At some point between the first and fifth
century CE,
the Hindu sage Patañjali began to codify
the ancient, meditative traditions
practiced throughout India.
He recorded techniques nearly as old as
Indian civilization itself
in 196 manuals called the Yoga Sutras.
These texts defined yoga as the ‘yoking’
or restraining of the mind
from focusing on external objects
in efforts to reach a state of
pure consciousness.
Over time, yoga came to incorporate
physical elements
from gymnastics and wrestling.
Today, there are a multitude of approaches
to modern yoga –
though most still maintain the three core
elements of Patañjali’s practice:
physical postures, breathing exercises,
and spiritual contemplation.
This blend of physical and
mental exercise
is widely believed to have a unique
set of health advantages.
Such as improving strength
and flexibility,
boosting heart and lung function, and
enhancing psychological well-being.
But what have contemporary studies shown
regarding the benefits
of this ancient tradition?
Despite attempts by many researchers,
it's tough to make specific claims
about yoga's advantages.
Its unique combination of activities makes
it difficult to determine
which component is producing a
specific health benefit.
Additionally, yoga studies are often made
up of small sample sizes
that lack diversity,
and the heavy reliance on self-reporting
makes results subjective.
However, there are some health benefits
that have more robust scientific
support than others.
Let’s start with flexibility and strength.
Twisting your body into yoga’s physical
postures stretches multiple muscle groups.
In the short term, stretching can change
the water content of these muscles,
ligaments, and tendons to make
them more elastic.
Over time, regular stretching
stimulates stem cells
which then differentiate
into new muscle tissue
and other cells that generate
elastic collagen.
Frequent stretching also reduces the
body’s natural reflex
to constrict muscles,
improving your pain tolerance for feats
of flexibility.
Researchers haven’t found that any one
form of yoga
improves flexibility more than another,
so the impact of specific
postures is unclear.
But like other low-impact exercises,
yoga reliably improves fitness and
flexibility in healthy populations.
The practice has also been shown to be
a potentially powerful therapeutic tool.
In studies involving patients with a
variety of musculo-skeletal disorders,
yoga was more helpful at reducing pain and
improving mobility
than other forms of low-impact exercise.
Adding yoga to an existing exercise
routine can improve strength
and flexibility for hard to treat
conditions like chronic lower back pain,
rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis.
Yoga’s mix of physical exercise and
regimented breathing
has proven similarly therapeutic
for lung health.
Lung diseases like chronic bronchitis,
emphysema, and asthma
shrink the passageways that carry oxygen,
while weakening the membrane that
brings oxygen into the blood.
But breathing exercises like those found
in yoga
relax the muscles constricting those
passageways and improve oxygen diffusion.
Increasing the blood’s oxygen content
is especially helpful
for those with weak heart muscles
who have difficulty pumping
enough oxygen throughout the body.
And for those with healthy hearts,
this practice can lower blood pressure
and reduce risk factors
for cardiovascular disease.
Yoga’s most widely celebrated benefit
may be the most difficult to prove:
its psychological effects.
Despite the longstanding association
between yoga and psychological wellbeing,
there’s little conclusive evidence on
how the practice affects mental health.
One of the biggest claims
is that yoga improves symptoms of
depression and anxiety disorders.
Since diagnosis of these conditions
varies widely
as do their origin and severity,
it’s difficult to quantify yoga’s impact.
However, there is evidence to suggest
that yoga can help reduce the
symptoms of stress,
as well as meditation or relaxation.
Research on the effects of
yoga is still evolving.
In the future, we’ll need larger studies,
incorporating diverse participants,
which can measure yoga’s impact
on heart attacks, cancer rates,
cognitive function and more.
But for now, yoga can continue its
ancient tradition
as a way to exercise, reflect, and relax.