business. The object being to
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.08,0:08:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes money and and good business
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.08,0:08:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything was very pleasant indeed"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.13,0:08:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,," It's hard for people who weren't
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.35,0:08:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there to realize how enormously
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.53,0:08:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world has changed. On New Year's Day
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.90,0:08:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President Wilson had open house at the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.84,0:08:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,White House. And he would go out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.33,0:08:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.70,0:08:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the lawn and we went down once
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.53,0:08:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a little kid and we went down on the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.18,0:08:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lawn and stood in a little queue and it
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.16,0:08:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moved up and we all went through and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.72,0:08:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shook his hand. Shook hands with the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.59,0:08:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President on New Year's Day"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.05,0:08:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.62,0:08:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But certainly America was changing. The
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.65,0:08:52.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pace of life was quickening.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.97,0:08:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost overnight Henry Ford's historic
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.98,0:09:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assembly line had lowered the cost of
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.53,0:09:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making cars as well as the cost of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.17,0:09:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buying them. The mass-produced Model T
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.35,0:09:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came in one color: black but at
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.81,0:09:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,295 dollars it was the first car priced
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.41,0:09:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within reach of ordinary Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.88,0:09:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We played baseball in the streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.65,0:09:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no problem of playing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.49,0:09:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,baseball when horses and wagons
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.54,0:09:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dominated the traffic. It only became a
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.18,0:09:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem when automobiles and trucks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.49,0:09:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came in"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.83,0:09:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much in America was changing as
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.63,0:09:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe went about its ugly war
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.99,0:09:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.20,0:09:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this first movie that I attended I
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.59,0:10:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recall the scene where there was a great
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.51,0:10:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deal of shooting. As they came to the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.31,0:10:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,front of the screen and the figures got
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.53,0:10:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,larger and larger and I thought they
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.23,0:10:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were coming at me and I started
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.91,0:10:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,screaming so badly that had to take me
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.53,0:10:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the movie house." As moviemaking
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.94,0:10:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,techniques improved movies became an
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.92,0:10:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American obsession and it was in the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.95,0:10:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,movie houses that Americans were exposed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.14,0:10:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the war in Europe. In the movie house
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.68,0:10:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it still seemed glamorous." We went every
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.38,0:10:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saturday morning and just devoured the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.91,0:10:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pictures of the war, beautiful uniforms
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.15,0:10:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dashing mounted cavalry with their
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.23,0:10:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flashing sabers in the sun riding into
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.50,0:10:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,battle and oh I thought that would be
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.50,0:11:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something else (I was just just eighteen)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.23,0:11:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.25,0:11:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.31,0:11:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The movies were the perfect proving
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.63,0:11:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ground for the new art form called
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.73,0:11:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,propaganda. Americans saw and soon
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.03,0:11:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sympathized with the British view of the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.31,0:11:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germans
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.12,0:11:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.37,0:11:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By early 1915 the war in Europe was good
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.77,0:11:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for America. U.S. banks were lending huge
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.83,0:11:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amounts of money to Britain and France
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.56,0:11:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who in turn used the money to buy arms
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.69,0:11:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from American factories. With the war
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.04,0:11:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Americans were in the greatest economic
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.66,0:11:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boom in their history. "During the war
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.79,0:11:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everybody worked. Before the war my
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.96,0:11:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,father brought home six or seven dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.54,0:12:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a week Now he brought home checks for
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.93,0:12:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hundred, a hundred and ten dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.49,0:12:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a week. It was like bringing home a check
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.81,0:12:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a million." The war had
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.38,0:12:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another effect: it virtually cut off
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.42,0:12:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,European immigration to the United
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.94,0:12:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,States causing a labor shortage in
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.43,0:12:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,American factories and that forced
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.25,0:12:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,northern employers to look for the very
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.47,0:12:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first time at the substantial Black
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.45,0:12:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,labor pool of the American South. " Black
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.98,0:12:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,newspapers, we went down south and told
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.48,0:12:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them 'come on up to Chicago with us
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.97,0:12:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll get you a job and you don't have
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.04,0:12:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stay down here and be lynched and
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.39,0:12:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,burned'" " My relatives, aunt, uncles
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.35,0:12:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cousins came North and were able
