0:00:00.793,0:00:02.967
I want you to, for a moment,

0:00:02.967,0:00:06.817
think about playing a game of Monopoly,

0:00:06.817,0:00:09.224
except in this game, that combination

0:00:09.224,0:00:12.393
of skill, talent, and luck

0:00:12.393,0:00:14.901
that helped earn you success in games, as in life,

0:00:14.901,0:00:16.347
has been rendered irrelevant,

0:00:16.347,0:00:18.642
because this game's been rigged,

0:00:18.642,0:00:20.522
and you've got the upper hand.

0:00:20.522,0:00:22.401
You've got more money,

0:00:22.401,0:00:24.961
more opportunities to move around the board,

0:00:24.961,0:00:27.186
and more access to resources.

0:00:27.186,0:00:28.517
And as you think about that experience,

0:00:28.517,0:00:31.105
I want you to ask yourself,

0:00:31.105,0:00:32.875
how might that experience of being

0:00:32.875,0:00:36.005
a privileged player in a rigged game

0:00:36.005,0:00:38.928
change the way that you think about yourself

0:00:38.928,0:00:42.786
and regard that other player?

0:00:42.786,0:00:45.833
So we ran a study on the UC-Berkeley campus

0:00:45.833,0:00:48.135
to look at exactly that question.

0:00:48.135,0:00:49.793
We brought in more than a hundred pairs

0:00:49.793,0:00:52.554
of strangers into the lab,

0:00:52.554,0:00:54.374
and with the flip of a coin

0:00:54.374,0:00:56.161
randomly assigned one of the two

0:00:56.161,0:00:58.506
to be a rich player in a rigged game.

0:00:58.506,0:01:01.327
They got two times as much money.

0:01:01.327,0:01:02.828
When they passed go,

0:01:02.828,0:01:05.034
they collected twice the salary,

0:01:05.034,0:01:07.007
and they got to roll both dice instead of one,

0:01:07.007,0:01:08.818
so they got to move around the board a lot more.

0:01:08.818,0:01:11.824
(Laughter)

0:01:11.824,0:01:13.537
And over the course of 15 minutes,

0:01:13.537,0:01:17.067
we watched through hidden[br]cameras what happened.

0:01:17.067,0:01:18.888
And what I want to do today, for the first time,

0:01:18.888,0:01:21.400
is show you a little bit of what we saw.

0:01:21.400,0:01:22.909
You're going to have to pardon the sound quality,

0:01:22.909,0:01:24.073
in some cases, because again,

0:01:24.073,0:01:25.580
these were hidden cameras.

0:01:25.580,0:01:27.775
So we've provided subtitles.

0:01:27.775,0:01:29.565
Rich Player: How many 500s did you have?

0:01:29.565,0:01:30.400
Poor Player: Just one.

0:01:30.400,0:01:31.517
Rich Player: Are you serious.[br]Poor Player: Yeah.

0:01:31.517,0:01:33.270
Rich Player: I have three. (Laughs)

0:01:33.270,0:01:35.196
I don't know why they gave me so much.

0:01:35.196,0:01:36.819
Paul Piff: Okay, so it was quickly apparent to players

0:01:36.819,0:01:38.376
that something was up.

0:01:38.376,0:01:40.671
One person clearly has a lot more money

0:01:40.671,0:01:42.820
than the other person, and yet,

0:01:42.820,0:01:44.962
as the game unfolded,

0:01:44.962,0:01:46.967
we saw very notable differences

0:01:46.967,0:01:49.416
and dramatic differences begin to emerge

0:01:49.416,0:01:51.290
between the two players.

0:01:51.290,0:01:53.010
The rich player

0:01:53.010,0:01:55.588
started to move around the board louder,

0:01:55.588,0:01:57.469
literally smacking the board with their piece

0:01:57.469,0:02:00.389
as he went around.

0:02:00.389,0:02:03.382
We were more likely to see signs of dominance

0:02:03.382,0:02:05.296
and non-verbal signs of display,

0:02:05.296,0:02:07.394
displays of power

0:02:07.394,0:02:11.349
and celebration among the rich players.

0:02:11.349,0:02:13.870
All right. We had a bowl of pretzels[br]positioned off to the side.

0:02:13.870,0:02:15.531
It's on the bottom right corner there.

