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35C3 preroll music
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Herald angel: And now please welcome our
speaker Claudia.
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Applause
Claudia Frick: Thank you. So, hopefully
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there will be my slides up there. I see
someone running. Running fast. Laughter
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Laughing
OK.
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Laughing
Ah.
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Here we go.
Phew.
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Applause
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Yes. So hello everybody and welcome also
from my side to one of the first talks of
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this congress. Yeah my name is Claudia
Frick or if you know me from Twitter, my
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name is FuzzyLeapfrog. And I'm about to
refresh your memories on scholarly
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communication and scientific publishing.
But since this is my first talk at a Chaos
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Communication Congress, I'd like to start
with two facts about me so that you know
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who is talking to you. So fact number 1. I
am an atmospheric scientist so I have a
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PhD in meteorology. Fact number 2. I am
now working as a librarian in the library
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of a research center. The most common
reaction I usually get when I say this is:
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Why? There are actually several reasons
why I left science and joined the library
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world and for the next 30 minutes I'll
talk about one of these reasons. And to be
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honest it's the reason I'm most passionate
about. OK, so let's dive into the topic.
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And I'll start with a few simple questions
that you can answer just for yourself: Do
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you think science helps us - as a society
- to be well-educated and to make rational
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and fact-based decisions? Do you think
science helps us to live healthier, longer
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and to deal with diseases? Do you think
science helps us to face global challenges
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like climate change? If you answered at
least one of these questions with yes,
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then you must also think that restricting
the access to scientific results is not
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beneficial for our society. Unfortunately,
that's what we are currently doing.
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72 percent of scientific publications are
locked up behind paywalls. Which means
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that only those with money have access to
science and those who don't have money are
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either left behind or they are forced to
go illegal ways. And this is not how it
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should be. But how should it be instead?
We should have open access to science and
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open access means that everybody in the
world should have access to science
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without any financial, technical or legal
barriers. At the end of my talk, I want
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you all to know what we can do to tear
down the paywalls in scientific publishing
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and to achieve open access to science. But
before we can talk about how we can change
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a system like scientific publishing, we
have to understand how it works. So we'll
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start with a look on the question what the
most common way of scientific publishing
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currently looks like. So for all the non-
scientists in this room or those who
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haven't published a scientific publication
so far, let me take you on the roller
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coaster journey of scientific publishing.
Imagine yourself to be an atmospheric
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scientist, a brilliant atmospheric
scientist, and you spent the past 5 years
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of your life in your laboratory and you
made some time consuming experiments. You
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ran some complex simulations and after a
lot of sweat and pain and a lot of tears,
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you finally found it. You found the
solution to climate change. Yes. And it's
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absolutely great that you know how to
reduce greenhouse gases back to a proper
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level and how to stop temperatures from
increasing, but the whole scientific
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community, everybody in the world should
know about it so that we can realize the
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solution and finally stop climate change.
So you have to communicate your research
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in order for it to benefit society and
that you can get the Nobel Prize that you
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absolutely deserve. So, you write down a
summary of your solution into a manuscript
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of let's say 15 pages. But what's next?
How to distribute this manuscript in the
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community? Since I am at the Chaos
Communication Congress and we are in the
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21st century, I assume that most of you
are currently thinking: Yeah, just put it
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on the internet. Yeah. That's not what the
most common way of scientific publishing
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looks like. At least not yet. What you
will do instead is that you will either
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submit your manuscript to a scientific
conference or to an academic journal.
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Which one you will do mainly depends on
your discipline. So if you are for example
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a computer scientist, you will most likely
submit your manuscript to a scientific
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conference. If you are an atmospheric
scientist, you will most likely submit
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your manuscript to an academic journal.
But both publishing processes are nearly
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the same, so I will only guide you through
one of them. So since you are an
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atmospheric scientist, you now submit your
manuscript about the solution to climate
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change to an academic journal. And at this
stage your manuscript is called a
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pre-print. And your manuscript fits into the
scope of the journal, therefore in the
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next step a process of quality control
starts. This is called peer review. Peers
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are other scientists like for example
these two guys. Yeah I know that this is
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scary, but these two guys will have a look
at your manuscript - and check whether
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everything you did and wrote is valid and
scientifically correct. Because maybe you
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only think you've found the solution to
climate change, but in reality you made a
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really awful mistake already on page one.
