[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.60,0:00:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes, I wonder \Nif I’m not a bit masochistic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.44,0:00:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because to spend your life\Ntrying to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.26,0:00:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the brain works \Nyou kind of have to be so.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.20,0:00:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That said, I may have\Nmitigating circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.31,0:00:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After having been born\Ninto a Jewish family in Cairo;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.88,0:00:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spoken Hebrew at home, \Nthen Arab, and French of course;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.46,0:00:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gone to a Catholic school St Jean-Baptiste\Nde la Salle, to learn catechism;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.78,0:00:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learned a grasp of the Coran;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.45,0:00:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then lived in Israel and seen\Nthe other side of the fence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.04,0:00:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I concluded: one, a secular\Natheist country is pretty cool,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.12,0:00:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and two, we can approach \Nany subject no matter how complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.92,0:00:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, life is complicated, for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.80,0:00:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain is very complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.63,0:00:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a million billion\Nconnections in the human brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.85,0:00:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a million billion connections\Nand each one of them
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.89,0:01:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is far more complicated \Nthan a mobile phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.90,0:01:04.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it learns and the phone doesn’t.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.94,0:01:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That would mean that each human being
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.42,0:01:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possesses the equivalent \Nof 200,000 mobile phones.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.19,0:01:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can understand why this\N"telephone exchange" is so complex
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.11,0:01:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tends to be overloaded.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.86,0:01:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in 1986, I was appointed\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.04,0:01:23.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unit director at the INSERM,\Nin Paris, at Port Royal,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.11,0:01:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a maternity ward that had four floors\Nwhere there were women giving birth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.73,0:01:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,planned cesareans, premature births, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.89,0:01:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was in charge of the top floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.84,0:01:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took over the post after a great guy,\NAlexandre Nikovski,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.74,0:01:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was the first to understand\Nthat pregnant women need protection
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.77,0:01:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because pregnancy\Nis the period "of living dangerously."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.75,0:01:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He fought to ensure that during pregnancy,\Nthere could be some time off, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.88,0:01:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a really great person.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.53,0:01:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My wife and I went with him\Nout to lunch after my appointment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.45,0:01:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he said finally, "All is well!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.50,0:01:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’re replacing an Azhkenazi Jew\Nwith a Sephardic Jew.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.86,0:02:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your wife is fairly smart,\Nso necessarily, you must be good!"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.42,0:02:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So apparently, proficiency\Nwas not the main criterion.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.81,0:02:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I began to work \Non the development of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.75,0:02:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about which we know very little.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.85,0:02:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are unborn childs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.90,0:02:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One seems to be working\Non a math problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.52,0:02:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scratching his head.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.21,0:02:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one wants to go out\Nas the food isn’t very good.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.06,0:02:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this one can’t decide if he wants\Nto play football with OM or PSG.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.88,0:02:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why am I showing you this?\NWhat does this mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.06,0:02:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it means there are lots\Nof things happening in the womb.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.33,0:02:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a monkey's brain for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.72,0:02:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cortical neuron has 7,000 connections\Nbefore birth and 10,000 after birth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.44,0:02:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is not at all a period of inertia.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.75,0:02:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing to take from this\Nis that the brain in utero moves a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.88,0:02:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,develops rapidly and is highly active.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.41,0:02:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, to make a comparison,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.43,0:02:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a brain is a lot more complex\Nthan a plane, a submarine or a boat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.50,0:03:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The major difference \Nis that when we assemble a plane -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.16,0:03:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’ve never built a plane \Nbut I can imagine -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.36,0:03:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the engine isn’t running,\Nbut in this case, it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.24,0:03:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The engine is running\Nwhile the brain is being built.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.07,0:03:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The process is identical:\Nan architect creates a blueprint,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.84,0:03:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there are site meetings \Nto ensure all is going well,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.40,0:03:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,otherwise everything would go wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.13,0:03:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first thing to understand\Nis that the brain in utero works a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.27,0:03:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second thing to understand\Nis that not only it does all this work,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.31,0:03:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the electric currents - brain electric\Ncurrents are my specialty -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.10,0:03:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the currents that are generated\Nby these neurons as they’re being formed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.57,0:03:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are nothing like those of adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.58,0:03:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The immature brain \Nis not a small adult brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.55,0:03:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has its own language, one that’s\Ntotally different from that of the adult.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.74,0:03:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, this explains \N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.26,0:03:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reason why it took me years\Nto convince the administrators
