[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.86,0:00:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to, for a moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.04,0:00:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think about playing a game of Monopoly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.07,0:00:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except in this game, that combination
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.35,0:00:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of skill, talent, and luck
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.98,0:00:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that helped earn you success in games, as in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.86,0:00:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been rendered irrelevant,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.56,0:00:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this game's been rigged,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.78,0:00:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you've got the upper hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.74,0:00:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got more money,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.54,0:00:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more opportunities to move around the board,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.13,0:00:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more access to resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.34,0:00:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you think about that experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.94,0:00:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want you to ask yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.89,0:00:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how might that experience of being
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.92,0:00:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a privileged player in a rigged game
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.02,0:00:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change the way that you think about yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.92,0:00:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and regard that other player?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.79,0:00:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we ran a study on the UC-Berkeley campus
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.39,0:00:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at exactly that question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.30,0:00:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We brought in more than a hundred pairs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.98,0:00:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of strangers into the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.17,0:00:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with the flip of a coin
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.50,0:00:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,randomly assigned one of the two
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.36,0:00:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be a rich player in a rigged game.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.62,0:01:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They got two times as much money.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.06,0:01:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they passed go,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.89,0:01:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they collected twice the salary,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.24,0:01:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they got to roll both dice instead of one,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.01,0:01:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they got to move around the board a lot more.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.90,0:01:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.93,0:01:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the course of 15 minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.69,0:01:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we watched through hidden\Ncameras what happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.21,0:01:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I want to do today, for the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.09,0:01:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is show you a little bit of what we saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.46,0:01:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to have to pardon the sound quality,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.10,0:01:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some cases, because again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.26,0:01:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these were hidden cameras.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.75,0:01:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've provided subtitles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.88,0:01:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rich Player: How many 500s did you have?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.70,0:01:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poor Player: Just one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.76,0:01:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rich Player: Are you serious.\NPoor Player: Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.73,0:01:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rich Player: I have three. (Laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.52,0:01:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know why they gave me so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.44,0:01:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paul Piff: Okay, so it was quickly apparent to players
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.02,0:01:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that something was up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.65,0:01:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One person clearly has a lot more money
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.84,0:01:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the other person, and yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.76,0:01:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the game unfolded,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.07,0:01:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we saw very notable differences
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.21,0:01:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dramatic differences begin to emerge
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.57,0:01:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the two players.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.40,0:01:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rich player
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.13,0:01:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to move around the board louder,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.84,0:01:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally smacking the board with their piece
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.58,0:02:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he went around.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.54,0:02:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were more likely to see signs of dominance
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.60,0:02:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and non-verbal signs of display,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.33,0:02:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,displays of power
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.41,0:02:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and celebration among the rich players.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.44,0:02:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right. We had a bowl of pretzels\Npositioned off to the side.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.98,0:02:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's on the bottom right corner there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.81,0:02:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That allowed us to watch\Nparticipants' consummatory behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.20,0:02:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're just tracking how\Nmany pretzels participants eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.76,0:02:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rich Player: Are those pretzels a trick?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.25,0:02:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poor Player: I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.64,0:02:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PP: Okay, so no surprises, people are onto us.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.82,0:02:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They wonder what that bowl of pretzels
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.40,0:02:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is doing there in the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.17,0:02:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One even asks, like you just saw,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.91,0:02:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.98,0:02:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, despite that, the power of the situation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.86,0:02:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems to inevitably dominate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.14,0:02:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.32,0:02:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rich Player: I love pretzels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.21,0:02:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.24,0:03:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PP: And as the game went on,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.41,0:03:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.60,0:03:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we observed begin to emerge
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.88,0:03:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that the rich players actually
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.64,0:03:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to become ruder toward the other person,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.08,0:03:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less and less sensitive to the plight
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.65,0:03:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of those poor, poor players,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.68,0:03:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more and more demonstrative
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.52,0:03:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their material success,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.86,0:03:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more likely to showcase how well they're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.84,0:03:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rich Player: I have money for everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.93,0:03:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Poor Player: How much is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.93,0:03:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rich Player: You owe me... 24 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.60,0:03:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're going to lose all your money soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.48,0:03:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll buy it! I have so much money.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.34,0:03:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have so much money, it takes me for ever.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.46,0:03:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rich Player 2: I'm going to buy out this whole board.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.45,0:03:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rich Player 3: You're going\Nto run out of money soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.16,0:03:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm pretty much untouchable at this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.50,0:03:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,PP: Okay, and here's what I think
