[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.17,0:00:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My first year in graduate school,\Nstudying cooperation in monkeys,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.75,0:00:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spent a lot of time outside,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.99,0:00:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just watching our groups\Nof capuchin monkeys interact.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.23,0:00:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One afternoon, I was out back\Nfeeding peanuts to one of our groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.85,0:00:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which required distracting\None of our males, Ozzie,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.60,0:00:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enough so that the other monkeys\Ncould get some.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.19,0:00:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ozzie loved peanuts,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.35,0:00:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he always tried to do\Nanything he could to grab some.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.94,0:00:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On that day, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.60,0:00:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he began trying to bring other things\Nfrom his enclosure to me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.02,0:00:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trade them with me\Nin order to get a peanut.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.14,0:00:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, capuchins are smart,\Nso this wasn't necessarily a surprise.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.10,0:00:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what was a surprise
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.90,0:00:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that some of the things\Nthat he was bringing me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.36,0:00:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was pretty sure he liked\Nbetter than peanuts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.83,0:00:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, he brought me\Na piece of monkey chow,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.98,0:00:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is like dried dog food --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.61,0:00:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was even made by Purina --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.60,0:00:53.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for a monkey,\Nis about as worthless as it gets.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.82,0:00:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, I didn't give him\Na peanut for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.28,0:00:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he kept trying,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.25,0:01:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually, he brought me\Na quarter of an orange
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.60,0:01:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tried to trade it\Nwith me for a peanut.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.01,0:01:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, oranges are a valuable\Nmonkey commodity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.06,0:01:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this trade seemed, shall I say,\Na little bit nuts?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.62,0:01:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you may be wondering\Nhow we know what monkeys prefer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.85,0:01:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we ask them,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.20,0:01:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by giving them a choice between two foods
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.46,0:01:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seeing which one they pick.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.16,0:01:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generally speaking,\Ntheir preferences are a lot like ours:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.21,0:01:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sweeter it is, the more they like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.59,0:01:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, much like humans prefer\Ncupcakes to kale,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.37,0:01:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,monkeys prefer fruits,\Nlike oranges or grapes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.58,0:01:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to vegetables like cucumbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.26,0:01:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of this to monkey chow.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.83,0:01:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And peanuts are not bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.54,0:01:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, they definitely don't prefer them\Nto a chunk of orange.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.24,0:01:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when Ozzie tried to trade\Na quarter of an orange for a peanut,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.72,0:01:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a surprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.08,0:01:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I began to wonder\Nif he suddenly wanted that peanut
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.09,0:01:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because everybody else\Nin his group was getting one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.39,0:01:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In case you're wondering,\NI did give Ozzie his peanut.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.32,0:01:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then I went straight\Nto my graduate adviser,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.01,0:02:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Frans de Waal,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.19,0:02:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we began to design a study
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.17,0:02:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how the monkeys would respond
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.32,0:02:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when somebody else in their group\Ngot a better reward than they did
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.16,0:02:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for doing the same work.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.51,0:02:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a very simple study.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.50,0:02:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took two monkeys from the same group
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.49,0:02:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had them sit side by side,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.36,0:02:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would do a task,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.88,0:02:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was trading a token with me,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.97,0:02:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if they did so successfully,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.53,0:02:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they got a reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.07,0:02:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The catch was that one monkey\Nalways got a piece of cucumber,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.76,0:02:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other monkey\Nsometimes got a piece of cucumber,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.65,0:02:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but sometimes got a grape.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.54,0:02:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you'll recall,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.72,0:02:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grapes are much preferred to cucumbers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.21,0:02:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the capuchin monkey hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.45,0:02:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are two of my capuchin monkeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.29,0:02:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Winter, on the right,\Nis trading for a grape,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.96,0:02:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Lance, on the left,\Nis trading for a cucumber.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.04,0:02:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that she --\Nand yes, Lance is actually a female --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.45,0:02:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is at first perfectly happy\Nwith her cucumber,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.29,0:02:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until she sees Winter trading for a grape.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.95,0:02:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly, Lance is very\Nenthusiastic about trading.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.36,0:03:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She gets her cucumber,\Ntakes a bite and then --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.48,0:03:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throws it right back out again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.66,0:03:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, Winter trades again\Nand gets another grape,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.67,0:03:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has Lance's undivided attention\Nwhile she eats it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.56,0:03:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.75,0:03:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lance is not\Nso enthusiastic about trading.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.74,0:03:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But eventually, she does so.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.39,0:03:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when she gets the cucumber\Nthis time around,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.35,0:03:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she doesn't even take a bite
