1
00:00:07,472 --> 00:00:09,753
不好意思！

2
00:00:10,338 --> 00:00:11,398
別人打哈欠

3
00:00:11,398 --> 00:00:13,418
你會不會也打哈欠？

4
00:00:13,418 --> 00:00:15,168
其實沒有特別累

5
00:00:15,168 --> 00:00:18,209
但突然就張大嘴巴

6
00:00:18,209 --> 00:00:22,124
一個大哈欠

7
00:00:22,124 --> 00:00:23,914
就跑出來了

8
00:00:23,914 --> 00:00:27,237
這現象叫哈欠傳染

9
00:00:27,237 --> 00:00:29,121
對於背後的原因

10
00:00:29,121 --> 00:00:30,415
科學家還不完全了解

11
00:00:30,415 --> 00:00:33,499
但已經有人在研究各種假說

12
00:00:33,499 --> 00:00:34,873
讓我們來了解

13
00:00:34,873 --> 00:00:36,581
一些廣為流傳的說法

14
00:00:36,581 --> 00:00:38,999
先聽聽 2 種生理假說

15
00:00:38,999 --> 00:00:41,953
再看看 1 種心理假說

16
00:00:41,953 --> 00:00:44,754
第 1 種生理假說認為

17
00:00:44,754 --> 00:00:46,227
哈欠傳染其來有自

18
00:00:46,227 --> 00:00:48,525
會由特定刺激引起

19
00:00:48,525 --> 00:00:50,012
就是最初的哈欠

20
00:00:50,012 --> 00:00:52,861
這叫固定行為模式

21
00:00:52,861 --> 00:00:55,943
有點像反射動作

22
00:00:55,943 --> 00:00:58,692
你的哈欠讓我打哈欠

23
00:00:58,692 --> 00:01:00,532
類似多米諾骨牌效應

24
00:01:00,532 --> 00:01:02,115
一個人的哈欠

25
00:01:02,115 --> 00:01:04,999
讓附近看到的人也打哈欠

26
00:01:04,999 --> 00:01:06,995
這效應一旦啟動

27
00:01:06,995 --> 00:01:08,530
就會持續一定的時間

28
00:01:08,530 --> 00:01:09,897
快打哈欠時

29
00:01:09,897 --> 00:01:11,543
你有試過阻止自己嗎？

30
00:01:11,543 --> 00:01:14,531
根本不可能！

31
00:01:15,268 --> 00:01:17,178
第 2 種生理假說

32
00:01:17,178 --> 00:01:20,300
叫無意識模仿

33
00:01:20,300 --> 00:01:22,012
又稱變色龍效應

34
00:01:22,012 --> 00:01:24,584
人會模仿他人的行為

35
00:01:24,584 --> 00:01:25,636
下意識地

36
00:01:25,636 --> 00:01:28,587
做出細微、自然的複製動作

37
00:01:28,587 --> 00:01:31,163
人會模仿他人的姿勢

38
00:01:31,163 --> 00:01:32,705
像是對面的人翹腳

39
00:01:32,705 --> 00:01:34,254
你看到了

40
00:01:34,254 --> 00:01:36,712
很有可能也會翹起腳來

41
00:01:36,712 --> 00:01:38,915
這假說認為

42
00:01:38,915 --> 00:01:41,224
看到別人打哈欠就跟進

43
00:01:41,224 --> 00:01:43,031
是因為不知不覺中

44
00:01:43,031 --> 00:01:44,533
我們會模仿他人的行為

45
00:01:44,533 --> 00:01:47,188
科學家相信

46
00:01:47,188 --> 00:01:50,054
變色龍效應可能和特殊的神經元有關

47
00:01:50,054 --> 00:01:52,475
也就是鏡像神經元

48
00:01:53,336 --> 00:01:55,586
鏡像神經元是一群腦細胞

49
00:01:55,586 --> 00:01:58,146
像鏡子一樣

50
00:01:58,146 --> 00:01:59,704
看到他人的動作後

51
00:01:59,704 --> 00:02:01,504
我們會做出相同的動作

52
00:02:01,504 --> 00:02:02,831
這組神經元很重要

53
00:02:02,831 --> 00:02:04,771
尤其對學習和自我覺察

54
00:02:04,771 --> 00:02:07,922
例如，看到別人的動作

55
00:02:07,922 --> 00:02:09,900
像是編織

56
00:02:09,900 --> 00:02:10,652
或是擦口紅

57
00:02:10,652 --> 00:02:14,590