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.34,0:03:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was really, really interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.14,0:03:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that at the end of the 15 minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.24,0:03:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we asked the players to talk about\Ntheir experience during the game.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.02,0:04:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the rich players talked about
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.75,0:04:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why they had inevitably won
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.68,0:04:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this rigged game of Monopoly
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.56,0:04:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,—(Laughter)—
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.57,0:04:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they talked about what they'd done
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.58,0:04:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to buy those different properties
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.75,0:04:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and earn their success in the game,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.70,0:04:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they became far less attuned
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.91,0:04:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all those different features of the situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.76,0:04:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including that flip of a coin
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.48,0:04:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had randomly gotten them into
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.66,0:04:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that privileged position in the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.77,0:04:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's a really, really incredible insight
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.42,0:04:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into how the mind makes sense of advantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.08,0:04:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this game of Monopoly can be used
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.12,0:04:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a metaphor for understanding society
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.08,0:04:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its hierarchical structure, wherein some people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.35,0:04:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a lot of wealth and a lot of status,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.53,0:04:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of people don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.36,0:04:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a lot less wealth and a lot less status
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.15,0:04:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot less access to valued resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.33,0:05:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what my colleagues and I for\Nthe last seven years have been doing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.43,0:05:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.57,0:05:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we've been finding across dozens of studies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.95,0:05:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thousands of participants across this country
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.17,0:05:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that as a person's levels of wealth increase,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.62,0:05:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their feelings of compassion and empathy go down,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.01,0:05:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.71,0:05:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their ideology of self-interest increases.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.22,0:05:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In surveys, we found that it's actually
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.34,0:05:35.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wealthier individuals who are more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.19,0:05:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to moralize greed being good,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.35,0:05:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the pursuit of self-interest
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.16,0:05:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is favorable and moral.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.86,0:05:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what I want to do today is talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.74,0:05:49.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the implications\Nof this ideology self-interest,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.47,0:05:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk about why we should\Ncare about those implications,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.06,0:05:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and end with what might be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.100,0:05:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the first studies that we ran in this area
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.39,0:05:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked at helping behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.10,0:06:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something social psychologists call
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.20,0:06:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pro-social behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.37,0:06:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were really interested in who's more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.81,0:06:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to offer help to another person,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.37,0:06:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,someone who's rich or someone who's poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.48,0:06:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.99,0:06:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,members of the community into the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.28,0:06:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.68,0:06:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We told the participants
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.49,0:06:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.86,0:06:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they could share a portion of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.83,0:06:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they wanted to, with a stranger
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.80,0:06:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is totally anonymous.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.30,0:06:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll never meet that stranger and\Nthe stranger will never meet them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.26,0:06:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we just monitor how much people give.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.55,0:06:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individuals who made 25, sometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.52,0:06:41.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under 15,000 dollars a year,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.91,0:06:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gave 44 percent more of their money
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.24,0:06:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to this stranger
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.49,0:06:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than did individuals making 150,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.68,0:06:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,200,000 dollars a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.73,0:06:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've had people play games
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.29,0:06:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see who's more or less likely to cheat
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.44,0:06:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increase their chances of winning a prize.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.90,0:07:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.57,0:07:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that die rolls over a certain score
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.26,0:07:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.38,0:07:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't get above 12 in this game,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.37,0:07:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet, the richer you were,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.48,0:07:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more likely you were to cheat in this game
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.40,0:07:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.24,0:07:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes by three to four times as much.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.96,0:07:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ran another study where we looked at whether
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.21,0:07:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would be inclined to take candy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.22,0:07:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.11,0:07:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as being reserved for children
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.14,0:07:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,—(Laughter)—
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.75,0:07:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,participating, I'm not kidding,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.46,0:07:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know it sounds like I'm making a joke,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.25,0:07:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we explicitly told participants
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.33,0:07:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this jar of candy's for children participating
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.38,0:07:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a developmental lab nearby.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.68,0:07:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in studies. This is for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.85,0:07:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we just monitored how\Nmuch candy participants took.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.53,0:07:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Participants who felt rich
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.05,0:07:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took two times as much candy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.43,0:07:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as participants who felt poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.15,0:08:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've even studied cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.28,0:08:02.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just any cars,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.04,0:08:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but whether drivers of different kinds of cars