0:02:15.531,0:02:19.018
That allowed us to watch[br]participants' consummatory behavior.

0:02:19.018,0:02:23.636
So we're just tracking how[br]many pretzels participants eat.

0:02:23.636,0:02:25.569
Rich Player: Are those pretzels a trick?

0:02:25.569,0:02:27.495
Poor Player: I don't know.

0:02:27.495,0:02:30.634
PP: Okay, so no surprises, people are onto us.

0:02:30.634,0:02:32.139
They wonder what that bowl of pretzels

0:02:32.139,0:02:33.920
is doing there in the first place.

0:02:33.920,0:02:35.834
One even asks, like you just saw,

0:02:35.834,0:02:38.793
is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick?

0:02:38.793,0:02:41.703
And yet, despite that, the power of the situation

0:02:41.703,0:02:44.004
seems to inevitably dominate,

0:02:44.004,0:02:48.457
and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.

0:02:51.976,0:02:54.073
Rich Player: I love pretzels.

0:02:54.073,0:02:56.402
(Laughter)

0:02:57.988,0:03:00.118
PP: And as the game went on,

0:03:00.118,0:03:02.450
one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns

0:03:02.450,0:03:06.108
that we observed begin to emerge

0:03:06.108,0:03:07.394
was that the rich players actually

0:03:07.394,0:03:10.978
started to become ruder toward the other person,

0:03:10.978,0:03:12.387
less and less sensitive to the plight

0:03:12.387,0:03:14.431
of those poor, poor players,

0:03:14.431,0:03:16.502
and more and more demonstrative

0:03:16.502,0:03:18.971
of their material success,

0:03:18.971,0:03:22.177
more likely to showcase how well they're doing.

0:03:23.589,0:03:27.699
Rich Player: I have money for everything.

0:03:27.699,0:03:29.317
Poor Player: How much is that?

0:03:29.317,0:03:33.279
Rich Player: You owe me... 24 dollars.

0:03:33.279,0:03:36.135
You're going to lose all your money soon.

0:03:36.135,0:03:38.295
I'll buy it! I have so much money.

0:03:38.295,0:03:40.241
I have so much money, it takes me for ever.

0:03:40.241,0:03:42.201
Rich Player 2: I'm going to buy out this whole board.

0:03:42.201,0:03:43.931
Rich Player 3: You're going[br]to run out of money soon.

0:03:43.931,0:03:46.779
I'm pretty much untouchable at this point.

0:03:46.779,0:03:49.095
PP: Okay, and here's what I think

0:03:49.095,0:03:50.843
was really, really interesting,

0:03:50.843,0:03:54.097
is that at the end of the 15 minutes,

0:03:54.097,0:03:58.490
we asked the players to talk about[br]their experience during the game.

0:03:58.490,0:04:00.565
And when the rich players talked about

0:04:00.565,0:04:02.447
why they had inevitably won

0:04:02.447,0:04:04.466
in this rigged game of Monopoly

0:04:04.466,0:04:09.275
—(Laughter)—

0:04:09.275,0:04:12.839
they talked about what they'd done

0:04:12.839,0:04:15.653
to buy those different properties

0:04:15.653,0:04:18.435
and earn their success in the game,

0:04:18.435,0:04:20.924
and they became far less attuned

0:04:20.924,0:04:23.639
to all those different features of the situation,

0:04:23.639,0:04:26.312
including that flip of a coin

0:04:26.312,0:04:28.489
that had randomly gotten them into

0:04:28.489,0:04:31.616
that privileged position in the first place.

0:04:31.616,0:04:34.454
And that's a really, really incredible insight

0:04:34.454,0:04:39.909
into how the mind makes sense of advantage.

0:04:39.909,0:04:42.130
Now this game of Monopoly can be used

0:04:42.130,0:04:44.973
as a metaphor for understanding society

0:04:44.973,0:04:48.258
and its hierarchical structure, wherein some people

0:04:48.258,0:04:50.650
have a lot of wealth and a lot of status,

0:04:50.650,0:04:52.127
and a lot of people don't.

0:04:52.127,0:04:55.060
They have a lot less wealth and a lot less status

0:04:55.060,0:04:58.174
and a lot less access to valued resources.

0:04:58.174,0:05:01.410
And what my colleagues and I for[br]the last seven years have been doing

0:05:01.410,0:05:05.479
is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies.