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.45,0:13:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get into factories and steel mill jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.69,0:13:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that just wouldn't have been available
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.02,0:13:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Blacks under normal circumstances"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.26,0:13:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This Great Migration from
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.16,0:13:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the South kept America's economy strong
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.53,0:13:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and vigorous while the increasing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.84,0:13:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,economic stake in Britain and France
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.38,0:13:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encouraged greater support for their war
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.33,0:13:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the Germans. But the war was not
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.99,0:13:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going well and the idea that Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.20,0:13:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might yet have to be involved was now an
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.48,0:13:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,issue all over the United States. With
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.02,0:13:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the support of former President Theodore
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.64,0:13:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt, potential volunteers began to
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.33,0:13:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,train for battle
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.01,0:13:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.39,0:13:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By Christmas 1914 the armies of Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.09,0:13:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had completely bogged down and fighting
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.95,0:13:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had spread to Russia, Africa, and the
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.04,0:13:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Middle East. The empires drew on their
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.08,0:14:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colonies for manpower. 60 countries were
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.29,0:14:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually represented in the conflict
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.30,0:14:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Germans had expected to win in 42
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.96,0:14:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,days but they had not anticipated what
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.72,0:14:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would happen on the Western Front in
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.79,0:14:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,France. On the Western Front, the German
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.74,0:14:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assault had finally failed and soldiers
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.90,0:14:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on both sides had raced to dig an
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.60,0:14:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elaborate trench system that stretched
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.73,0:14:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 300 miles from the English Channel
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.97,0:14:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way to Switzerland. On New Year's
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.58,0:14:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Day in 1915 the young men who had gone
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.80,0:14:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off to fight glorious battles were now
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.80,0:14:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trapped in a desperate war of attrition
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.92,0:14:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.77,0:14:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Someone said to us excitedly" Jack Smith"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.70,0:14:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said what about him? he said" he's dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.69,0:15:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's been shot"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.29,0:15:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one of the battalion to be
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.93,0:15:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shot. I said " what?"
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.53,0:15:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,," Yes he's dead. Been shot
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.52,0:15:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put his head too far over and a sniper
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.61,0:15:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got him" and that caused a bit of a
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.89,0:15:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sensation amongst the lads. They
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.46,0:15:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought 'well this is not exactly what we
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.42,0:15:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come for' (mumbling) from that day
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.62,0:15:32.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onwards while we were in the trenches
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.79,0:15:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was three killed, four killed, five
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.85,0:15:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killed, 20 killed, a hundred killed. By
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.79,0:15:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we was veterans."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.60,0:15:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A young American poet, Alan Seeger, was
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.63,0:15:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among those looking for adventure when
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.52,0:16:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he joined the Foreign Legion to fight
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.74,0:16:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for France. His diary reveals how seldom
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.37,0:16:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he found it."It's a miserable life.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.38,0:16:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shivering in these wretched holes in the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.76,0:16:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dirt. We're not leading the life of men
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.82,0:16:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at all but that of animals, living in our
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.76,0:16:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holes on the ground and only showing our
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.46,0:16:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heads outside to fight and to feed"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.60,0:16:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We'd been
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.81,0:16:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there about six months. Covered in mud
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.59,0:16:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wet through practically all day
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.79,0:16:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely chewed up by lice and we'd
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.58,0:16:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say "and to think we wanted to come to
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.79,0:16:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this hole" I said "yes, we didn't know"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.46,0:16:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.73,0:16:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every so often one side or the other
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.80,0:16:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seized a few hundred yards of territory
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.38,0:16:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only to be forced back again
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.23,0:16:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surrendering what had costs hundreds of
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.76,0:17:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lives to win. The Front never moved more
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.97,0:17:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a mile or two in either direction
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.90,0:17:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the spring of 1915 the generals had
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.24,0:17:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concluded that the best way out of the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.89,0:17:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stalemate was to blast the enemy out of
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.86,0:17:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their trenches
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.31,0:17:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.85,0:17:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same factories and assembly lines
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.65,0:17:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had begun to contribute to life in
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.51,0:17:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 20th century were now retooled to
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.39,0:17:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,create massive killing machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.06,0:17:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the industrialization of war
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.72,0:17:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.03,0:18:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There were
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.65,0:18:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a splintered trunks of trees, there's
