0:00:00.855,0:00:03.043
I want you to, for a moment,

0:00:03.043,0:00:07.068
think about playing a game of Monopoly,

0:00:07.068,0:00:09.348
except in this game, that combination

0:00:09.348,0:00:11.980
of skill, talent, and luck

0:00:11.980,0:00:14.856
that helped earn you success in games, as in life,

0:00:14.856,0:00:16.563
has been rendered irrelevant,

0:00:16.563,0:00:18.781
because this game's been rigged,

0:00:18.781,0:00:20.738
and you've got the upper hand.

0:00:20.738,0:00:22.540
You've got more money,

0:00:22.540,0:00:25.131
more opportunities to move around the board,

0:00:25.131,0:00:27.342
and more access to resources.

0:00:27.342,0:00:28.936
And as you think about that experience,

0:00:28.936,0:00:30.891
I want you to ask yourself,

0:00:30.891,0:00:32.922
how might that experience of being

0:00:32.922,0:00:36.019
a privileged player in a rigged game

0:00:36.019,0:00:38.915
change the way that you think about yourself

0:00:38.915,0:00:42.786
and regard that other player?

0:00:42.786,0:00:45.387
So we ran a study on the UC-Berkeley campus

0:00:45.387,0:00:48.305
to look at exactly that question.

0:00:48.305,0:00:49.979
We brought in more than a hundred pairs

0:00:49.979,0:00:52.171
of strangers into the lab,

0:00:52.171,0:00:54.499
and with the flip of a coin

0:00:54.499,0:00:56.363
randomly assigned one of the two

0:00:56.363,0:00:58.615
to be a rich player in a rigged game.

0:00:58.615,0:01:01.059
They got two times as much money.

0:01:01.059,0:01:02.892
When they passed go,

0:01:02.892,0:01:05.235
they collected twice the salary,

0:01:05.235,0:01:07.010
and they got to roll both dice instead of one,

0:01:07.010,0:01:08.895
so they got to move around the board a lot more.

0:01:08.895,0:01:11.933
(Laughter)

0:01:11.933,0:01:13.693
And over the course of 15 minutes,

0:01:13.693,0:01:17.206
we watched through hidden[br]cameras what happened.

0:01:17.206,0:01:19.086
And what I want to do today, for the first time,

0:01:19.086,0:01:21.462
is show you a little bit of what we saw.

0:01:21.462,0:01:23.099
You're going to have to pardon the sound quality,

0:01:23.099,0:01:24.262
in some cases, because again,

0:01:24.262,0:01:25.750
these were hidden cameras.

0:01:25.750,0:01:27.884
So we've provided subtitles.

0:01:27.884,0:01:29.704
Rich Player: How many 500s did you have?

0:01:29.704,0:01:30.758
Poor Player: Just one.

0:01:30.758,0:01:31.733
Rich Player: Are you serious.[br]Poor Player: Yeah.

0:01:31.733,0:01:33.517
Rich Player: I have three. (Laughs)

0:01:33.517,0:01:35.444
I don't know why they gave me so much.

0:01:35.444,0:01:37.022
Paul Piff: Okay, so it was quickly apparent to players

0:01:37.022,0:01:38.654
that something was up.

0:01:38.654,0:01:40.841
One person clearly has a lot more money

0:01:40.841,0:01:42.760
than the other person, and yet,

0:01:42.760,0:01:45.067
as the game unfolded,

0:01:45.067,0:01:47.214
we saw very notable differences

0:01:47.214,0:01:49.572
and dramatic differences begin to emerge

0:01:49.572,0:01:51.399
between the two players.

0:01:51.399,0:01:53.134
The rich player

0:01:53.134,0:01:55.837
started to move around the board louder,

0:01:55.837,0:01:57.578
literally smacking the board with their piece

0:01:57.578,0:02:00.544
as he went around.

0:02:00.544,0:02:03.598
We were more likely to see signs of dominance

0:02:03.598,0:02:05.328
and non-verbal signs of display,

0:02:05.328,0:02:07.410
displays of power

0:02:07.410,0:02:11.442
and celebration among the rich players.

0:02:11.442,0:02:13.978
All right. We had a bowl of pretzels[br]positioned off to the side.

0:02:13.978,0:02:15.808
It's on the bottom right corner there.

0:02:15.808,0:02:19.203
That allowed us to watch[br]participants' consummatory behavior.

0:02:19.203,0:02:22.761
So we're just tracking how[br]many pretzels participants eat.

