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What is the best kind of cheese
to use to catch a bear?

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Someone knows over here?

3
00:00:28,099 --> 00:00:30,893
Obviously, the answer is "come here bear."

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Camembert!

5
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(Laughter)

6
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Camembert!

7
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(Applause)

8
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Thank you.

9
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I have a head full of cheese puns,

10
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but I was told I had to keep it 'brie'-f.

11
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(Laughter)

12
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What did the piece of cheese say

13
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when it looked into the mirror?

14
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No. It said, "Halloumi."

15
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(Laughter)

16
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Hello me!

17
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What can I say guys? I love a good pun.

18
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Why?

19
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I don't know;

20
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because puns are funny, right?

21
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Why?

22
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Well, because there is
a bit of a surprise factor.

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You feel outsmarted for a second
until you get the double meaning.

24
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Why?

25
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Because that's the way language works.

26
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OK. I get what these slides are doing.

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They're playing the why game

28
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where you keep asking,
"Why, why, but why?"

29
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after everything someone says.

30
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Kids do it all of the time

31
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and adults should do it more often.

32
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I'm just kidding. Don't. It's annoying.

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(Laughter)

34
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You can ask why, over, and over,
and over again for ever,

35
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even if one day, we explain

36
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every physical interaction,
and scientific law,

37
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and hope, and dream, and regret
with a single elegant equation.

38
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You could still ask,
"Why? Why that equation?

39
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Why doesn't the universe operate
with some different equation?"

40
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So, yes; the why game
is irritating, it's annoying,

41
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and it's what I do for a living.

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Every week, for the past few years,

43
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I have researched a big question,
a funny why question.

44
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I've researched the science's,
the mathematics’s recent theories

45
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behind all kinds of things.

46
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I do this on my YouTube channel: Vsauce.

47
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So, Vsauce, in the last couple
of years, has grown phenomenally.

48
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It's hard to believe.

49
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I'm now doing more than 30 million views
every single month,

50
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with five and a half subscribers

51
00:02:59,657 --> 00:03:03,297
growing more
than 10,000 new subscribers every day.

52
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It's awesome. I love it.

53
00:03:06,890 --> 00:03:10,485
I get to ask
some pretty ridiculous questions.

54
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For instance, "Is anything real?"

55
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Come on! How can you possible answer that?

56
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Well, that's not really the point.

57
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The point is to bring people in
with a great question,

58
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make them curious, and once they're there,

59
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accidentally teach them a whole bunch
of things about the universe.

60
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(Laughter)

61
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Some examples
of other questions I've asked:

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how much does a shadow weigh?

63
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What does it mean to ask
a question like that, "What us a shadow?"

64
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What color is a mirror?

65
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In answering this question,
you could explain a lot

66
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about specular reflection,
the physics of light.

67
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This is one of my favorites,
"Why are things creepy?

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(Laughter)

69
00:04:02,259 --> 00:04:06,270
I often go into psychology
- that's more where my background is in -

70
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but a question I have yet to answer,
- hopefully, someone out there knows -

71
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please tell me
why is this called your 'bottom'

72
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if it's technically
in the middle of your body?

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(Laughter)

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It's ridiculous.

75
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But it's a really good question.

76
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I ask questions all of the time,
but today, this is my question.

77
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Why do we ask questions?

78
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Seriously. I mean, what's the point?

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Who cares why things are creepy?
They just are.

80
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Who cares why this is called my bottom?

81
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It's gross, don't do that anymore.

82
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Questions.

83
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How do I get people
to care about these questions?

84
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Especially people who think
that learning is boring.

85
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I like to believe that the limits
of what you can be interested in

86
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are unlimited.

87
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And this is my story.

88
00:05:07,720 --> 00:05:10,804
I began making YouTube videos
about six years ago,

89
00:05:10,805 --> 00:05:14,383
but only recently did I start
making explanatory videos.

90
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I've no idea what took me so long.

91
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I have been explaining things
my entire life.

92
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Except, usually, I did it alone, out loud.

93
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I talk to myself
when I'm alone; all the time.

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If you snuck up on me
when I didn't think anyone was around,

95
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you would overhear me explaining
the most mundane stuff.

96
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It's kind of weird, maybe.

97
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OK, it's really weird,
but for me, it is a great way,

98
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for me to know that I kind of know
more what I'm talking about

99
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if I can verbally explain it.

100
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As Albert Einstein said,

101
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"If you can't explain it simply,
you don't understand it well enough."