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.31,0:18:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a quagmire of the shell holes
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.29,0:18:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no ,no grass. It was just like a
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.84,0:18:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lunar landscape
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.95,0:18:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.39,0:18:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.61,0:18:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"At night the rats, they grew to
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.18,0:18:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enormous sizes feeding on the bone and
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.05,0:18:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the corpses. It was impossible
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.93,0:18:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get to get the dead buried."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.55,0:18:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We put dead bodies in the bottom of the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.50,0:18:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trench so that we could stand on them
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.44,0:18:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep dry and on some
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.20,0:18:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occasion dead bodies was put on the top
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.05,0:19:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the trench to make it higher so that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.75,0:19:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could walk a bit better
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.66,0:19:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of crouching." And
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.27,0:19:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contributing to the stalemate were new
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.82,0:19:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weapons. (NOTE) By now the machine gun
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.51,0:19:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been perfected to the point that a
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.83,0:19:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,single soldier could command as much
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.71,0:19:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,firepower as 40 riflemen
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.46,0:19:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.80,0:19:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tank made its first appearance
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.28,0:19:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invented by the British to get through
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.42,0:19:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dense thickets of barbed wire that
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.73,0:19:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protected the enemy trenches. And in
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.36,0:19:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,April 1915 the Germans introduced the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.18,0:19:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most terrifying weapon of all poison gas
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.06,0:19:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No one had ever seen it before.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.41,0:19:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the moment when chemical
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.24,0:19:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warfare was invented. It scared the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.03,0:20:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living daylights out of the Canadian
Dialogue: 0,0:19:58.77,0:20:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,troops that were hit by it." The First
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.92,0:20:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,World War had become a contest NOT
Dialogue: 0,0:20:11.02,0:20:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fighting spirit but of technological
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.67,0:20:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might and for the soldiers caught in the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.09,0:20:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,middle of it there was no way forward
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.55,0:20:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no way back. There was simply
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.18,0:20:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,endurance. " You saw a little bush
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.15,0:20:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you swore that bush was somebody creeping
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.42,0:20:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up on you. The perfect soldier for that
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.45,0:20:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,war would have been somebody with no
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.54,0:20:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagination whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:46.35,0:20:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all had too much imagination"
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.38,0:20:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.53,0:21:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"So many men who had been through these
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.68,0:21:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dangers and anxieties. Their life broken
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.06,0:21:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were the victims of shell shock. You
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.37,0:21:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know there is a breaking point for most
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.29,0:21:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people. For anybody really. Robbed of all
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.63,0:21:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humanity and courage and everything else
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.63,0:21:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes life worth living really. He's
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.13,0:21:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,descended to something less than human."
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.96,0:21:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stalemate in the trenches continued
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.79,0:21:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through 1915 and into 1916 when the
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.94,0:21:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generals decided to go back to their
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.95,0:21:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,original weapon: their men
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.74,0:21:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.06,0:21:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The river Somme in northern France. Early
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.60,0:22:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,summer 1916. Along a Front 25 miles wide
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.62,0:22:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a massive Allied army prepared to attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.77,0:22:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands of British Tommies, as they
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.84,0:22:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were called, would lead the charge and
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.66,0:22:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would follow one of the most intense
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.25,0:22:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bombardments in the history of warfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.02,0:22:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An artillery barrage would last an
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.08,0:22:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entire week
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.96,0:22:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.79,0:22:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Battle of the Somme was about to
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.22,0:22:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begin.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.96,0:22:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There must be a thousand gods if there
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.33,0:22:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was one. It was a terrible roar from
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.18,0:22:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,morning to night but the foolish officers
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.92,0:22:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said "tomorrow boys will be over the top
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.88,0:22:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't worry" he says.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.33,0:22:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There'll be no trenches there. Our shells
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.87,0:22:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have blown them to pieces. There will be
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.36,0:22:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no Germans there. They're blown to pieces
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.77,0:23:00.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All you have to do is to walk over and
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.68,0:23:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take those trenches. In fact ,"he says,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.98,0:23:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can carry your rifle like a bag."
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.16,0:23:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.10,0:23:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Germans after the shelling, they
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.19,0:23:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply come out of the dugouts,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.90,0:23:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grabbed their machine guns and then
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.86,0:23:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waited for the Tommies."
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.91,0:23:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.12,0:23:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They just simply shot them down .