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.92,0:08:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more or less inclined to break the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.39,0:08:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one of these studies, we looked at
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.07,0:08:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.08,0:08:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.08,0:08:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in California, as you all know,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.97,0:08:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'm sure we all do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.34,0:08:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the law to stop for a pedestrian\Nwho's waiting to cross.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.37,0:08:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's an example of how we did it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.16,0:08:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's our confederate off to the left
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.65,0:08:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,posing as a pedestrian.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.98,0:08:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He approaches as the red truck successfully stops.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.21,0:08:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In typical California fashion, it's overtaken
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.55,0:08:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.96,0:08:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.45,0:08:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now here's an example of a more expensive car,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.37,0:08:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Prius, driving through,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.18,0:08:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a BMW doing the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.62,0:08:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we did this for hundreds of vehicles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.66,0:08:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on several days,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.48,0:08:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just tracking who stops and who doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.54,0:09:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found was that as the expensiveness
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.86,0:09:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a car increased,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.02,0:09:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the driver's tendencies to break the law
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.97,0:09:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increased as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.21,0:09:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of the cars, none of the cars
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.83,0:09:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our least expensive car category
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.85,0:09:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broke the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.69,0:09:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Close to 50 percent of the cars
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.96,0:09:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our most expensive vehicle category
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.22,0:09:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broke the law.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.47,0:09:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've run other studies finding that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.38,0:09:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wealthier individuals are more\Nlikely to lie in negotiations,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.74,0:09:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to endorse unethical behavior at work
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.86,0:09:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like stealing cash from the cash register,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.62,0:09:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking bribes, lying to customers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.61,0:09:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I don't mean to suggest
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.26,0:09:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's only wealthy people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.86,0:09:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who show these patterns of behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.95,0:09:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not at all. In fact, I think that we all,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.71,0:09:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.56,0:09:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,struggle with these competing motivations
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.44,0:09:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of when, or if, to put our own interests
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.40,0:10:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above the interests of other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.23,0:10:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's understandable because
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.49,0:10:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the American dream is an idea
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.13,0:10:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which we all have an equal opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.29,0:10:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to succeed and prosper,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.30,0:10:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as long as we apply ourselves and work hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.59,0:10:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a piece of that means that sometimes,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.59,0:10:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to put your own interests
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.39,0:10:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above the interests and well-being\Nof other people around you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.01,0:10:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we're finding is that,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.18,0:10:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wealthier you are, the more likely you are
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.68,0:10:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pursue a vision of personal success,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.32,0:10:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of achievement and accomplishment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.64,0:10:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the detriment of others around you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.93,0:10:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here I've plotted for you the mean household income
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.82,0:10:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,received by each fifth and top\Nfive percent of the population
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.07,0:10:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the last 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.40,0:10:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1993, the differences between the different
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.05,0:10:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quintiles of the population, in terms of income,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.11,0:10:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are fairly egregious.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.64,0:10:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not difficult to discern that there are differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.27,0:10:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But over the last 20 years, that significant difference
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.14,0:10:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has become a grand canyon of sorts
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.47,0:11:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between those at the top and everyone else.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.62,0:11:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the top 20 percent of our population
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.20,0:11:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,own close to 90 percent of the\Ntotal wealth in this country.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.28,0:11:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're at unprecedented levels
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.37,0:11:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of economic inequality.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.81,0:11:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What that means is that wealth is not only becoming
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.08,0:11:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increasingly concentrated in the hands\Nof a select group of individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.54,0:11:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the American dream is becoming
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.94,0:11:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increasingly unattainable
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.95,0:11:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an increasing majority of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.15,0:11:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it's the case, as we've been finding,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.37,0:11:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the wealthier you are,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.45,0:11:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more entitled you feel to that wealth,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.94,0:11:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more likely you are\Nto prioritize your own interests
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.64,0:11:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above the interests of other people,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.76,0:11:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.93,0:11:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well then there's no reason to think
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.99,0:11:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those patterns will change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.01,0:11:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there's every reason to think
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.77,0:11:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they'll only get worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.38,0:11:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what it would look like
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.78,0:11:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if things just stayed the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.46,0:12:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.10,0:12:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, inequality, economic inequality,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.85,0:12:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is something we should all be concerned about,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.92,0:12:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just because of those at the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.66,0:12:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the social hierarchy,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.76,0:12:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because individuals and groups