102
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When I was a teenager, I discovered
a competitive speaking program

103
00:06:02,453 --> 00:06:04,783
and one of the events
was informative speaking,

104
00:06:04,784 --> 00:06:09,018
where you literally got to write a speech
explaining something to judges,

105
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and then you were given points and medals
if you were good enough.

106
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My very first informative speech ever
was about ketchup:

107
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the history of ketchup.
the etymology of the name,

108
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its legal status, the physics
of its viscosity, and how it flowed.

109
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It was super nerdy stuff.

110
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But at my very, very first
public speaking tournament

111
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I took first place.

112
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Hey!

113
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(Applause)

114
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Look at that guy.

115
00:06:42,664 --> 00:06:44,254
(Applause)

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Some of the hair here moved down here,
but other than that,

117
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I'm the same guy.

118
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Seriously, I'm still doing the same thing.

119
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To be at that tournament and to see
the expression on someone's face

120
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when they suddenly understand
and are fascinated by something,

121
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in the same way that you are

122
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is a phenomenal feeling.

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I've learned two things from this:

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first of all, people love
a good explanation.

125
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They hunt them down.

126
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Even people who say they hate learning,
and hate books, and all that stuff,

127
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pff, they love explanations.

128
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Second of all, if you look closely enough

129
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and you take the time,

130
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anything can be interesting to anyone

131
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because everything is related
in some way to something they care about.

132
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Richard Feynman called

133
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"the pleasure of finding things out"
a "kick in the discovery."

134
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And I agree, but I think
there might be a little bit more to that.

135
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Let's get rid of this picture of me.

136
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We want to express ourselves,

137
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everyone wants to express themselves.

138
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They do it through the music
they listen to, the clothing they wear,

139
00:08:01,761 --> 00:08:06,179
the way they act,
but they also do it with knowledge.

140
00:08:06,180 --> 00:08:09,260
The things they know
about the stuff they like,

141
00:08:09,261 --> 00:08:11,927
Their interests, their hobbies.

142
00:08:11,928 --> 00:08:14,730
I've noticed
that the most operative motive

143
00:08:14,731 --> 00:08:19,978
behind someone sharing one of my videos,
promoting me by word of mouth,

144
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isn't so much about me
as it is about them.

145
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"Hey! Look what I found!", "I like this."

146
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"I am like this."

147
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Whenever you share a video,
whenever you share anything,

148
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a few of the attributes
of that thing reflect back onto you.

149
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I've found that one of the best ways
to gain attentive listeners

150
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is not to be who you think
your audience wants you to be,

151
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but instead, to say,
and make, and show things

152
00:08:56,186 --> 00:09:01,630
that allow your audience or your students
to be who they want to be.

153
00:09:05,556 --> 00:09:08,202
I once discussed in a video,

154
00:09:09,792 --> 00:09:11,844
"Why the sky is blue?"

155
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And backstage, when I was going through
what I want to to talk about,

156
00:09:18,755 --> 00:09:20,143
I ran into this girl.

157
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This seriously actually happened
backstage, go find her.

158
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I said, "Do you know why the sky is blue?"

159
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She said, "I think I used to know,
but it didn't really mattered."

160
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Exactly. Exactly.

161
00:09:33,510 --> 00:09:35,591
And I knew
that was going to be a problem.

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It turns out that the sky is blue

163
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because of the way light
scatters in our atmosphere.

164
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It's called Rayleigh scattering.

165
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A light of shorter wave lengths
scatters more,

166
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so, greens, blues, and violets.

167
00:09:49,170 --> 00:09:51,758
That's why when you look at the sky
away from the Sun,

168
00:09:51,759 --> 00:09:53,999
you see this beautiful sky blue;

169
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it's all of those shorter
wave lengths combining.

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00:09:56,492 --> 00:09:59,818
When you look directly at the Sun
- which you shouldn't do very often;

171
00:09:59,819 --> 00:10:01,200
don't do it ever -

172
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you see the longer wave lengths
which are surviving that scattering.

173
00:10:05,460 --> 00:10:08,927
That's why the Sun looks yellow
during the day.

174
00:10:08,928 --> 00:10:12,421
Of course, when the Sun's light
needs to travel through a whole lot of air

175
00:10:12,541 --> 00:10:13,766
to get into your eyeball,

176
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a lot of scattering occurs,

177
00:10:15,834 --> 00:10:19,251
and only really, really long wave lengths
make it all the way there

178
00:10:19,280 --> 00:10:20,489
directly from the Sun,

179
00:10:20,490 --> 00:10:24,791
which is why it looks orange,
or sometimes red at sunrise or sunset.