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.46,0:23:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like cutting down grain. They didn't
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.88,0:23:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get 200 feet. One German
Dialogue: 0,0:23:37.66,0:23:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,machine gunner said "I stopped firing
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.02,0:23:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I was sickened by what we were
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.83,0:23:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing"'
Dialogue: 0,0:23:50.35,0:24:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the bloodiest day in British
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.79,0:24:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history. 20,000 men killed 40,000 wounded
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.91,0:24:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet the day after and for days
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.31,0:24:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after that young men continued to be
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.98,0:24:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ordered out of their trenches and into
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.80,0:24:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,near certain death.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:12.19,0:24:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poet volunteer Alan Seeger was killed
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.19,0:24:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on July the 4th. On the same morning Ted
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.91,0:24:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Francis waited for the signal to go
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.99,0:24:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.52,0:24:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Officers are down below us in the
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.31,0:24:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trenches with a whistle and when they
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.34,0:24:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blow that whistle we'd got to dash out of
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.47,0:24:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trenches and make for this German
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.05,0:24:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trench and (mumbling) still
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.76,0:24:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,four or five minutes but we look at each
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.33,0:24:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other and say I would also do this. Some
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.74,0:24:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were visibly shaken. Some were crying and
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.81,0:25:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course when the whistle went off we
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.17,0:25:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had to scramble over."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.25,0:25:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.38,0:25:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Battle of the Somme would come to
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.91,0:25:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,define the futility of the First World
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.92,0:25:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.61,0:25:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It went on for six more months at a cost
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.70,0:25:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a million men and at the end of it
Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.15,0:25:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Allied armies had moved a grand
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.25,0:25:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,total of five miles. The guns of the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.69,0:25:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somme were so loud and so insistent that
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.70,0:25:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were heard across the English
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.20,0:25:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Channel in London a hundred and fifty
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.66,0:25:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,miles away. In every country that was
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.80,0:25:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved in the war there were growing
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.11,0:25:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problems at home. After so many years of
Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.18,0:25:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,struggle the disillusionment of the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.71,0:25:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,battlefront now extended to the home
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.29,0:25:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,front. Russia in particular was ripe for
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.93,0:25:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revolution. Its people were starving and
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.12,0:26:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its battered army was on the verge of
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.88,0:26:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defeat. In February 1917 a food riot
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.61,0:26:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broke out in the city of Petrograd which
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.83,0:26:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been called Saint Petersburg. In no
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.86,0:26:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time Russia was embroiled in full-scale
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.71,0:26:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revolution. The ruling family led by Tsar
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.15,0:26:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nicholas was brought down.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.60,0:26:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,300 years of royal rule were replaced by
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.27,0:26:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a provisional government that stubbornly
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.40,0:26:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided to continue the war
Dialogue: 0,0:26:31.11,0:26:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Germans chose this moment to help a
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.06,0:26:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Russian revolutionary return home from
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.12,0:26:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exile. The man who spoke for a socialist
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.09,0:26:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,movement known to Russians as the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.22,0:26:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bolsheviks. His given name was Vladimir
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.83,0:26:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ulianov. He's better remembered as
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.56,0:26:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vladimir Lenin. Sascha Bryansk
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.43,0:26:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,served as Lenin's bodyguard
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.17,0:27:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He spoke with a lot of gestures and
Dialogue: 0,0:26:59.88,0:27:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rushed forward calling us to advance.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.22,0:27:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saying "Power had been taken over
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.31,0:27:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the bourgeoisie that went on with the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.68,0:27:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bloody war." A new order had to be
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.89,0:27:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,established to ensure the power of the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.56,0:27:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working class. Lenin and the Bolsheviks
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.01,0:27:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hoped to create the world's first
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.39,0:27:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Communist state where all land, capital,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.27,0:27:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and political power would be given to
Dialogue: 0,0:27:24.04,0:27:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people. For many Russians it would
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.90,0:27:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean the end of privilege
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.59,0:27:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.32,0:27:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Victory of the Bolsheviki would mean the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.41,0:27:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,end of Russia. That we knew. I
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.58,0:27:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remember one evening at our country
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.70,0:27:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place. I was running down the lawn to
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.29,0:27:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,call my mother to tell her that supper
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.12,0:28:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was ready and I suddenly stopped and here
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.75,0:28:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was all the beauty around. The roses, the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:01.49,0:28:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trees, the park, the lawns. It was a
Dialogue: 0,0:28:04.85,0:28:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beautiful place. It was sunset and I
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.29,0:28:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stopped and said all this disappears. All
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.82,0:28:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this will be gone. That was the one
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.97,0:28:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moment I remembered that feeling
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.04,0:28:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fear that the whole world of which
Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.14,0:28:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was part of was would disappear."