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.84,0:12:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with lots of economic inequality do worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.34,0:12:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just the people at the bottom, everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.09,0:12:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a lot of really compelling research
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.08,0:12:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming out from top labs all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.94,0:12:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showcasing the range of things
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.61,0:12:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are undermined
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.52,0:12:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as economic inequality gets worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.14,0:12:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Social mobility, things we really care about,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.70,0:12:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physical health, social trust,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.46,0:12:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all go down as inequality goes up.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.43,0:12:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, negative things
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.43,0:12:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in social collectives and societies,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.02,0:12:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like obesity, and violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.20,0:12:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imprisonment, and punishment,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.72,0:12:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are exacerbated as economic inequality increases.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.87,0:12:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, these our outcomes not just experienced
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.38,0:12:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a few, but that resound
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.17,0:12:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across all strata of society.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.18,0:13:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even people at the top experience these outcomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.21,0:13:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.24,0:13:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This cascade of self-perpetuating,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.74,0:13:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pernicious, negative effects
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.35,0:13:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could seem like something that's spun out of control,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.79,0:13:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's nothing we can do about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.68,0:13:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certainly nothing we as individuals could do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.29,0:13:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, we've been finding
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.32,0:13:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our own laboratory research
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.40,0:13:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that small, small psychological interventions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.68,0:13:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small changes to people's values,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.85,0:13:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small nudges in certain directions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.15,0:13:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.67,0:13:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, reminding people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.70,0:13:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the benefits of cooperation,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.98,0:13:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the advantages of community,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.86,0:13:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.83,0:13:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as poor people.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.32,0:13:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one study, we had people watch a brief video,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.70,0:14:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just 46 seconds long, about childhood poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.12,0:14:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that served as a reminder of the needs of others
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.11,0:14:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world around them,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.30,0:14:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after watching that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.15,0:14:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we looked at how willing people were
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.86,0:14:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to offer up their own time to a stranger
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.49,0:14:19.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,presented to them in the lab who was in distress.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.00,0:14:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After watching this video, an hour later,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.24,0:14:24.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rich people became just as generous
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.65,0:14:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their own time to help out this other person,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.84,0:14:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a stranger, as someone who's poor,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.35,0:14:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggesting that these differences are not
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.64,0:14:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,innate or categorical,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.68,0:14:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but are so malleable
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.34,0:14:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to slight changes in people's values,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.32,0:14:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and little nudges of compassion
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.43,0:14:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bumps of empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.24,0:14:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And beyond the walls of our lab, we're even
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.95,0:14:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beginning to see signs of change in society.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.87,0:14:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bill Gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.22,0:14:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his Harvard commencement speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.02,0:14:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talked about the problem facing society
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.09,0:14:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of inequality as being the most daunting challenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.39,0:14:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and talked about what must be done to combat it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.99,0:15:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying, "Humanity's greatest advances
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.30,0:15:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not in its discoveries,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.24,0:15:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in how those discoveries are applied
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.54,0:15:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce inequity."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.31,0:15:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's the Giving Pledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.26,0:15:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which more than a hundred of our nation's
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.13,0:15:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wealthiest individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.95,0:15:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are pledging half of their fortunes to charity.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.85,0:15:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's the emergence
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.54,0:15:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of dozens of grassroots movements,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.85,0:15:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like We Are The One Percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.41,0:15:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Resource Generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.49,0:15:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Wealth For Common Good,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.46,0:15:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the most privileged
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.00,0:15:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,members of the population,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.88,0:15:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,members of the one percent and elsewhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.70,0:15:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who are wealthy,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.60,0:15:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are using their own economic resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.09,0:15:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adults and youth alike, that's\Nwhat's most striking to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.24,0:15:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leveraging their own privilege,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.65,0:15:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their own economic resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.74,0:15:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to combat inequality
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.85,0:15:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by advocating for social policies,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.89,0:16:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changes in social values,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.74,0:16:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and changes in people's behavior,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.03,0:16:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that work against their own economic interests
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.02,0:16:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that may ultimately restore the American dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.45,0:16:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.25,0:16:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)