0:02:22.761,0:02:25.251
Rich Player: Are those pretzels a trick?

0:02:25.251,0:02:27.635
Poor Player: I don't know.

0:02:27.635,0:02:30.822
PP: Okay, so no surprises, people are onto us.

0:02:30.822,0:02:32.402
They wonder what that bowl of pretzels

0:02:32.402,0:02:34.167
is doing there in the first place.

0:02:34.167,0:02:35.911
One even asks, like you just saw,

0:02:35.911,0:02:38.978
is that bowl of pretzels there as a trick?

0:02:38.978,0:02:41.857
And yet, despite that, the power of the situation

0:02:41.857,0:02:44.143
seems to inevitably dominate,

0:02:44.143,0:02:48.457
and those rich players start to eat more pretzels.

0:02:52.317,0:02:54.212
Rich Player: I love pretzels.

0:02:54.212,0:02:56.402
(Laughter)

0:02:58.235,0:03:00.411
PP: And as the game went on,

0:03:00.411,0:03:02.604
one of the really interesting and dramatic patterns

0:03:02.604,0:03:05.879
that we observed begin to emerge

0:03:05.879,0:03:07.641
was that the rich players actually

0:03:07.641,0:03:11.078
started to become ruder toward the other person,

0:03:11.078,0:03:12.649
less and less sensitive to the plight

0:03:12.649,0:03:14.678
of those poor, poor players,

0:03:14.678,0:03:16.519
and more and more demonstrative

0:03:16.519,0:03:18.865
of their material success,

0:03:18.865,0:03:22.177
more likely to showcase how well they're doing.

0:03:23.836,0:03:27.931
Rich Player: I have money for everything.

0:03:27.931,0:03:29.934
Poor Player: How much is that?

0:03:29.934,0:03:33.603
Rich Player: You owe me... 24 dollars.

0:03:33.603,0:03:36.475
You're going to lose all your money soon.

0:03:36.475,0:03:38.342
I'll buy it! I have so much money.

0:03:38.342,0:03:40.457
I have so much money, it takes me for ever.

0:03:40.457,0:03:42.448
Rich Player 2: I'm going to buy out this whole board.

0:03:42.448,0:03:44.162
Rich Player 3: You're going[br]to run out of money soon.

0:03:44.162,0:03:46.504
I'm pretty much untouchable at this point.

0:03:46.504,0:03:49.342
PP: Okay, and here's what I think

0:03:49.342,0:03:51.136
was really, really interesting,

0:03:51.136,0:03:54.236
is that at the end of the 15 minutes,

0:03:54.236,0:03:58.023
we asked the players to talk about[br]their experience during the game.

0:03:58.023,0:04:00.751
And when the rich players talked about

0:04:00.751,0:04:02.679
why they had inevitably won

0:04:02.679,0:04:04.559
in this rigged game of Monopoly

0:04:04.559,0:04:09.568
—(Laughter)—

0:04:09.568,0:04:12.578
they talked about what they'd done

0:04:12.578,0:04:15.746
to buy those different properties

0:04:15.746,0:04:18.698
and earn their success in the game,

0:04:18.698,0:04:20.910
and they became far less attuned

0:04:20.910,0:04:23.763
to all those different features of the situation,

0:04:23.763,0:04:26.483
including that flip of a coin

0:04:26.483,0:04:28.661
that had randomly gotten them into

0:04:28.661,0:04:31.771
that privileged position in the first place.

0:04:31.771,0:04:34.425
And that's a really, really incredible insight

0:04:34.425,0:04:40.082
into how the mind makes sense of advantage.

0:04:40.082,0:04:42.116
Now this game of Monopoly can be used

0:04:42.116,0:04:45.079
as a metaphor for understanding society

0:04:45.079,0:04:48.352
and its hierarchical structure, wherein some people

0:04:48.352,0:04:50.528
have a lot of wealth and a lot of status,

0:04:50.528,0:04:52.358
and a lot of people don't.

0:04:52.358,0:04:55.153
They have a lot less wealth and a lot less status

0:04:55.153,0:04:58.328
and a lot less access to valued resources.

0:04:58.328,0:05:01.426
And what my colleagues and I for[br]the last seven years have been doing

0:05:01.426,0:05:05.572
is studying the effects of these kinds of hierarchies.