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.39,0:03:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can't give to a baby the drug\Nof an adult and just split the dose.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.94,0:03:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes no sense because \Nthe processes are totally different.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.92,0:03:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must understand how the brain\Ndevelops in order to heal it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.82,0:04:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now why this image?\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.42,0:04:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Imagine I’m a conductor -\Nunfortunately, I’m not -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.17,0:04:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're going to play Brahms' Second\NSymphony with Jascha Heifetz on violon,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.46,0:04:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I’m telling you they should be\Nplaying Brahms during the rehearsals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.45,0:04:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in this case, they didn't.\NA group is playing rock.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.14,0:04:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another is playing Bach,\Nand yet another is playing whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.03,0:04:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, comes showtime,\Nand they all play Brahms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.74,0:04:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it has nothing \Nto do with an adult brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.56,0:04:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The question to ask, \Nobviously, is why is it like that?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.60,0:04:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take the visual system.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.13,0:04:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human retina is formed\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.63,0:04:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost at the end\Nof the first trimester of pregnancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.59,0:04:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see nothing, we forget everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.74,0:04:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In all animal species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.62,0:04:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the retina generates an activity \Ncaled "retinal waves"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.80,0:04:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which does not enable vision at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.60,0:04:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but which is critical\Nbecause if we block it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.72,0:04:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the visual system develops badly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.01,0:04:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here is this activity \Nthat is not related to the senses
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.34,0:04:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but has a major function.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.24,0:05:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, with my friend Nick Spitzer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.08,0:05:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we came up with what we called:\N"the checkpoint theory."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.49,0:05:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is while something\Nis being built,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.50,0:05:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this building or anything else,\Nwe have to check what’s being done.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.49,0:05:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The construction of the brain \Nisn't like pushing a button,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.28,0:05:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then from one cell I get a brain,\Nthanks to genetics. That's ridiculous!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.85,0:05:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, there are checks.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.21,0:05:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we proposed\Nto call them "checkpoints."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.68,0:05:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, when the \NChannel tunnel was built,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.63,0:05:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were these enormous machines\Non both sides of the Channel -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.70,0:05:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they hadn’t left Europe at the time -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.38,0:05:34.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that drilled until they came face to face.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.44,0:05:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without GPS, they could\Nhave gone like this or this,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.97,0:05:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.39,0:05:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes continuous checking.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.96,0:05:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I proposed\Nwas that this continuous checking
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.84,0:05:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this electrical activity present\Nduring the brain development.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.99,0:05:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While the cell is maturing,\Njust like an apple,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.13,0:05:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it sends electrical signals that indicate\Nits state and its stage of construction.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.40,0:05:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The aim of this activity in the retina \Nis to tell the visual brain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.30,0:06:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I’m here, not there,"\Nlike basically, a GPS.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.64,0:06:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All that sounds good\Nbut you’ll probably ask,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.77,0:06:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That’s interesting but what happens\Nwhen things goes wrong?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.43,0:06:11.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see cases of neurological\Nand psychiatric illnesses
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.100,0:06:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, as you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.49,0:06:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we’ve been trying to treat them\Nfor centuries without success
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.44,0:06:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for lots of reasons, in part\Nbecause they arise very early,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.39,0:06:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don’t know \Nwhat they do to the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.72,0:06:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we think a little bit,\Nthere're two ways to go about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.57,0:06:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is like in "The Imaginary\NInvalid" by Moliere,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.10,0:06:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Argan's servant says,\N"The lungs! The lungs, I say to you."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.66,0:06:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, geneticists say, '"The genes!\NThe genes! it’s all genetic!"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.40,0:06:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, after pondering a little more,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.02,0:06:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I proposed a concept \Ncalled "neuro-archeology."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.27,0:06:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea's very simple:\Nif one day this building collapses,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.25,0:06:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we’ll discover that in one spot,\Nthere was a poorly built post