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.99,0:28:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it would.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.93,0:28:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In October 1917 Lenin encouraged an
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.14,0:28:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,insurrection against the provisional
Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.82,0:28:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government that had replaced the fallen
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.50,0:28:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tsar. The end came at the Tsar's old
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.42,0:28:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Winter Palace " I ran up the carpeted
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.46,0:28:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stairway. In the very first room I saw
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.06,0:28:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soldiers standing with their rifles ready.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.55,0:28:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I shouted " put down your weapons"
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.28,0:29:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The defenders just dropped their weapons
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.33,0:29:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and left."
Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.04,0:29:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We saw the fires in the night and then
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.12,0:29:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after five or six days the shooting died.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.87,0:29:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no more guns so we knew it
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.05,0:29:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was over and we knew that the
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.69,0:29:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bolsheviki had won"
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.48,0:29:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.15,0:29:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With Lennon's victory, Russia quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.03,0:29:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,withdrew from the war. But the Germans
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.35,0:29:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had seen their plans succeed only to
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.93,0:29:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find that they now faced a new opponent.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.11,0:29:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was clear to most Americans now that
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.97,0:29:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany regarded them as an enemy too.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.37,0:30:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President Woodrow Wilson resisted the
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.57,0:30:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demands to get involved for a while but
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.01,0:30:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by 1917 the Germans had increased their
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.65,0:30:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attacks on unarmed ships. And then they
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.80,0:30:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brazenly urged Mexico to invade the
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.44,0:30:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,United States, the President felt he had
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.28,0:30:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no other option. On April the 2nd 1917
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.09,0:30:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Woodrow Wilson stood anxiously before a
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.43,0:30:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,special session of Congress and asked
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.31,0:30:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a declaration of war. He hoped it
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.25,0:30:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be the War to End all Wars. He said.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.92,0:30:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It is a fearful thing for me to try to
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.89,0:30:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lead a great peaceful people into war.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.27,0:30:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could be one of the most terrible and
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.25,0:30:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disastrous of all wars, but let me tell
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.67,0:30:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you this: Right is more precious than
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.51,0:30:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peace."
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.86,0:30:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The idea of a last great war
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.05,0:31:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and being part of it was very
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.90,0:31:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very strong,strong appeal and
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.78,0:31:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it certainly influenced me a great deal."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.28,0:31:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said"if we're never going to see another
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.54,0:31:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,war. This is the time to see it." In the
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.48,0:31:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,summer of 1917 American troops landed
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.69,0:31:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in France returning the favor of Lafayette:
Dialogue: 0,0:31:33.75,0:31:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the French soldier who fought with
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.48,0:31:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America during the Revolutionary War
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.10,0:31:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"One of the officers, he said it loud
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.70,0:31:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enough for everybody to hear and
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.14,0:31:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was waving his hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.03,0:31:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Lafayette, Lafayette" I didn't know who
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.61,0:31:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lafayette was
Dialogue: 0,0:31:53.88,0:31:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Lafayette we are here"
Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.37,0:32:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.21,0:32:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It was coming to the end of our bit and
Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.07,0:32:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Americans decided to have a go,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.81,0:32:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was absolutely... I said "Hurrah"
Dialogue: 0,0:32:08.56,0:32:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"They were untouched by
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.03,0:32:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the anxiety or doubts that
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.33,0:32:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had afflicted everybody else. By that
Dialogue: 0,0:32:22.76,0:32:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stage they were, they were" American"
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.11,0:32:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know. They were "American" They
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.24,0:32:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were what the Americans were supposed to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.57,0:32:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were enthusiastic. They were also
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.60,0:32:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,badly armed, poorly trained and like the
Dialogue: 0,0:32:39.86,0:32:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europeans before them, completely
Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.48,0:32:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unprepared for what lay ahead.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.65,0:32:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.58,0:32:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The train came through from the Front.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.00,0:33:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we got to go aboard . Of course
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.85,0:33:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we did it as soon as possible
Dialogue: 0,0:33:02.31,0:33:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got on it and we asked the guys
Dialogue: 0,0:33:03.14,0:33:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,," how was up there what's going on?"
