0:00:00.299,0:00:04.644
[Instructor] El camino de causa[br]a efecto es oscuro y peligroso,

0:00:05.139,0:00:08.015
pero las armas[br]de la econometría son robustas.

0:00:08.480,0:00:11.734
Atacan con variables instrumentales[br]feroces y flexibles

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caundo la naturaleza te bendice[br]con deberes fortuitos y casuales

0:00:19.393,0:00:21.094
(gong sonando)

0:00:23.653,0:00:26.362
Los ensayos aleatorizados[br]son la vía más segura

0:00:26.362,0:00:28.704
para hacer[br]comparaciones ceteris paribus.

0:00:28.704,0:00:32.640
Pero ¡qué pena!, esta poderosa herramienta[br]no siempre está disponible.

0:00:33.224,0:00:36.940
Sin embargo, la aleatorización[br]a veces pasa por casualidad

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y es cuando utilizamos[br]las variables instrumentales,

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las cuales se abrevian VI.

0:00:41.938,0:00:44.508
(susurros)[br]Variables instrumentales.

0:00:44.508,0:00:48.186
[Instructor] La lección de hoy[br]es la primera de dos lecciones sobre VI.

0:00:48.958,0:00:52.801
La primera lección de VI comienza[br]con una historia sobre las escuelas.

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(timbre de escuela sonando)

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[Josh] Las escuelas chárter[br]son escuelas públicas libres

0:00:56.138,0:01:00.112
de la supervisión diaria[br]del distrito y de los contratos

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de la unión de maestros.[br]La pregunta es si las escuelas chárter

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fomentan el logro es[br]una de las más importantes

0:01:05.161,0:01:07.761
en la historia de la reforma[br]de la educación estadounidense.

0:01:08.145,0:01:12.562
Las escuelas chárter más populares[br]tienen más aspirantes que cupos;

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por lo tanto, el azar en un sorteo decide[br]a quién se le ofrece un cupo.

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Es mucho lo que está en juego[br]para los estudiantes disputandose

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esa opción y esperando[br]que los resultados de la lotería

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les devuelva muchas emociones,[br]que fue lo que se plasmó

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