0:05:05.479,0:05:08.763
What we've been finding across dozens of studies

0:05:08.763,0:05:12.180
and thousands of participants across this country

0:05:12.180,0:05:16.712
is that as a person's levels of wealth increase,

0:05:16.712,0:05:22.780
their feelings of compassion and empathy go down,

0:05:22.780,0:05:26.551
and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness,

0:05:26.551,0:05:31.099
and their ideology of self-interest increases.

0:05:31.099,0:05:33.158
In surveys, we found that it's actually

0:05:33.158,0:05:35.035
wealthier individuals who are more likely

0:05:35.035,0:05:38.075
to moralize greed being good,

0:05:38.075,0:05:40.078
and that the pursuit of self-interest

0:05:40.078,0:05:42.794
is favorable and moral.

0:05:42.794,0:05:44.643
Now what I want to do today is talk about

0:05:44.643,0:05:49.464
some of the implications[br]of this ideology self-interest,

0:05:49.464,0:05:51.827
talk about why we should[br]care about those implications,

0:05:51.827,0:05:55.469
and end with what might be done.

0:05:55.469,0:05:57.634
Some of the first studies that we ran in this area

0:05:57.634,0:05:58.920
looked at helping behavior,

0:05:58.920,0:06:01.079
something social psychologists call

0:06:01.079,0:06:03.170
pro-social behavior.

0:06:03.170,0:06:05.622
And we were really interested in who's more likely

0:06:05.622,0:06:08.231
to offer help to another person,

0:06:08.231,0:06:11.388
someone who's rich or someone who's poor.

0:06:11.388,0:06:15.790
In one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor

0:06:15.790,0:06:18.090
members of the community into the lab

0:06:18.090,0:06:21.584
and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars.

0:06:21.584,0:06:23.194
We told the participants

0:06:23.194,0:06:25.642
that they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves,

0:06:25.642,0:06:27.617
or they could share a portion of it,

0:06:27.617,0:06:29.612
if they wanted to, with a stranger

0:06:29.612,0:06:31.083
who is totally anonymous.

0:06:31.083,0:06:34.119
They'll never meet that stranger and[br]the stranger will never meet them.

0:06:34.119,0:06:37.337
And we just monitor how much people give.

0:06:37.337,0:06:39.687
Individuals who made 25, sometimes

0:06:39.687,0:06:42.014
under 15,000 dollars a year,

0:06:42.014,0:06:44.241
gave 44 percent more of their money

0:06:44.241,0:06:45.324
to this stranger

0:06:45.324,0:06:47.632
than did individuals making 150,

0:06:47.632,0:06:50.879
200,000 dollars a year.

0:06:50.879,0:06:53.627
We've had people play games

0:06:53.627,0:06:56.258
to see who's more or less likely to cheat

0:06:56.258,0:06:58.652
to increase their chances of winning a prize.

0:06:58.652,0:07:01.372
In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer

0:07:01.372,0:07:04.164
so that die rolls over a certain score

0:07:04.164,0:07:05.150
were impossible.

0:07:05.150,0:07:08.242
You couldn't get above 12 in this game,

0:07:08.242,0:07:11.354
and yet, the richer you were,

0:07:11.354,0:07:13.111
the more likely you were to cheat in this game

0:07:13.111,0:07:17.010
to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize,

0:07:17.010,0:07:20.855
sometimes by three to four times as much.

0:07:20.855,0:07:23.088
We ran another study where we looked at whether

0:07:23.088,0:07:26.311
people would be inclined to take candy

0:07:26.311,0:07:28.802
from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified

0:07:28.802,0:07:31.042
as being reserved for children

0:07:31.042,0:07:34.484
—(Laughter)—

0:07:34.484,0:07:36.325
participating, I'm not kidding,

0:07:36.325,0:07:39.054
I know it sounds like I'm making a joke,

0:07:39.054,0:07:41.295
we explicitly told participants

0:07:41.295,0:07:43.164
this jar of candy's for children participating

0:07:43.164,0:07:45.648
in a developmental lab nearby.

0:07:45.648,0:07:47.698
They're in studies. This is for them.

0:07:47.698,0:07:51.341
And we just monitored how[br]much candy participants took.

0:07:51.341,0:07:52.854
Participants who felt rich

0:07:52.854,0:07:54.259
took two times as much candy

0:07:54.259,0:07:57.408
as participants who felt poor.