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.34,0:06:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that rose out of one floor\Nthat itself collided something else,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.58,0:06:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at one point, everything collapsed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.59,0:07:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is exactly the same:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.06,0:07:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the maturation of the brain,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.16,0:07:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are sequences of maturation\Nas I told you before,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.12,0:07:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in case something happens in the womb \Nsuch as a gene, a mutation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.28,0:07:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pesticides, stress, alcohol,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.88,0:07:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever that can happens in life\Nor in the environment basically.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.66,0:07:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is important because,\Nif we come back to genetics for a second,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.34,0:07:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contrary to what is told,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.28,0:07:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vast majority of psychiatric illnesses\Nare not of genetic origin.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.04,0:07:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do not involve genetics\Nsuch as Alzheimer or Parkinson.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.22,0:07:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may involve mutations\Nin very few patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.74,0:07:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are not monogenic,\Nwhich means that if, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.88,0:07:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kid who has a mutation\Nthat predisposes him to be diabetic,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.44,0:07:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes to McDonald's everyday,\Nhe’ll indeed be diabetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.12,0:07:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If he chooses to live on an island\Nand eats fresh fish
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.62,0:07:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pesticide-free tomatoes,\Nhe probably won’t be diabetic.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.40,0:07:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it is about susceptibility.\Nwhat we call "epigenetic."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.18,0:07:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that the environment\Ncreates a susceptibility \N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.76,0:08:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be expressed as an illness\Nin some cases and not in others.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.48,0:08:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the second way is the following.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.38,0:08:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It consists in trying to understand \Nhow the brain is built,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.56,0:08:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the sequence\Nof maturation is deviated,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.58,0:08:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from there, start to think.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.77,0:08:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine the fundamental\Nthesis is confirmed,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.33,0:08:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe it will be a major\Nstep forward in the understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.28,0:08:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the treatment of neurological\Nand psychiatric illnesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.79,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m saying that when there is\Nan "attack" in the womb,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever the cause may be,\Ngenetic or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.03,0:08:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it modifies the sequence of maturation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.36,0:08:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the neuron that was supposed\Nto mature does not mature,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.24,0:08:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like an apple\Nthat doesn’t ripen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.18,0:08:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't connect where it should,\Nit doesn't go where it should.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.20,0:08:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the thesis\Nis that this misplaced neuron
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.99,0:08:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remains immature in the adult brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.15,0:08:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this perspective, many \Nneurological or psychiatric ailments
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.78,0:08:52.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be due to displaced neurons
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.78,0:08:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have kept immature\Nelectrical characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.23,0:08:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ar first, I explained\Nthat the developing brain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.88,0:09:00.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a different function\Nthan the adult one.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.13,0:09:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those neurons\Nthat are here, here or there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.73,0:09:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produce activities that interfere \Nwith their surroundings.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.70,0:09:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what I propose is a kind\Nof pharmacological intervention
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.91,0:09:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using drugs that only block\Nthese immature neurons in an adult brain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.47,0:09:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since their properties\Nare precisely different, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.53,0:09:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the idea \Nand it needed to be proved.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.60,0:09:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can’t be demonstrated on humans\Nbut on experiments with animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.02,0:09:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be it for Parkinson, Alzheimer or autism.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.11,0:09:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we have noticed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.30,0:09:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a neuron is an electrical machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.44,0:09:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ions come in and go out:\Npotassium, sodium, calcium, chlorine, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.76,0:09:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It produces electricity \Nthat codes what we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.57,0:09:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything that we integrate is just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.82,0:09:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the ions \Nthat play an important role,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.63,0:09:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one is particularly important: chlorine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.09,0:09:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have discovered\Nthat in an adult naive neuron,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.53,0:09:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's very little chlorine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.88,0:10:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a young naive neuron,\Nthere is a lot of chlorine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.03,0:10:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It completely changes \Nthe neuron' stability.