But that's not what happens to you,
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because you're brilliant and your solution
is perfect. So these two guys only have
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some minor corrections and comments and
you integrate them into your manuscript
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and resubmit this new version to the
Journal. And now you are lucky. Because
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the Journal then says: Yeah okay, with
these changes we'll accept your manuscript
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for publication. And at this stage your
manuscript is called the post-print.
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Because the content is now the final one that
will be later printed in the Journal or
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published online since we are in the 21st
century. And now in the last step some
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typesetting happens, so your manuscript is
brought into the layout of the journal and
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then this fancy publisher's version is
published on the Journal website, from
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where everybody in the world can see that
you've found a solution to climate change.
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And this is what the most common way of
scientific publishing currently looks
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like. Simplified. But I forgot one very
important detail and this is the paywall.
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You published closed access. And at this
point I'm sorry, but we have to talk about
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money. Because there's a lot of money
changing hands in this process. And the
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first occasion money changes its hands has
actually nothing to do at all with the
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paywall. Because did you know that you -
the author of the manuscript or your
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laboratory - might have to pay money to
the publisher in order for your
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publication to get published? Yeah. Maybe
your manuscript was too long and you have
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to pay page charges or you included some
colorful figures and you have to pay color
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charges. Yes, color charges in the 21st
century. And the second occasion money
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changes its hands is at the paywall.
Because there are a lot of scientists out
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there that need to know the solution to
climate change and some of them are lucky
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- like her - and they work for an
institution that has money and that has a
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library. And this library will pay money
to the publisher to grant the scientists
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access to your publication. Either by
paying a subscription fee so that they
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have access to all publications in the
journal or by just purchasing your single
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publication. But there are a lot of
scientists out there that aren't that
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lucky. And they won't have access to your
publication. And what about all the non-
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scientists in this room that I'm sure also
want to know the solution to climate
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change? They won't have access either
unless they are willing to pay. But who
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said that we all together didn't already
pay for this publication? Because who
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funds you, the brilliant atmospheric
scientist at your laboratory? Who funds
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the two guys doing the peer review and who
funds the library that grants other
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scientists access? It's us. We all do.
It's tax payers' money. So don't you think
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we kind of already paid for this
publication? OK, you might now think: But
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hey, there will obviously be money coming
back because authors and people doing peer
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review will get paid for their work by the
publisher. No. That doesn't happen in
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science. Scientists are doing all of this
work cost-free. For the publisher. OK, but
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then you might think: But hey, then they
maybe this is just the business model of
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academic publishers. I mean they
definitely have their costs that they need
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to cover. So maybe they are just doing
this: Covering their costs and they are
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not making so much more money out of it.
Huh. We are currently having three major
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academic publishers. They are called
Elsevier, Springer and Wiley. And let's
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have a look at the profit margins of at
least Elsevier and Springer. They are 35
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and 37 percent. Pure profit. These margins
are even higher than the ones of Google
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and Apple. We are all together paying in
every year 7.6 billion euros
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for access of popular publications. Seven
point six billion euros per year. And this
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has some very weird practical
consequences. Because publishers are
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requesting so much public money to get
access to mainly publicly funded
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publications, that even those that really
do have money like the Harvard University
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can no longer afford them. And when I
learned this, all of this, for the first
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time, I only had two options left. Option
number 1. Join the open access movement
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and tear down these paywalls. Option
number 2. Become myself an academic
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publisher. Yeah my bank account this
morning said I chose option 1. So let's
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talk about how we can tear down the
paywalls. There are generally a lot of
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approaches we can take. Some of them are
smaller, but persistent, and others are
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more massive steps. But who can do
anything about the paywall? Who are the
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involved players in scientific publishing?
Well we have the scientists that do most
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of the work: they produce the content,
they do the quality control of the content
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and they are even the ones that later in
the process mainly consume the content.