0:05:05.572,0:05:08.948
What we've been finding across dozens of studies

0:05:08.948,0:05:12.167
and thousands of participants across this country

0:05:12.167,0:05:16.622
is that as a person's levels of wealth increase,

0:05:16.622,0:05:23.012
their feelings of compassion and empathy go down,

0:05:23.012,0:05:26.706
and their feelings of entitlement, of deservingness,

0:05:26.706,0:05:31.224
and their ideology of self-interest increases.

0:05:31.224,0:05:33.343
In surveys, we found that it's actually

0:05:33.343,0:05:35.192
wealthier individuals who are more likely

0:05:35.192,0:05:38.353
to moralize greed being good,

0:05:38.353,0:05:40.157
and that the pursuit of self-interest

0:05:40.157,0:05:42.856
is favorable and moral.

0:05:42.856,0:05:44.737
Now what I want to do today is talk about

0:05:44.737,0:05:49.466
some of the implications[br]of this ideology self-interest,

0:05:49.466,0:05:52.057
talk about why we should[br]care about those implications,

0:05:52.057,0:05:54.995
and end with what might be done.

0:05:54.995,0:05:57.389
Some of the first studies that we ran in this area

0:05:57.389,0:05:59.105
looked at helping behavior,

0:05:59.105,0:06:01.203
something social psychologists call

0:06:01.203,0:06:03.370
pro-social behavior.

0:06:03.370,0:06:05.809
And we were really interested in who's more likely

0:06:05.809,0:06:08.370
to offer help to another person,

0:06:08.370,0:06:11.481
someone who's rich or someone who's poor.

0:06:11.481,0:06:15.991
In one of the studies, we bring in rich and poor

0:06:15.991,0:06:18.275
members of the community into the lab

0:06:18.275,0:06:21.677
and give each of them the equivalent of 10 dollars.

0:06:21.677,0:06:23.489
We told the participants

0:06:23.489,0:06:25.858
that they could keep these 10 dollars for themselves,

0:06:25.858,0:06:27.834
or they could share a portion of it,

0:06:27.834,0:06:29.797
if they wanted to, with a stranger

0:06:29.797,0:06:31.300
who is totally anonymous.

0:06:31.300,0:06:34.258
They'll never meet that stranger and[br]the stranger will never meet them.

0:06:34.258,0:06:37.554
And we just monitor how much people give.

0:06:37.554,0:06:39.518
Individuals who made 25, sometimes

0:06:39.518,0:06:41.907
under 15,000 dollars a year,

0:06:41.907,0:06:44.242
gave 44 percent more of their money

0:06:44.242,0:06:45.494
to this stranger

0:06:45.494,0:06:47.680
than did individuals making 150,

0:06:47.680,0:06:50.727
200,000 dollars a year.

0:06:50.727,0:06:53.290
We've had people play games

0:06:53.290,0:06:56.445
to see who's more or less likely to cheat

0:06:56.445,0:06:58.899
to increase their chances of winning a prize.

0:06:58.899,0:07:01.573
In one of the games, we actually rigged a computer

0:07:01.573,0:07:04.257
so that die rolls over a certain score

0:07:04.257,0:07:05.381
were impossible.

0:07:05.381,0:07:08.366
You couldn't get above 12 in this game,

0:07:08.366,0:07:11.478
and yet, the richer you were,

0:07:11.478,0:07:13.405
the more likely you were to cheat in this game

0:07:13.405,0:07:17.241
to earn credits toward a $50 cash prize,

0:07:17.241,0:07:20.963
sometimes by three to four times as much.

0:07:20.963,0:07:23.213
We ran another study where we looked at whether

0:07:23.213,0:07:26.219
people would be inclined to take candy

0:07:26.219,0:07:29.111
from a jar of candy that we explicitly identified

0:07:29.111,0:07:31.135
as being reserved for children

0:07:31.135,0:07:34.747
—(Laughter)—

0:07:34.747,0:07:36.464
participating, I'm not kidding,

0:07:36.464,0:07:39.254
I know it sounds like I'm making a joke,

0:07:39.254,0:07:41.328
we explicitly told participants

0:07:41.328,0:07:43.381
this jar of candy's for children participating

0:07:43.381,0:07:45.680
in a developmental lab nearby.

0:07:45.680,0:07:47.852
They're in studies. This is for them.

0:07:47.852,0:07:51.527
And we just monitored how[br]much candy participants took.

0:07:51.527,0:07:53.047
Participants who felt rich

0:07:53.047,0:07:54.429
took two times as much candy

0:07:54.429,0:07:57.149
as participants who felt poor.

