[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] The path from cause \Nto effect is dark and dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the weapons \Nof Econometrics are strong.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Attack] with fierce \Nand flexible instrumental variables
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when nature blesses you \Nwith fortuitous random assignment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[gong rings]
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Randomized trials are the surest \Npath to ceteris parabus comparisons.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alas, this powerful tool \Nis often unavailable.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes, randomization \Nhappens by accident.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when we turn \Nto instrumental variables,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,IV for short.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Voice whispers] Instrumental \Nvariables.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Narrator] Today's lesson \Nis the first of two on IV.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our first IV lesson begins \Nwith a story of schools.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Josh] Charter schools \Nare public schools
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freed from daily district oversight\Nand teacher union contracts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The question of whether charters \Nboost achievement
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the most important
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the history \Nof American education reform.