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Then we have the funders that provide the
money, we have the libraries that grant
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access and we have the publishers that
publish the academic journals. Since I
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assume that we are not having so many
funders and publishers in here and I don't
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think that the number of librarians is
higher than - 10, I'd like to focus on
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what scientists can do to tear down the
paywall. But I will also have a look on
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what we can achieve if the first three
players work together. But, let's start
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small, with you - the brilliant
atmospheric scientist. So you just
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published your solution to climate change
like this. And you just realized: Damn. I
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published behind the paywall. And a lot of
scientists won't have access to my
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publication. And usually that's not what
scientists want. Because most scientists I
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know want their publications to be read,
to be spread, to be cited and to be
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discussed as widely as possible. And the
paywall prevents this. So you might now
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wonder whether there's anything you can do
about the paywall when you publish like
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this. Yes, you can do something about it.
The first option you have is brought to
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you by the publisher. The publisher offers
you the possibility to remove the paywall
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just in front of your single publication
while all other publications in the
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journal remain behind the paywall. This is
called hybrid open access. And what does
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the publisher want to remove the paywall
in front of your publication?
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Audience: Money!
Claudia: Yeah, it's even more money.
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Yeah, I do not recommend this. Is there
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anything - anything - you can do about
this publication without paying even more
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money to the publisher? I mean: it's your
publication; it's your work that you've
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done. Can't you just take it from the
journal website and put it on the
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internet? This is called a secondary
publication and there are places for this.
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They are called arXiv, institutional
repositories, or even the commercial web
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site ResearchGate. Can't you just upload
your manuscript there and make it
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available via so-called green open access?
The answer to this question is:
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it depends. Because what happened when you
decided to publish behind the paywall is
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that you signed a so-called copyright
transfer agreement and it is what it
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literally says: you signed away the
copyright of your work to the publisher.
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Yeah. Laughter So if you want to re-
publish your manuscript somewhere else,
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you have to check whether this is okay for
the copyright owner; that is, the
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publisher. But hey, some good news here.
Most publishers will allow at least some
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form of re-publication. But this is where
it gets really really tricky, because
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publishers are having some very specific
and very restrictive conditions on this.
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So, you cannot just publish any version of
your manuscript. Maybe you can only
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publish the pre-print. That is the version
of your manuscript without all the changes
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that came in during peer review. So it's
not the content that you finally
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published. And they have some very
specific conditions on where you can
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publish. Maybe you can only do it on your
personal website, but not on the one of
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your university. And then they have some
very specific ideas on when you can
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re-publish, because you cannot just do it
right away most of the times. You have to
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wait an embargo period of 6 months, 12
months or even 4 years and 4 years is kind
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of a long time to wait for a solution to
climate change. And these conditions. They
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do not only vary by publisher, they vary
by journal, so you really have to check
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for each single of your publication what
you are allowed to do and what not. And I
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totally get it - that's not easy. That's
confusing. It's time-consuming and believe
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me, it's absolutely no fun at all. But if
you are ever struggling with this as a
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scientist, I have a very simple and
convenient advice for you and it is to
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just ask your librarian. Because that's
our business and I'm absolutely sure that
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even in your library there's at least one
librarian that has specialized on
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copyright and can do this for you. But
wouldn't it be so much easier if you could
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just do whatever the hell you want to do
with your publication? If you could just
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keep the copyright right away? Yes, it
would be. And it's possible. So maybe the
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next time you publish a solution to a
global challenge, publish it gold open
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access. This means that you will publish
in a so-called open access journal. These
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journals do not have any paywall at all
and all publications in there are
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published under a Creative Commons
license, so you will keep the copyright of
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your work. How do these journals work?
Well let's get back to closed access. What
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open access journals obviously do is that
they remove the paywall, which means that
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libraries don't have to pay money to the
publisher to grant their scientists
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access. And what also happens is that you
are no longer asked to pay color charges,
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but you have to pay an article processing
charge, or your laboratory. But since
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libraries are saving a lot of money by not
paying for access to these journals, most
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German libraries for example will cover
these costs for you. But it can be even
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better. Because there are a lot of open
access journals out there that do not even
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charge an article processing charge. This
is called platinum open access. And these
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journals do not ask for money from anyone;
neither for reading nor for publishing.
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But how do these journals even survive,
because they are not making any profit?
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Well we know that scientists are already
doing most of the work in this process.