0:07:57.408,0:08:00.061
We've even studied cars,

0:08:00.061,0:08:01.923
not just any cars,

0:08:01.923,0:08:04.994
but whether drivers of different kinds of cars

0:08:04.994,0:08:08.097
are more or less inclined to break the law.

0:08:08.097,0:08:10.934
In one of these studies, we looked at

0:08:10.934,0:08:15.090
whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian

0:08:15.090,0:08:17.989
that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk.

0:08:17.989,0:08:19.733
Now in California, as you all know,

0:08:19.733,0:08:22.257
because I'm sure we all do this,

0:08:22.257,0:08:26.185
it's the law to stop for a pedestrian[br]who's waiting to cross.

0:08:26.185,0:08:28.117
So here's an example of how we did it.

0:08:28.117,0:08:30.418
That's our confederate off to the left

0:08:30.418,0:08:31.499
posing as a pedestrian.

0:08:31.499,0:08:36.073
He approaches as the red truck successfully stops.

0:08:36.073,0:08:38.391
In typical California fashion, it's overtaken

0:08:38.391,0:08:40.728
by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over.

0:08:40.728,0:08:42.284
(Laughter)

0:08:42.284,0:08:44.151
Now here's an example of a more expensive car,

0:08:44.151,0:08:45.889
a Prius, driving through,

0:08:45.889,0:08:50.197
and a BMW doing the same.

0:08:51.388,0:08:53.887
So we did this for hundreds of vehicles

0:08:53.887,0:08:56.243
on several days,

0:08:56.243,0:08:59.195
just tracking who stops and who doesn't.

0:09:00.466,0:09:02.660
What we found was that as the expensiveness

0:09:02.660,0:09:06.960
of a car increased,

0:09:06.960,0:09:08.844
the driver's tendencies to break the law

0:09:08.844,0:09:10.088
increased as well.

0:09:10.088,0:09:12.780
None of the cars, none of the cars

0:09:12.780,0:09:16.080
in our least expensive car category

0:09:16.080,0:09:17.645
broke the law.

0:09:17.645,0:09:20.038
Close to 50 percent of the cars

0:09:20.038,0:09:22.446
in our most expensive vehicle category

0:09:22.446,0:09:25.289
broke the law.

0:09:25.289,0:09:27.182
We've run other studies finding that

0:09:27.182,0:09:30.518
wealthier individuals are more[br]likely to lie in negotiations,

0:09:30.518,0:09:32.639
to endorse unethical behavior at work

0:09:32.639,0:09:35.431
like stealing cash from the cash register,

0:09:35.431,0:09:40.514
taking bribes, lying to customers.

0:09:40.514,0:09:42.076
Now I don't mean to suggest

0:09:42.076,0:09:43.779
that it's only wealthy people

0:09:43.779,0:09:45.691
who show these patterns of behavior.

0:09:45.691,0:09:48.460
Not at all. In fact, I think that we all,

0:09:48.460,0:09:51.424
in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives,

0:09:51.424,0:09:54.396
struggle with these competing motivations

0:09:54.396,0:09:57.693
of when, or if, to put our own interests

0:09:57.693,0:10:00.047
above the interests of other people.

0:10:00.047,0:10:02.429
And that's understandable because

0:10:02.429,0:10:04.992
the American dream is an idea

0:10:04.992,0:10:08.091
in which we all have an equal opportunity

0:10:08.091,0:10:10.125
to succeed and prosper,

0:10:10.125,0:10:12.682
as long as we apply ourselves and work hard,

0:10:12.682,0:10:15.386
and a piece of that means that sometimes,

0:10:15.386,0:10:18.485
you need to put your own interests

0:10:18.485,0:10:21.915
above the interests and well-being[br]of other people around you.

0:10:21.915,0:10:24.084
But what we're finding is that,

0:10:24.084,0:10:26.492
the wealthier you are, the more likely you are

0:10:26.492,0:10:29.207
to pursue a vision of personal success,

0:10:29.207,0:10:31.442
of achievement and accomplishment,

0:10:31.442,0:10:34.790
to the detriment of others around you.

0:10:34.790,0:10:37.554
Here I've plotted for you the mean household income

0:10:37.554,0:10:41.170
received by each fifth and top[br]five percent of the population

0:10:41.170,0:10:43.340
over the last 20 years.