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.06,0:03:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before she throws it back out again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.88,0:03:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apparently, Lance only wants a cucumber
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.92,0:03:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when she hasn't just watched\NWinter eat a grape.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.05,0:03:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Lance was not alone in this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.14,0:03:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of my capuchins were perfectly happy\Nwith their cucumbers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.62,0:03:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as the other monkeys\Nwere getting cucumbers too.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.47,0:03:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they often weren't so happy\Nwith their cucumbers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.100,0:03:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when other monkeys were getting a grape.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.58,0:03:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The obvious question is why?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.42,0:03:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they liked those cucumbers before,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.08,0:03:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what changed?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.27,0:03:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm a scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.12,0:04:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scientists are famously shy\Nabout reading too much into our studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.91,0:04:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when it comes\Nto what other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.20,0:04:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are thinking or feeling,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.42,0:04:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can't ask them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.86,0:04:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still, what I was seeing in my monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.76,0:04:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked an awful lot like what we humans\Nwould call a sense of fairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.43,0:04:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.64,0:04:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the difference in that cucumber\Nwas that it came after Winter got a grape,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.15,0:04:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than before.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.01,0:04:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We humans are obsessed with fairness.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.26,0:04:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a younger sister,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.88,0:04:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we were little,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.09,0:04:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if my sister got a bigger piece\Nof the pie than me,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.86,0:04:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even by a crumb,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.53,0:04:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was furious.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.26,0:04:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't fair.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.39,0:04:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the childhood me is not alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.70,0:04:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We humans hate getting\Nless than another so much
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.16,0:04:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one study found
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.97,0:04:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if humans were given\Na hypothetical choice
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.73,0:04:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between earning 50,000 dollars a year
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.92,0:04:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while others earned 25,000 dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.18,0:04:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or earning 100,000 dollars a year
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.46,0:04:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while others earned 250,000 dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.25,0:04:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nearly half the subjects
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.35,0:05:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prefer to earn 50,000 dollars\Na year less money
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.10,0:05:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to avoid earning relatively less\Nthan someone else.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.67,0:05:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a pretty big price to pay.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.52,0:05:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What drives people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.70,0:05:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this sort of apparently\Nirrational decision-making?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.89,0:05:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.08,0:05:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throwing away your cucumber\Nbecause someone else got a grape
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.20,0:05:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only makes sense\Nif it makes things more fair.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.76,0:05:24.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, Winter has a grape,\Nand you have nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.73,0:05:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course humans are not capuchin monkeys.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.38,0:05:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.70,0:05:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sacrificing 50,000 dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.58,0:05:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because somebody else\Nis going to earn more money than you
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.34,0:05:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes no more sense\Nthan throwing away that cucumber.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.66,0:05:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except maybe it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.18,0:05:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some economists think
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.83,0:05:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the sense of fairness in humans\Nis tied to cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.64,0:05:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, we need\Nthat sense of fairness
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.33,0:05:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're working with somebody else
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.13,0:05:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to know when we're getting\Nthe short end of the stick.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.72,0:05:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.90,0:05:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say you have a colleague at work\Nwho's having a hard time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.90,0:05:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and needs a little extra help.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.37,0:05:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're probably more\Nthan happy to help out,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.47,0:06:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if she does\Nthe same for you when you need it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.71,0:06:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, if things even out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.03,0:06:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.21,0:06:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say that colleague\Nis always slacking off