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And some of them decided to just do the
rest of the work, too. Yes, there are
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scientists out there running their own
academic journals. Several of them joined
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forces with their libraries to have a
powerful and experienced infrastructure in
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the background and together scientists and
librarians are providing this non-for-
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profit service for science in the hands of
scientists, without any commercial
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interests. So this is already an example
of what we can achieve. If we are no
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longer only focusing on you, the single
scientist and your single publication, but
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if we look at what we can achieve if we
work together and join our forces. And
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there are a lot of more examples out there
for this. I listed a few over here. And
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for the rest of the talk I'd like to focus
on one of them. Mainly because it's a
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German project and it got some recent
attention. And this is Project DEAL.
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Project DEAL is commissioned by the
Alliance of Science Organizations in
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Germany and is driven by scientists and
librarians together. And what they want to
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achieve is a major step forward to open
access with our three already known major
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academic publishers. And project DEAL
wants to achieve this by implementing so-
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called nationwide consortium agreements.
But what is a nationwide consortium
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agreement and what can it do about open
access? These agreements consist of two
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components. They are so-called publish and
read deals. And the first component is the
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Read component. And it means that all
participating institutions, universities
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will have access to all journal
publications of the publisher, when
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there's a deal. And the publish component
means that all publications with a
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corresponding author from one of these
participating institutions and
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universities, will be published Open
Access with this publisher. And both of
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these components are covered with one
single and one reasonable fee. So for
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example if your university would be part
of such a deal with Elsevier you would
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have access to all Elsevier publications
and all your publications would be
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published Open Access with Elsevier. This
would mean that there would be up to 16500
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publications published every year Open
Access under such a deal. And this is what
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project DEAL wants to achieve. So these
are the goals. But how is Project DEAL
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progressing? There are currently ongoing
negotiations with Wiley and Springer. So
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there are two parties the publisher and
Project DEAL sitting together at one table
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and having a major common understanding
about the future of scientific publishing
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and about what the basic conditions of
such a deal should be and they are now
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discussing the details. The picture
becomes quite different if we look at
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Elsevier. Because there seem to be right
away a major disagreement about the basic
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conditions of such a deal should have and
on what a reasonable fee is. So after a
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long time, years of negotiating and no
real progress, what happened is that
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Project DEAL, so scientists and librarians,
currently suspended the negotiations with
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Elsevier. And this is something new. And
it's definitely something big. And I can
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tell you that the world is watching
Project DEAL and Germany. And this is
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where the power of joining forces really
shows up. Because scientists and
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librarians are really emphasizing the need
for such a deal to Elsevier. For example,
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scientists stop to offer their cost-free
work to Elsevier. So they are no longer
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publishing with Elsevier or doing the peer
review. If you are one of them or will be
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one of them after this talk please let
your library know, because we collect this
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information to make sure that Elsevier
knows. And libraries, well they just
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cancel their subscriptions to Elsevier
journals. Yes. There are currently 200
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German institutions without subscription
access to Elsevier publications and there
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will be even more next year. The Max
Planck Society canceled the contract to
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the end of this year. So these are a lot
of scientists without access to Elsevier
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publications. And it's a lot of saved
money. And what happened after we got cut
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off from Elsevier publications six month
ago? Well, the world of science didn't
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break down, neither did the world of
libraries. What happens is that scientists
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use alternative ways to get access. And
libraries support these alternative ways.
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I listed a few of the legal alternatives
up here. But speaking of legal, some of
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you might now wonder or wonder through the
entire talk: Why should we even care about
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subscriptions? Why should we pay for
access to publishers or use alternative
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ways that are legal because Sci-Hub. Sci-
Hub is basically ThePirateBay of
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science, so you can get nearly any
scientific publication there. And I would
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like to forward the question on why we
should pay for access if we have Sci-Hub
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directly to the publishers. But I think
that they already know the answer. Because
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they do what industries do that face
piracy. They took legal action and filed a
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lawsuit. They requested that Internet
service providers to block Sci-Hub, but
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you know Don't mess with the Internet.
Laughing
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Applause
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So dear Publishers, let me put it this way:
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as long as you publishers hold on to
paywalls there will be piracy, no matter
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what. And even worse as long as you hold
on to paywalls there will be people,
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scientists and librarians, building
alternative ways of scientific publishing
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without you. And the only way to stop this
is to tear down the paywalls. And to you,
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the brilliant atmospheric scientist and
all the other brilliant scientists in this
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room, please provide open access to your
publications and support open access in
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any way that you like or that you can. And
if you have any questions or concerns or
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any ideas I can only encourage you to talk
to your librarian. Because, if we work
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together, if we join our forces, I think
that we can finally unlock science.