0:10:43.340,0:10:45.882
In 1993, the differences between the different

0:10:45.882,0:10:48.967
quintiles of the population, in terms of income,

0:10:48.967,0:10:51.564
are fairly egregious.

0:10:51.564,0:10:54.161
It's not difficult to discern that there are differences.

0:10:54.161,0:10:57.045
But over the last 20 years, that significant difference

0:10:57.045,0:10:59.219
has become a grand canyon of sorts

0:10:59.219,0:11:02.373
between those at the top and everyone else.

0:11:02.373,0:11:06.065
In fact, the top 20 percent of our population

0:11:06.065,0:11:09.143
own close to 90 percent of the[br]total wealth in this country.

0:11:09.143,0:11:11.402
We're at unprecedented levels

0:11:11.402,0:11:13.890
of economic inequality.

0:11:15.634,0:11:17.970
What that means is that wealth is not only becoming

0:11:17.970,0:11:22.450
increasingly concentrated in the hands[br]of a select group of individuals,

0:11:22.450,0:11:24.834
but the American dream is becoming

0:11:24.834,0:11:26.782
increasingly unattainable

0:11:26.782,0:11:29.975
for an increasing majority of us.

0:11:29.975,0:11:32.242
And if it's the case, as we've been finding,

0:11:32.242,0:11:34.237
that the wealthier you are,

0:11:34.237,0:11:36.779
the more entitled you feel to that wealth,

0:11:36.779,0:11:39.772
and the more likely you are[br]to prioritize your own interests

0:11:39.772,0:11:41.739
above the interests of other people,

0:11:41.739,0:11:45.129
and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest,

0:11:45.129,0:11:46.863
well then there's no reason to think

0:11:46.863,0:11:48.961
that those patterns will change.

0:11:48.961,0:11:50.504
In fact, there's every reason to think

0:11:50.504,0:11:52.487
that they'll only get worse,

0:11:52.487,0:11:53.396
and that's what it would look like

0:11:53.396,0:11:55.321
if things just stayed the same,

0:11:55.321,0:11:59.961
at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.

0:11:59.961,0:12:02.682
Now, inequality, economic inequality,

0:12:02.682,0:12:04.606
is something we should all be concerned about,

0:12:04.606,0:12:07.135
and not just because of those at the bottom

0:12:07.135,0:12:08.649
of the social hierarchy,

0:12:08.649,0:12:10.889
but because individuals and groups

0:12:10.889,0:12:16.089
with lots of economic inequality do worse,

0:12:16.089,0:12:18.928
not just the people at the bottom, everyone.

0:12:18.928,0:12:20.794
There's a lot of really compelling research

0:12:20.794,0:12:23.647
coming out from top labs all over the world

0:12:23.647,0:12:26.535
showcasing the range of things

0:12:26.535,0:12:28.424
that are undermined

0:12:28.424,0:12:31.064
as economic inequality gets worse.

0:12:31.064,0:12:33.717
Social mobility, things we really care about,

0:12:33.717,0:12:36.198
physical health, social trust,

0:12:36.198,0:12:39.243
all go down as inequality goes up.

0:12:39.243,0:12:41.258
Similarly, negative things

0:12:41.258,0:12:43.870
in social collectives and societies,

0:12:43.870,0:12:45.964
things like obesity, and violence,

0:12:45.964,0:12:47.585
imprisonment, and punishment,

0:12:47.585,0:12:51.727
are exacerbated as economic inequality increases.

0:12:51.727,0:12:54.137
Again, these our outcomes not just experienced

0:12:54.137,0:12:56.015
by a few, but that resound

0:12:56.015,0:12:58.799
across all strata of society.

0:12:58.799,0:13:01.915
Even people at the top experience these outcomes.

0:13:01.915,0:13:05.158
So what do we do?

0:13:05.158,0:13:08.629
This cascade of self-perpetuating,

0:13:08.629,0:13:11.137
pernicious, negative effects

0:13:11.137,0:13:14.546
could seem like something that's spun out of control,

0:13:14.546,0:13:16.464
and there's nothing we can do about it,

0:13:16.464,0:13:19.260
certainly nothing we as individuals could do.