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.78,0:06:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dumping extra work on you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.39,0:06:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's infuriating.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.69,0:06:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.86,0:06:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if you're doing all the work,\Nand she's getting paid more.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.46,0:06:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're outraged, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.90,0:06:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As well you should be.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.59,0:06:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That righteous fury\Nis your sense of fairness
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.71,0:06:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling you that, well, it's not fair.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.17,0:06:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to get your fair share\Nfrom the people you're working with,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.72,0:06:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it's exploitation, not cooperation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.52,0:06:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may not be able to leave every job\Nwhere you're treated unfairly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.57,0:06:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in a perfect world,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.80,0:06:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one without racism and sexism
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.77,0:06:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the frictions associated\Nwith finding a new job,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.79,0:06:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's your sense of fairness\Nthat would let you know
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.21,0:06:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it was time to move on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.14,0:06:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you couldn't?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.54,0:06:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that smoldering frustration\Nmight make you throw your cucumbers too.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.27,0:06:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And humans are not alone in this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.36,0:07:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the previous study,\Nthere was nothing Lance could do about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.78,0:07:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what if there had been?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.04,0:07:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.25,0:07:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that capuchins simply refuse\Nto cooperate with other capuchins
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.64,0:07:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who don't give them their share\Nafter they worked together.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.58,0:07:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And refusing to work together\Nwith another monkey
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.10,0:07:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a pretty straightforward way\Nof leveling the playing field.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.09,0:07:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apparently, no monkey\Ngetting anything at all
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.97,0:07:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is better than another\Nmonkey getting more.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.41,0:07:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But much like you and your coworker,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.97,0:07:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're perfectly happy\Nwith a little short-term inequality
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.97,0:07:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as everything evens out\Nover the long run.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.50,0:07:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This economic connection\Nbetween fairness and cooperation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.57,0:07:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes sense to me\Nas an evolutionary biologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.44,0:07:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.62,0:07:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your ancestors didn't get\Nto pass on their genes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.28,0:07:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they did well\Nin some absolute sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.02,0:07:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because they did better than others.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.84,0:07:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't call it survival of the fit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.80,0:07:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call it survival of the fittest.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.84,0:07:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As in more fit than others.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.32,0:07:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all relative.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.58,0:07:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.75,0:08:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my capuchins don't like it\Nwhen they get less than another.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.84,0:08:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're perfectly happy\Nto sacrifice their cucumbers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.53,0:08:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to level the playing field.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.90,0:08:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's great.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.08,0:08:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we would call\Na sense of fairness in humans
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.41,0:08:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also means that we care\Nwhen we get more than someone else.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.93,0:08:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about my monkeys?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.60,0:08:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.92,0:08:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that primates do notice\Nwhen they get more than others,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.74,0:08:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least some of them do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.94,0:08:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My capuchins do not.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.96,0:08:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in one of my studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.04,0:08:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my chimpanzees would\Nsometimes refuse a grape
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.51,0:08:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if another chimpanzee\Nin their group got a cucumber,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.30,0:08:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is pretty impressive,\Ngiven how much my chimpanzees like grapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.05,0:08:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, they were still more upset\Nwhen they got less than another chimp
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.10,0:08:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as compared to when they got more.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.07,0:08:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may not think it's fair\Nwhen you have more than your neighbor,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.20,0:08:53.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you really don't think it's fair\Nwhen your neighbor has more than you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.83,0:08:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an important question, though.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.85,0:08:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we care\Nabout inequality or unfairness
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.99,0:09:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we are the ones\Nwho are unfairly benefiting?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.78,0:09:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If evolution is about\Nsurvival of the fittest,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.44,0:09:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wouldn't it make sense to grab\Nany advantage you can get?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.81,0:09:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the thing though.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.34,0:09:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do better if I get more than you, sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.08,0:09:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But best of all is if you and I\Ncan work together