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Thank you.
Applause
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H: Thanks for this amazing talk. OK
everybody you know the rules if you have
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questions please line up at the
microphones. There's five of them,
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two there, two there and one there in the
corner. And if you are on the stream just
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somehow asked the question I'm not really
aware how it works and then we have
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someone here to read the questions out to
be our human interface device. So
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please,... microphone number one.
Microphone 1: Thank you for your talk.
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I completely agree with your
professional opinion, but
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I think the publishers have one major
advantage over the scientists and the
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librarian here, which we did not address
yet and I want to ask you this
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question.The publishers, they have the
brands, we as scientists need. What I mean
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with that is, apart of the quality
assurance scientists did is, we ranked the
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journals. We gave them impact factors and
other things. So the journal itself has a
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quality number, so for a young scientist,
at least for me, it was really difficult
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to publish in a way that gives me the
scientific reputation that I need, without
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having access to the highly ranked
journals of the closed source publishers.
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So is there a way we can get out of this
deadlock, where we need to publish in these
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journals, we do not want to publish in?
C: Yeah we can talk about the impact
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factor. I love it. It's real love. It's
absolutely difficult because this is a
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self-enforcing system dealing with
reputation. And if you think about it if
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all scientists immediately stop to publish
with Elsevier or the reputable journals
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and would move to another one that has no
impact factor at all after five or six
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years this Journal would have a high
impact factor. But it's true that it's not
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that easy to just do it because you want
to come forward with your career and it's
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a problem but there's no real solution so
far for this. So Project DEAL is kind of
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addressing this idea by remaining with the
major publishers, so this will be the
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easiest way out for this problem. Yeah.
H: Do we have an Internet question? Yes?
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Can someone turn on the microphone for the
signal angel, please.
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Signal Angel: What influence do the
university have on the publishing process
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of their scientists? Can a university
force their scientists to publish in a
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certain way or with a specific publisher?
C: No it's not that easy. There are
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policies that state that you have to
publish open access but most of them do
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not define how you can do it, so you can
do green or gold or hybrid whatever you
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want but they just say that you have to
publish open access.
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H: Microphone number two please.
Microphone 2: Hello. The internet has given
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everybody access to their own screaming
platform, how do we avoid the public
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sharing of science to be tainted with all
the bad science out there?
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C: With what I didn't hear...
M2: Bad science, there's a lot, if you
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look at the newspaper, there's a lot of
fake news in them.
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C: You should absolutely not remove the
peer review process at the moment out of
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this scientific publishing process. So
there should be some quality control but
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there are some ideas to change the way
peer review is done. But if you remove it,
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yeah, then you have a problem at the
moment.
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H: Microphone number three, please.
Microphone 3: Hello, do you have any
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statistics about how many Open Access
publications there are compared to I would
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say classical Elsevier and stuff or if the
movement is advancing, if it's getting
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traction.
C: Yeah I stated the source of the 72% are
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closed access publications and there's a
detailed analysis on how many articles are
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closed, hybrid, gold, green. I published
the slides already I will tweet them
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later.
M3: Thank you.
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H: And the signal angel, please.
S: What do you think about the Plan S
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initiative?
C: Plan S, for those who don't know: It's
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a coalition of research funders in Europe
not the Deutsche Forschungsgemeindschaft,
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but all others and they want to have Open
Access immediately so they say when you
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work for us, if you're funded by us you
have to publish Open Access and I think
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that this is a good approach.
H: Can we get microphone 2 please.
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M2: Hi, Could the journals printed by
various universities like solve that issue
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which was raised here about having a well-
known brand behind the publications. For
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example if you have a university, which is
very famous it can release their own
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journal and solve that brand issue.
C: If they release their own journal I
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hope it's open access. But I think that
it's in general an illusion to think that
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the name of the journal or the publisher
has anything to do with the quality of a
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00:35:10,460 --> 00:35:17,830
single paper in there. So this linked idea
I think it's kind of broken.