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.75,0:33:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and "what are you doing?" and it
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.26,0:33:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a hospital train. I can see these
Dialogue: 0,0:33:17.01,0:33:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poor kids like me. Youngsters, but the
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.43,0:33:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leg gone or two arms gone. "Well
Dialogue: 0,0:33:32.52,0:33:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is kind of a cold water treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.58,0:33:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of a sudden to realize what war was
Dialogue: 0,0:33:40.80,0:33:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like. You grew up very quickly in
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.16,0:33:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surroundings lie that. This is no longer
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.48,0:33:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Freshmen Studies. It was the real world"
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.10,0:34:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1918 with thousands of Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.83,0:34:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pouring into France every day,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.00,0:34:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Germans decided they had
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.94,0:34:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do something massive.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.06,0:34:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,IN March 1918 the German
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.78,0:34:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Army tried its last major gamble. Its
Dialogue: 0,0:34:25.23,0:34:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,last major offensive on the Western Front
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.81,0:34:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.76,0:34:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It was a remarkable moment. The Western
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.97,0:34:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Front moved. A War of movement finally
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.85,0:34:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arrived" And after years of impasse the
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.94,0:34:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germans suddenly threatened to overwhelm
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.80,0:34:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Allies and actually capture the
Dialogue: 0,0:34:43.62,0:34:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French capital Paris. "The Germans had a
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.51,0:34:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fire. They called it "sweeping fire."
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.32,0:35:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything upon earth got hit. They were
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.55,0:35:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wounded or died."The threat to Paris was
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.95,0:35:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so severe that a million people simply
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.84,0:35:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,left the city. The Germans got to within
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.08,0:35:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 miles. At this point these still semi
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.47,0:35:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trained American divisions were
Dialogue: 0,0:35:15.54,0:35:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thrown into the battle and along with
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.96,0:35:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the French, managed to stop the German
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.57,0:35:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drop."
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.08,0:35:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Germans had put
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.94,0:35:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything into this last desparate
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.04,0:35:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effort and when it was it was over they
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.20,0:35:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were finally spent. Along the Western
Dialogue: 0,0:35:37.48,0:35:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Front that Autumn, the focus shifted
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.03,0:35:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from war to peace. On the 10th of
Dialogue: 0,0:35:48.33,0:35:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nov the Kaiser was forced into
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.81,0:35:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exile by his own government; a
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.61,0:36:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,victim of the war he had helped to
Dialogue: 0,0:35:56.85,0:36:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start. " This cut me so deeply that
Dialogue: 0,0:36:04.86,0:36:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't tell you. I had a little picture
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.26,0:36:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Kaiser in my room and what did
Dialogue: 0,0:36:08.49,0:36:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do? I put a black tie around the
Dialogue: 0,0:36:13.02,0:36:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picture to show my utter sorrow for
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.70,0:36:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this tremendous change in history" And
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.53,0:36:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finally at the 11th hour, on the eleventh
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.80,0:36:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,day, of the eleventh month November 1918
Dialogue: 0,0:36:32.99,0:36:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Germans formally surrendered.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.41,0:36:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And suddenly the guns stopped and there
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.79,0:36:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a terrible shock as if somebody had
Dialogue: 0,0:36:49.64,0:36:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hit me over the head with a big pan
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.31,0:36:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.76,0:37:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And that sudden hush after four years of
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.77,0:37:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continual gunfire had become part of our
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.58,0:37:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lives.There seemed to be something missing
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.35,0:37:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we didn't believe it you know."