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.18,0:09:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get more than either one of us\Ncould have gotten on our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.59,0:09:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why would you work with me\Nif you don't think I'm going to play fair?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.38,0:09:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you think I'm going to notice\Nwhen I've got more than you
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.78,0:09:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do something about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.33,0:09:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you will work with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.73,0:09:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Evolution has selected us\Nto accept the occasional short-term loss
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.40,0:09:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to maintain these all-important\Nlong-term relationships.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.12,0:09:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is true in chimpanzees,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.03,0:09:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is even more important in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.87,0:09:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans are incredibly interconnected\Nand interdependent,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.37,0:09:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we have the advanced\Ncognitive abilities
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.99,0:09:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to plan far into the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.90,0:09:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to recognize the importance
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.03,0:09:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of maintaining these\Ncooperative partnerships.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.12,0:10:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, if anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.25,0:10:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we are likely underplaying
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.48,0:10:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how important the sense\Nof fairness is for people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.79,0:10:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the biggest differences\Nbetween humans and capuchin monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.55,0:10:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the sheer magnitude and ubiquity\Nof cooperation in humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.71,0:10:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.90,0:10:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're a lot more cooperative\Nthan capuchin monkeys are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.99,0:10:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Legal and economic systems\Nliterally only exist
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.33,0:10:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we all agree to participate in them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.86,0:10:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if people feel left out\Nof the rewards and benefits
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.54,0:10:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of those systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.71,0:10:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they stop participating,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.12,0:10:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the whole system falls apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.68,0:10:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the protests\Nand uprisings we're seeing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.05,0:10:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in the US and around the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.52,0:10:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are explicitly framed\Nin terms of fairness,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.93,0:10:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is not surprising to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.18,0:10:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's about disproportionate\Naccess to resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.78,0:10:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that some groups are being\Ndisproportionately impacted
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.81,0:10:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the legal system\Nor the effects of a virus,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.80,0:10:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these protests are the logical outcome
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.65,0:10:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our long evolutionary tendency\Nto reject unfairness
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.65,0:11:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,combined with our long history\Nof social stratification.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.49,0:11:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the systemic inequalities
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.21,0:11:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have resulted\Nfrom that stratification.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.73,0:11:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Layer on top of this the fact\Nthat by many measures
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.83,0:11:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,economic inequality is skyrocketing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.49,0:11:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Boehm wrote a book\Ncalled "Hierarchy in the Forest,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.58,0:11:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which he argued\Nthat humans have reverse hierarchies
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.73,0:11:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which those at the bottom band together
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.13,0:11:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep those at the top\Nfrom taking advantage of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.53,0:11:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps these protests\Nare simply the latest manifestation
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.63,0:11:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of humans' tendency\Nto rebalance the hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.67,0:11:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps the biggest difference\Nbetween us and capuchin monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.25,0:11:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we can recognize this problem
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.87,0:11:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actively work\Nto do something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.44,0:11:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course we recognize\Nwhen we're disadvantaged.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.64,0:11:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can and we must also recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.24,0:11:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're advantaged\Nat the expense of someone else,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.50,0:11:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recognize fairness
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.30,0:11:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the balance between\Nthese two inequalities,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.45,0:12:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because our society\Nliterally depends upon it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.39,0:12:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, my research shows
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.88,0:12:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that not all primate species\Ncare about inequality.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.08,0:12:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only those that rely on cooperation,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.32,0:12:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which most definitely includes humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.93,0:12:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We evolved to care about fairness
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.06,0:12:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we rely on each other\Nfor our cooperative society.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.13,0:12:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more unfair the world gets,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.12,0:12:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the less we care about each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.03,0:12:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more peril we will face.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.98,0:12:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our issues are more complex\Nthan grapes and cucumbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.16,0:12:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as the capuchins have taught us,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.62,0:12:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will all do better\Nwhen we all play fair.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.94,0:12:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.