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H: Microphone number one, please.
Microphone 1: I was wondering, why the
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publishers move against Sci-Hub, but leave
arXiv.org alone for all these years,
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you essentially get the same thing from
both. I know that there are differences in
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the details...
C: it's restricted to a specific community
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and so it's not for all publications and
it's still about prints and postprints so
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it's not the final publisher version but I
think that they didn't because it's a
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powerful tool and it's a powerful
community.
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H: Could we get the Internet again,
please.
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S: Someone in the Internet has heard that
scientists sued the editors asking for a
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share of the profit of their work. Did you
get any feedback how this ended?
348
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C: No but that sounds interesting. No,
sorry.
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H: Number four, please.
Microphone 4: Historically, journals
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provided three aspects for scientists. They
provided logistics like delivery of papers
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to whoever wanted to read them, they
provided editors which is like not peer
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review, but the editors which are hired by
journals and they provide reputational
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engines. Obviously putting PDF online
solves a problem, so logistics is no
354
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longer a problem for a fully decentralized
alternative to the journals. Can we
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decentralize others too?
C: I actually didn't hear the question
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properly, I'm sorry!
H: Try again.
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M4: So journals are providing three
services, they provide..
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C: Free services?
M4: Three like number three. They provide
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delivery to whoever wants to read them.
They provide reputation engine and they
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provide editors - like not peer reviewers
but real editors on salary. We can
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decentralize with internet, we can
decentralize delivery. Can we decentralize
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editors, can we decentralize reputations?
H: Is there going to be a question at any
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point?
C: Yeah I got the question I think. But
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did you know that editors are also
scientists? So they are already scientists
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doing this work. So I really question the
high value that publishers provide to
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science. I think there is some value but
it's not that high as we all thought.
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H: Number 2 please.
Microphone 2: Does project DEAL include
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any incentives for the scientists to
publish gold open access instead of
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hybrid?
C: So if you publish with a publisher that
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has a deal with your university that it
will be open access no matter what.
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M2: Does it include incentives to publish
in journals that are ONLY open access
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instead of mixed open and closed access?
C: No, no, not so far I know.
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H: OK, just a quick interjection: Please
remember when you leave, please leave
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after the talk. But when you leave please
use the front exit and not the entrance in
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the back. Thank you. Could we get another
internet question? OK the internet is out
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of questions. That's excellent. Number one
please.
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Microphone 1: inaudible limited
advantage to close access journals maybe
378
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it would be a good idea to rethink the
format of the publishing. I don't want to
379
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advertise it, but I think it's a good
example: There is distill.pub, which is a
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journal for artificial intelligence at the
moment mostly and they publish it in HTML
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because it's the current year and you have
interactive stuff so you can play around
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with it and it's really nice.
C: Yeah. I think it would be better if we
383
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wouldn't have only PDFs published from the
journal articles. There should be a other
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formats definitely - machine readable.
H: Mic number 2 please for the last
385
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question.
Microphone 2: Like you said your opinion
386
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is at least questionable if what
publishers provide to science and to
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society that's worth something or worth
what we think.
388
00:40:03,535 --> 00:40:05,300
I also think this way and if I have a
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manuscript now that I don't want to
publish in this way the system. Do you
390
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have any recommendations, maybe any project
or something where I could maybe say
391
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here's my manuscript and then especially
have a solution for the peer review
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process that is now facilitated by the
publisher, but the publisher doesn't do
393
00:40:28,540 --> 00:40:33,700
anything he's just facilitating. So how
could I solve this and go around the
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publisher in this way?
C: So. I'm not sure whether I get the
395
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question because if you have open access
journals that's also peer review. Yes
396
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there are publishers but if you have
platinum open access this peer review
397
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process organized with the library or
scientists that are running the journal.
398
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So this is already organized. The peer
review process for other sorts of journals
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that do not have a paywall.
M2: But could these platinum open access
400
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journals cover all fields of science.
Could i come with my..
401
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H: There are a lot of there. There are a
lot out of there. I can tell you how you
402
00:41:10,980 --> 00:41:15,270
can find them. There is a directory of
open access journals where you can filter
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through any subjects and filter for how
much do they cost.
404
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H: And now please thank our speak again!
405
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Applause
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35C3 postroll music
407
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