能讓我們精確地做出相同的動作

58
00:02:14,590 --> 00:02:17,420
腦神經影像利用醫學技術

59
00:02:17,420 --> 00:02:19,701
也就是功能性核磁共振造影

60
00:02:19,701 --> 00:02:21,839
發現看到別人打哈欠

61
00:02:21,839 --> 00:02:23,921
或只是聽到哈欠聲

62
00:02:23,921 --> 00:02:25,794
我們腦中

63
00:02:25,794 --> 00:02:27,392
有鏡像神經元的區塊

64
00:02:27,392 --> 00:02:28,586
會有反應

65
00:02:28,586 --> 00:02:30,800
促使我們做出回應

66
00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:33,996
重複相同的動作：打哈欠

67
00:02:33,996 --> 00:02:36,752
最後要談的心理假說

68
00:02:36,752 --> 00:02:38,644
也和鏡像神經元有關

69
00:02:38,644 --> 00:02:41,800
稱為同理哈欠

70
00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:43,582
同理心是種能力

71
00:02:43,582 --> 00:02:45,170
能感知他人的感受

72
00:02:45,170 --> 00:02:46,742
融入對方的情緒

73
00:02:46,742 --> 00:02:49,891
對人這種社會性動物很重要

74
00:02:49,891 --> 00:02:52,442
近來，神經學家發現

75
00:02:52,442 --> 00:02:54,091
鏡像神經元有組子集

76
00:02:54,091 --> 00:02:56,409
能讓我們同理他人

77
00:02:56,409 --> 00:02:58,207
而且是深層同理

78
00:02:58,207 --> 00:02:59,252
事實上

79
00:02:59,252 --> 00:03:01,500
同理哈欠現象

80
00:03:01,500 --> 00:03:03,120
是在測試固定行為時

81
00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:04,716
所發現的

82
00:03:04,716 --> 00:03:06,503
這研究假設

83
00:03:06,503 --> 00:03:08,966
如果狗聽到人類打哈欠

84
00:03:08,966 --> 00:03:11,784
也會反射性地打起哈欠

85
00:03:11,784 --> 00:03:14,530
不僅證實了這種現象

86
00:03:14,530 --> 00:03:16,580
還發現了其他有趣的事

87
00:03:16,580 --> 00:03:19,797
熟人的哈欠對狗比較有影響力

88
00:03:19,797 --> 00:03:21,297
像是主人

89
00:03:21,297 --> 00:03:24,088
但對陌生人就不是了

90
00:03:24,088 --> 00:03:25,250
同樣地

91
00:03:25,250 --> 00:03:27,042
以人類和靈長類為研究對象

92
00:03:27,042 --> 00:03:29,048
也證實哈欠傳染

93
00:03:29,048 --> 00:03:32,895
在熟人間發生的機率高於陌生人

94
00:03:32,895 --> 00:03:35,708
事實上，早在4、5 歲時

95
00:03:35,708 --> 00:03:38,960
對哈欠傳染就有反應了

96
00:03:38,960 --> 00:03:39,396
那時

97
00:03:39,396 --> 00:03:42,602
兒童開始能正確了解他人的情緒

98
00:03:43,201 --> 00:03:45,885
儘管相關研究推陳出新

99
00:03:45,885 --> 00:03:47,329
想證明哈欠傳染的產生

100
00:03:47,329 --> 00:03:49,413
是因為同理能力

101
00:03:49,413 --> 00:03:50,630
但其實

102
00:03:50,630 --> 00:03:52,995
更需要研究的是背後的機制

103
00:03:52,995 --> 00:03:54,930
說不定真正的答案

104
00:03:54,930 --> 00:03:56,912
就藏在其他假說裡

105
00:03:56,912 --> 00:03:59,147
下次打哈欠時

106
00:03:59,147 --> 00:04:01,470
停下來想想剛才的情形

107
00:04:02,653 --> 00:04:04,534
是不是想到了哈欠這件事？

108
00:04:05,026 --> 00:04:07,015
附近有人打哈欠嗎？

109
00:04:07,015 --> 00:04:09,995
是熟人？還是陌生人？

110
00:04:11,025 --> 00:04:14,144
你現在在打哈欠嗎？