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.10,0:10:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also discovered \Nthat in animal models of autism,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.63,0:10:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the situation is somewhat similar \Nto that of an immature brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.75,0:10:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's just like what I said.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.47,0:10:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A neuron that is young\Nhas a lot of chlorine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.47,0:10:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it matures, and then has none.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.51,0:10:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it matures "in the wrong way,"\Nit retains a lot of chlorine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.23,0:10:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, as you see, the consequence\Nis that chlorine comes in here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.17,0:10:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but here it goes out, so the electrical\Nresponse is totally different.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.93,0:10:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Me and my friend Éric Lemonnier,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.51,0:10:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the best French experts\Non the treatment of autism,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.34,0:10:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has been working\Nwith autistic children for ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.97,0:10:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've thought ...\NWell, chance has a role.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.96,0:10:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five or six years ago,\NI didn’t know what autism was.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.47,0:10:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wasn’t working on it at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.99,0:10:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was helding a conference\Nfor parents of autistic children
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.51,0:10:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and spoke about chlorine and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.25,0:10:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Eric said to me, "You know, \Nif there’s a lot of chlorine,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.23,0:11:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there’s reason to think that these kids\Nare autistic due to clinical reasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.12,0:11:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since when we give them Valium,\Ninstead of going to sleep as adults would,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.52,0:11:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get extremely agitated,\Nso this probably means
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.18,0:11:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there’s a lot of chlorine inside."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.92,0:11:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we made the extremely naive hypothesis\Nthat we could reduce the chlorine levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.24,0:11:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by using a diuretic which is a molecule
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.96,0:11:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, when ingested,\Nmakes you need to urinate. Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.30,0:11:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the same happens in the kidneys.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.05,0:11:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same system that exists\Nin the kidneys, exists in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.63,0:11:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are diuretics on the market\Nthat people have used for a long time
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.82,0:11:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to treat hypertension and cerebral edema.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.67,0:11:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took five kids in Brest \Nand gave them a diuretic
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.79,0:11:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it seemed to have a positive effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.81,0:11:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did a second trial\Nwith about 50 children,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.80,0:11:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a double blind trial and it worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.86,0:11:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m going to show you one of those kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.16,0:11:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You’re going to see a child \Nbefore and after treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.34,0:11:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using diuretics for three months.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.98,0:12:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Woman: ... for baby’s birthday.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.28,0:12:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for baby's birthday ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.80,0:12:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please come, Allan!
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.85,0:12:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y.B.A.: Notice that he doesn’t\Nmake eye-contact.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.02,0:12:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Woman: Come!
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.76,0:12:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Child' screams)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.60,0:12:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y.B.A.: He stimulates himself\Nby playing with the light, you'll see.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.09,0:12:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Child' screams)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.47,0:12:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Child: Mama ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.18,0:12:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y.B.A.: She has a lot\Nmore patience than me.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.85,0:12:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Woman : And on baby’s \Nbirthday cake, I put some candles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.77,0:12:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please come and put the candle on?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.08,0:12:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put the candle on.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.17,0:12:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put the candle on.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.46,0:13:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y.B.A.: Not once\Ndid he look her in the eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.54,0:13:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is three months after treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.50,0:13:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Woman: For baby's birthday,\Nlet's make a cake.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.16,0:13:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's stick the candles on top.\NDo you want to put one on?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.79,0:13:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hop!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.47,0:13:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hop!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.00,0:13:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good job!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.53,0:13:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's light the candles. It’s hot!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.13,0:13:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's sing: Happy Birthday to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.37,0:13:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Singing) Happy Birthday to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.37,0:13:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y.B.A.: Notice, he’s \Nlooking her in the eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.03,0:13:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video: Child blows the candles out)\N
