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[Instructor] El camino de causa
a efecto es oscuro y peligroso,

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pero las armas
de la econometría son robustas.

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Atacan con variables instrumentales
feroces y flexibles

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caundo la naturaleza te bendice
con deberes fortuitos y casuales

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(gong sonando)

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Los ensayos aleatorizados
son la vía más segura

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para hacer
comparaciones ceteris paribus.

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Pero ¡qué pena!, esta poderosa herramienta
no siempre está disponible.

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Sin embargo, la aleatorización
a veces pasa por casualidad

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y es cuando utilizamos
las variables instrumentales,

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las cuales se abrevian VI.

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(susurros)
Variables instrumentales.

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[Instructor] La lección de hoy
es la primera de dos lecciones sobre VI.

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La primera lección de VI comienza
con una historia sobre las escuelas.

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(timbre de escuela sonando)

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[Josh] Las escuelas chárter
son escuelas públicas libres

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de la supervisión diaria
del distrito y de los contratos

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de la unión de maestros.
La pregunta es si las escuelas chárter

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fomentan el logro es
una de las más importantes

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en la historia de la reforma
de la educación estadounidense.

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Las escuelas chárter más populares
tienen más aspirantes que cupos;

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por lo tanto, el azar en un sorteo decide
a quién se le ofrece un cupo.

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Es mucho lo que está en juego
para los estudiantes disputandose

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esa opción y esperando
que los resultados de la lotería

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les devuelva muchas emociones, que fue
lo que se plasmó en el documental premiado

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"Esperando a Superman".

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