180
00:10:25,561 --> 00:10:29,369
I think that's really cool,
but obviously, some people

181
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- including someone
backstage right now -, don't.

182
00:10:32,338 --> 00:10:35,808
Or maybe they already know it,

183
00:10:35,809 --> 00:10:39,259
or could probably figure out
if they thought about it.

184
00:10:39,260 --> 00:10:40,577
So what do you do?

185
00:10:40,578 --> 00:10:43,600
I'm trying to collect
the largest audience possible that I can,

186
00:10:43,601 --> 00:10:47,435
I want to appeal to and attract
as many people as possible.

187
00:10:48,385 --> 00:10:52,217
So what I do is
I camp out with the subject.

188
00:10:52,218 --> 00:10:54,469
In this case, Rayleigh scattering.

189
00:10:54,470 --> 00:10:57,418
I've learned as much about it as I can.

190
00:10:57,419 --> 00:10:59,695
What else is it responsible for?

191
00:10:59,696 --> 00:11:04,497
Who is it named after? Who did he love?

192
00:11:04,498 --> 00:11:07,412
Whatever I can find
that could become a great hook

193
00:11:07,413 --> 00:11:10,566
to bring in just the right person.

194
00:11:10,567 --> 00:11:13,582
So, in this case, I've read
about Rayleigh scattering,

195
00:11:13,583 --> 00:11:17,062
and I realized--
I didn't realize, I learned,

196
00:11:18,272 --> 00:11:23,432
that blue eyes are blue
for the exact same reason.

197
00:11:24,702 --> 00:11:27,856
Blue eyes do not have
blue pigment in them.

198
00:11:27,857 --> 00:11:29,762
Ouch! That would hurt if that was real.

199
00:11:31,482 --> 00:11:33,535
Blue eyes don't have blue pigment in them

200
00:11:33,536 --> 00:11:36,506
any more than the air
has blue pigment in it.

201
00:11:37,256 --> 00:11:42,154
If you were to rip out my iris,
I would be like, "Ouch!" but then

202
00:11:42,155 --> 00:11:43,464
(Laughter)

203
00:11:43,465 --> 00:11:47,299
if you grounded it up into a fine powder,
it wouldn't be blue anymore

204
00:11:47,300 --> 00:11:51,094
it would be
a dull brownish-blackish color.

205
00:11:51,095 --> 00:11:54,077
Instead, blue eyes are blue
because at a microscopic level,

206
00:11:54,078 --> 00:11:56,363
their texture scatters light

207
00:11:56,364 --> 00:12:00,593
just like the air in our atmosphere
scatters the Sun's light

208
00:12:00,594 --> 00:12:02,214
to make the sky blue.

209
00:12:03,024 --> 00:12:05,805
Maybe you already know
why the sky is blue,

210
00:12:05,806 --> 00:12:07,302
maybe you don't care,

211
00:12:07,303 --> 00:12:09,972
but maybe you will be fascinated
by something like this.

212
00:12:09,973 --> 00:12:12,813
This is why my episodes often seem
to go all over the place.

213
00:12:12,814 --> 00:12:16,155
It's not just because I'm crazy
it's also because I want to have

214
00:12:16,156 --> 00:12:18,011
as many hooks out as possible

215
00:12:18,012 --> 00:12:20,852
to catch as many people
and to make them interested.

216
00:12:21,309 --> 00:12:23,640
I once did a video about rainbows.

217
00:12:24,340 --> 00:12:27,121
I thought, "Some people
might think rainbows are lame."

218
00:12:27,122 --> 00:12:30,487
I'll teach about rainbows.

219
00:12:30,488 --> 00:12:33,602
What other types of bows are there?

220
00:12:34,292 --> 00:12:37,970
Well, like when a string, like a knot...

221
00:12:37,971 --> 00:12:40,500
Is a bow a knot?

222
00:12:40,501 --> 00:12:44,576
Why do headphones
always get tied up into knots?

223
00:12:45,186 --> 00:12:48,343
I researched the mathematics
behind this; it's fascinating.

224
00:12:48,344 --> 00:12:49,926
([Laughter)

225
00:12:51,396 --> 00:12:53,205
I'll spare you all of the details;

226
00:12:53,206 --> 00:12:55,689
also, this will allow you
to go check out my videos

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00:12:55,690 --> 00:12:58,035
and give me many, many views
rather than just one.