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.78,0:13:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Woman clapping hands:\NYay! Good job, Allan!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.08,0:13:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let’s take the candles off.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.62,0:13:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Y.B.A.: You’ve probably guessed \NI don’t believe in miracles,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.52,0:13:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is no miracle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.44,0:13:53.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This child wasn’t speaking \Nbefore and he still isn’t, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.78,0:13:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But parents are all \Ntelling us the same thing :
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.05,0:13:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There are more present.\NThey interact with us more."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.58,0:14:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s important because with autism,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.38,0:14:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s not just the children\Nthat suffer but parents as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.41,0:14:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the fact that they become\Nmore sociable is extremely important.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.50,0:14:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means they participate more in society.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.54,0:14:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don’t think there will be a pill\Nthat will cure this illness
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.02,0:14:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as one can take\Nan aspirin for a headache
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.44,0:14:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, if you’ve understood\Nwhat I’ve told you so far,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.38,0:14:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an early occurring condition \Nthat modifies parts of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.58,0:14:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this can't be undone\Nwith some miracle cure.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.54,0:14:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, schooling will cure it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.75,0:14:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can get these kids into school,\Nit will make them more sociable.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.88,0:14:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why am I showing you this image?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.84,0:14:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The not-so-young among you will know.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.62,0:14:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an extract from "Who’s \Nafraid of Virginia Woolf ?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.03,0:14:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.95,0:14:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, you see what’s going on:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.56,0:14:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they’re screaming at each other\Nbecause he made a move on this one, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.95,0:14:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you were looking at the plate here,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.18,0:14:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an autistic child would do\Nwhen avoiding eye-contact,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.81,0:14:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you wouldn't understand anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.41,0:14:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it’s not that they're not empathetic\Nbut they don’t look where they should.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.98,0:14:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don’t look at peoples eyes,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.74,0:15:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't know if the other\Nis crying or laughing.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.38,0:15:03.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With Nouchine Hadjikhani, \Nwe chose some autistic children
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.65,0:15:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and showed them \Npictures that were sad or joyful,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.27,0:15:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before and after the treatment,\Nand we noticed
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.41,0:15:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they watched the eyes more\Nthan before as parents have confirmed.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.86,0:15:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it works but it’s not a miracle cure.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.94,0:15:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a treatment with secondary effects
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.89,0:15:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as less potassium in the blood \Nwhich must be kept under control,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.19,0:15:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for the moment, no other medication\Non the market can help those kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.39,0:15:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've initiated a second phase.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.40,0:15:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recently, we were authorized\Nby the European authorities
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.29,0:15:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do a phase 3.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.100,0:15:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I’m focusing on the brain during\Nbirth about which we know very little.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.34,0:15:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does a brain get ready for birth?\NHow complex that is!
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.95,0:15:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does it do?\NWhat happen if things go wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.38,0:15:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mother might have \Nhyper tension or diabetes, whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.46,0:15:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does that work?\NWhat are the consequences?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.89,0:15:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s one of the major public \Nhealth issues we’re not dealing with
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.10,0:15:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since neither the pharmaceutical industry \Nnor our politicians are interested
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.75,0:15:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because obviously,\Nit’s a complicated issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.63,0:16:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In conclusion, art and science \Nare not the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.07,0:16:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes, they do have similarities.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.06,0:16:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The process we call \N"creativity" is precisely as follow:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.52,0:16:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a process by which \Nwe leave the beaten path,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.00,0:16:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we leave all orthodoxies behind,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.17,0:16:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we think about things differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.94,0:16:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last picture\NI will show you is this
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.89,0:16:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I’m a fan of Modigliani.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.78,0:16:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he painted that cellist,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.26,0:16:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one student said to his master\Nat the Grande Chaumière school:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.48,0:16:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That arm isn’t right, it’s too long,"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.96,0:16:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which the master\Nanswered majestically:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.68,0:16:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"An arm that is so well painted \Nis never too long."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.67,0:16:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He expressed what creativity expresses, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.38,0:16:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is the leaving of the beaten path\Nto really show what a cellist does.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.19,0:16:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.86,0:16:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)