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.76,0:37:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:37:24.95,0:37:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Applause]
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.91,0:37:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:37:47.53,0:37:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the greatest calamities in human
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.93,0:37:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history was over and America's veterans
Dialogue: 0,0:37:52.69,0:38:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began to return home.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:55.23,0:38:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.57,0:38:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trouble was that having made the
Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.58,0:38:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world a safer place American veterans
Dialogue: 0,0:38:07.86,0:38:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,returned to a very uncertain future.The
Dialogue: 0,0:38:12.15,0:38:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,economy that the boomed during the war
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.55,0:38:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was now shrinking. Factories were laying
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.43,0:38:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off workers just as veterans came
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.19,0:38:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for jobs. "We had no help to find
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.56,0:38:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a job. No grants to go to school
Dialogue: 0,0:38:26.64,0:38:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to finish our college education.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.00,0:38:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you took your
Dialogue: 0,0:38:33.78,0:38:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discharge that was it. You had no more
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.24,0:38:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connection with the government or they
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.34,0:38:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with you. You were on your own"
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.40,0:38:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.83,0:39:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the winter of 1918 Europe was a
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.83,0:39:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disaster. The empires of Germany Austria
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.94,0:39:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Russia had been shattered
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.09,0:39:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving destitute nations in their wake
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.98,0:39:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:39:18.42,0:39:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the victors Britain and France
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.83,0:39:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grappled with ruin and rage.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.43,0:39:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:39:30.29,0:39:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In all nine million men had died.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.44,0:39:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every family had lost someone, a father, a
Dialogue: 0,0:39:43.22,0:39:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,son, a brother,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.17,0:40:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cousin, a friend
Dialogue: 0,0:39:52.17,0:40:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.88,0:40:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For years the wounded and the maimed
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.40,0:40:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,haunted the streets of every city in
Dialogue: 0,0:40:13.34,0:40:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.42,0:40:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:40:18.02,0:40:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even those who had escaped physical
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.82,0:40:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,harm were forever changed by the Great
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.11,0:40:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War
Dialogue: 0,0:40:29.21,0:40:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sometimes I'm thinking about the war
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.48,0:40:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two,, three o'clock in the morning. My
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.88,0:40:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brother being hit. My best friend killed
Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.95,0:40:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I wonder, while I'm lying in bed
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.90,0:40:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,," how is it that I'm lying here
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.00,0:40:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're all dead?""
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.16,0:40:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I lost all my youth. I lost the best
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.33,0:41:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years of my life you might say. And I
Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.45,0:41:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lost so many friends. It was all loss
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.14,0:41:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for me. I mean a few medals don't make up
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.49,0:41:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for that you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:08.58,0:41:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody wins in a war. They lost. We didn't
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.70,0:41:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,win"
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.29,0:41:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Into this chaos traveling to a post-war
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.44,0:41:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,peace conference in the French town of
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.30,0:41:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Versailles, came President Woodrow Wilson.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:28.75,0:41:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With him President Wilson brought his
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.19,0:41:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so-called Fourteen Points which called
Dialogue: 0,0:41:34.19,0:41:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for liberty and self-determination for
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.95,0:41:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all. Even the enemy. The people of Britain
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.20,0:41:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and France greeted Wilson ecstatically for
Dialogue: 0,0:41:44.63,0:41:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he represented the hope of democracy. BUT
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.93,0:41:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the British and French governments were
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.76,0:41:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interested in revenge. "The Versailles
Dialogue: 0,0:41:56.96,0:42:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peace Treaty is the politics of hatred.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.35,0:42:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the encapsulation of every
Dialogue: 0,0:42:02.69,0:42:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean-spirited element on the Allied side."
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.46,0:42:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new Soviet Union was completely
Dialogue: 0,0:42:09.11,0:42:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,excluded from the peace conference. And
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.14,0:42:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not one victorious power was ready to
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.60,0:42:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give up a colony. Sowing the seeds of
Dialogue: 0,0:42:18.14,0:42:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,future discord, Britain and France added
Dialogue: 0,0:42:20.66,0:42:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several colonies by carving up the
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.12,0:42:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Middle East. As for the Germans, they were
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.02,0:42:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forced to accept conditions that would
Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.97,0:42:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humiliate and impoverish them for
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.76,0:42:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.36,0:42:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end Versailles was about
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.48,0:42:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Punishment not Peacemaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.50,0:42:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"In Many ways all those men who died,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.33,0:42:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nine million men died for nothing"
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.73,0:42:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.20,0:42:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost before it was over then it was
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.44,0:42:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clear that the legacy of this war would
Dialogue: 0,0:42:56.75,0:43:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be anything but the end of all wars.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.95,0:43:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within 30 years these same nations would
Dialogue: 0,0:43:03.44,0:43:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all fight again over precisely the same
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.86,0:43:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.81,0:43:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The war had shown technology's dark side.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.82,0:43:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But dark or bright, technology was here
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.64,0:43:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stay and in the decade that followed
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.47,0:43:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an electric pulse of change ran through
Dialogue: 0,0:43:26.83,0:43:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America. We'll see that on the next
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.72,0:43:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,episode of the century America's time
Dialogue: 0,0:43:32.16,0:43:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thank you for joining us I'm Peter
Dialogue: 0,0:43:34.72,0:43:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jennings
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.12,0:43:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]