0:13:19.260,0:13:23.093
But in fact, we've been finding

0:13:23.093,0:13:26.281
in our own laboratory research

0:13:26.281,0:13:31.371
that small, small psychological interventions,

0:13:31.371,0:13:34.680
small changes to people's values,

0:13:34.680,0:13:37.903
small nudges in certain directions,

0:13:37.903,0:13:41.468
can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy.

0:13:41.468,0:13:43.520
For instance, reminding people

0:13:43.520,0:13:45.776
of the benefits of cooperation,

0:13:45.776,0:13:48.680
or the advantages of community,

0:13:48.680,0:13:52.615
cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian

0:13:52.615,0:13:55.150
as poor people.

0:13:55.150,0:13:58.527
In one study, we had people watch a brief video,

0:13:58.527,0:14:02.888
just 46 seconds long, about childhood poverty

0:14:02.888,0:14:05.938
that served as a reminder of the needs of others

0:14:05.938,0:14:07.964
in the world around them,

0:14:07.964,0:14:09.994
and after watching that,

0:14:09.994,0:14:11.692
we looked at how willing people were

0:14:11.692,0:14:15.396
to offer up their own time to a stranger

0:14:15.396,0:14:18.815
presented to them in the lab who was in distress.

0:14:18.815,0:14:22.082
After watching this video, an hour later,

0:14:22.082,0:14:24.452
rich people became just as generous

0:14:24.452,0:14:26.411
of their own time to help out this other person,

0:14:26.411,0:14:29.116
a stranger, as someone who's poor,

0:14:29.116,0:14:31.567
suggesting that these differences are not

0:14:31.567,0:14:33.450
innate or categorical,

0:14:33.450,0:14:35.174
but are so malleable

0:14:35.174,0:14:37.100
to slight changes in people's values,

0:14:37.100,0:14:39.381
and little nudges of compassion

0:14:39.381,0:14:41.036
and bumps of empathy.

0:14:41.036,0:14:42.654
And beyond the walls of our lab, we're even

0:14:42.654,0:14:46.622
beginning to see signs of change in society.

0:14:46.622,0:14:50.065
Bill Gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals,

0:14:50.065,0:14:51.810
in his Harvard commencement speech,

0:14:51.810,0:14:53.934
talked about the problem facing society

0:14:53.934,0:14:57.284
of inequality as being the most daunting challenge,

0:14:57.284,0:14:59.880
and talked about what must be done to combat it,

0:14:59.880,0:15:03.115
saying, "Humanity's greatest advances

0:15:03.115,0:15:05.066
are not in its discoveries,

0:15:05.066,0:15:08.217
but in how those discoveries are applied

0:15:08.217,0:15:11.031
to reduce inequity."

0:15:11.031,0:15:13.034
And there's the Giving Pledge,

0:15:13.034,0:15:15.456
in which more than a hundred of our nation's

0:15:15.456,0:15:17.843
wealthiest individuals

0:15:17.843,0:15:21.757
are pledging half of their fortunes to charity.

0:15:21.757,0:15:23.381
And there's the emergence

0:15:23.381,0:15:27.014
of dozens of grassroots movements,

0:15:27.014,0:15:29.317
like We Are The One Percent,

0:15:29.317,0:15:31.181
the Resource Generation,

0:15:31.181,0:15:33.302
or Wealth For Common Good,

0:15:33.302,0:15:35.869
in which the most privileged

0:15:35.869,0:15:37.694
members of the population,

0:15:37.694,0:15:40.450
members of the one percent and elsewhere,

0:15:40.450,0:15:42.381
people who are wealthy,

0:15:42.381,0:15:45.969
are using their own economic resources,

0:15:45.969,0:15:50.229
adults and youth alike, that's[br]what's most striking to me,

0:15:50.229,0:15:51.647
leveraging their own privilege,

0:15:51.647,0:15:53.718
their own economic resources,

0:15:53.718,0:15:56.745
to combat inequality

0:15:56.745,0:15:59.655
by advocating for social policies,

0:15:59.655,0:16:01.536
changes in social values,

0:16:01.536,0:16:03.910
and changes in people's behavior,

0:16:03.910,0:16:06.973
that work against their own economic interests

0:16:06.973,0:16:11.246
but that may ultimately restore the American dream.

0:16:11.246,0:16:13.246
Thank you.

0:16:13.246,0:16:17.246
(Applause)