228
00:12:59,292 --> 00:13:05,248
In the 1950s, Harold Edgerton
took a series of amazing pictures

229
00:13:05,249 --> 00:13:07,023
of nuclear explosions.

230
00:13:07,024 --> 00:13:08,873
This is a detonation

231
00:13:08,874 --> 00:13:10,802
just milliseconds after happening,

232
00:13:10,803 --> 00:13:14,503
with an exposure time
of one billionth of a second.

233
00:13:15,293 --> 00:13:18,774
You can see the energy
of this plasma ball,

234
00:13:18,775 --> 00:13:22,604
the energy of the explosion is vaporizing
the metal wires holding up the tower.

235
00:13:22,605 --> 00:13:25,585
That's where these glowing,
spindly legs come form.

236
00:13:26,225 --> 00:13:31,964
His work attracted wider and new interest
to physical phenomenon

237
00:13:31,965 --> 00:13:33,814
simply because he featured something

238
00:13:33,815 --> 00:13:36,815
that people couldn't help
but want to look at.

239
00:13:37,515 --> 00:13:39,713
A moment you couldn't witness alone.

240
00:13:40,363 --> 00:13:43,714
He famously said, "The trick to education

241
00:13:45,130 --> 00:13:47,553
is to teach in such a way

242
00:13:47,554 --> 00:13:51,249
that people only find out
they're learning when it's too late."

243
00:13:51,250 --> 00:13:52,723
(Laughter)

244
00:13:52,724 --> 00:13:54,044
It works for me.

245
00:13:54,045 --> 00:13:56,778
So recently, I took on
the most difficult question ever,

246
00:13:56,779 --> 00:13:58,796
but also the most requested,

247
00:13:58,797 --> 00:14:05,129
"How do I know that the colors
I see are the same to you?

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00:14:06,049 --> 00:14:09,141
How do I know
that when I look at something red,

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you don't look at the same thing
and see what I would call green,

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but you call it red because that's
what you've always heard,

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and we both agree,
and go on our separate lives

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never knowing just how different
our perceptions were.

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There's no such thing
as a stupid question,

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but there are questions
that makes us feel stupid.

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This is one of them

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because there is no way for me
to crawl inside someone else's mind

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to see the world as they see it.

258
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I thought that might be
frustrating to my viewers,

259
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that there really wasn't a good answer.

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I couldn't finish this once and for all.

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So I started looking
more generally into questions.

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And the more I read
about them, and their history,

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the more I realized that questions
might be quite unique to humans.

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Apes that have been taught to use
sign language can communicate with us.

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They can answer complex questions,

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they can convey novel thoughts,
and they can express their emotions,

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but an ape who knows sign language

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has never been observed to ask a question.

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00:15:21,979 --> 00:15:26,377
Soliciting information from an organism
belies this assumption

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that other organisms, in some way,
have access to information that you don't;

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that they have different,
unique intentions or desires.

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It's often called the Theory of Mind,

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and it is incredibly difficult to show
that animals have such a thing.

274
00:15:40,922 --> 00:15:43,608
But of course,
we intuitively feel that we do.

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Chimpanzees are clever,

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00:15:45,656 --> 00:15:50,875
but they fail a pretty simple,
seeming test - deciding who to go to

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to get food that's been hiding in a room:

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a person who was literally in the room
and saw where the food was hidden,

279
00:15:58,733 --> 00:16:01,232
or a person who was also in the room,

280
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but has had a bucket
on their head all day.

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Whether or not animals have the capacity
to ask questions is still being debated.

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But after reading all of this, I realized
that questions are very special.

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We ask them because it's fun.

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Learning things is a fun experience,

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it's what Feynman called,
"a kick in the discovery."

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We also ask questions

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because learning things allows us
to explore what we like

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and to show off what we know about it,
to show what we are.

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00:16:39,107 --> 00:16:43,970
But we also ask questions because we can;

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00:16:43,971 --> 00:16:48,855
because perhaps uniquely here on Earth,
we know that other people can help.

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00:16:50,105 --> 00:16:53,822
And that's a great reason
to ask more and more questions,

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to celebrate more and more whys.

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We all want to be "kicked
in the discovery,"

294
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it feels great, but we don't all have
a discovery in the same place.

295
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Taking the time to find
where someone's discovery is

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so you can give them a kick there

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isn't just about whys,
it's also a very wise thing to do.

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And as always, thanks for watching.

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(Applause)