0:07:57.149,0:08:00.277
We've even studied cars,

0:08:00.277,0:08:02.037
not just any cars,

0:08:02.037,0:08:04.919
but whether drivers of different kinds of cars

0:08:04.919,0:08:08.391
are more or less inclined to break the law.

0:08:08.391,0:08:11.069
In one of these studies, we looked at

0:08:11.069,0:08:15.080
whether drivers would stop for a pedestrian

0:08:15.080,0:08:18.079
that we had posed waiting to cross at a crosswalk.

0:08:18.079,0:08:19.966
Now in California, as you all know,

0:08:19.966,0:08:22.335
because I'm sure we all do this,

0:08:22.335,0:08:26.371
it's the law to stop for a pedestrian[br]who's waiting to cross.

0:08:26.371,0:08:28.164
So here's an example of how we did it.

0:08:28.164,0:08:30.649
That's our confederate off to the left

0:08:30.649,0:08:31.978
posing as a pedestrian.

0:08:31.978,0:08:36.212
He approaches as the red truck successfully stops.

0:08:36.212,0:08:38.546
In typical California fashion, it's overtaken

0:08:38.546,0:08:40.959
by the bus who almost runs our pedestrian over.

0:08:40.959,0:08:42.454
(Laughter)

0:08:42.454,0:08:44.367
Now here's an example of a more expensive car,

0:08:44.367,0:08:46.182
a Prius, driving through,

0:08:46.182,0:08:50.197
and a BMW doing the same.

0:08:51.620,0:08:53.659
So we did this for hundreds of vehicles

0:08:53.659,0:08:56.475
on several days,

0:08:56.475,0:08:59.195
just tracking who stops and who doesn't.

0:09:00.543,0:09:02.860
What we found was that as the expensiveness

0:09:02.860,0:09:07.016
of a car increased,

0:09:07.016,0:09:08.969
the driver's tendencies to break the law

0:09:08.969,0:09:10.212
increased as well.

0:09:10.212,0:09:12.827
None of the cars, none of the cars

0:09:12.827,0:09:15.851
in our least expensive car category

0:09:15.851,0:09:17.692
broke the law.

0:09:17.692,0:09:19.962
Close to 50 percent of the cars

0:09:19.962,0:09:22.217
in our most expensive vehicle category

0:09:22.217,0:09:25.474
broke the law.

0:09:25.474,0:09:27.383
We've run other studies finding that

0:09:27.383,0:09:30.735
wealthier individuals are more[br]likely to lie in negotiations,

0:09:30.735,0:09:32.855
to endorse unethical behavior at work

0:09:32.855,0:09:35.616
like stealing cash from the cash register,

0:09:35.616,0:09:40.607
taking bribes, lying to customers.

0:09:40.607,0:09:42.262
Now I don't mean to suggest

0:09:42.262,0:09:43.857
that it's only wealthy people

0:09:43.857,0:09:45.953
who show these patterns of behavior.

0:09:45.953,0:09:48.707
Not at all. In fact, I think that we all,

0:09:48.707,0:09:51.563
in our day-to-day, minute-by-minute lives,

0:09:51.563,0:09:54.443
struggle with these competing motivations

0:09:54.443,0:09:57.403
of when, or if, to put our own interests

0:09:57.403,0:10:00.232
above the interests of other people.

0:10:00.232,0:10:02.491
And that's understandable because

0:10:02.491,0:10:05.131
the American dream is an idea

0:10:05.131,0:10:08.291
in which we all have an equal opportunity

0:10:08.291,0:10:10.295
to succeed and prosper,

0:10:10.295,0:10:12.591
as long as we apply ourselves and work hard,

0:10:12.591,0:10:15.587
and a piece of that means that sometimes,

0:10:15.587,0:10:18.394
you need to put your own interests

0:10:18.394,0:10:22.007
above the interests and well-being[br]of other people around you.

0:10:22.007,0:10:24.178
But what we're finding is that,

0:10:24.178,0:10:26.677
the wealthier you are, the more likely you are

0:10:26.677,0:10:29.315
to pursue a vision of personal success,

0:10:29.315,0:10:31.642
of achievement and accomplishment,

0:10:31.642,0:10:34.929
to the detriment of others around you.

0:10:34.929,0:10:37.817
Here I've plotted for you the mean household income

0:10:37.817,0:10:41.074
received by each fifth and top[br]five percent of the population

0:10:41.074,0:10:43.402
over the last 20 years.

0:10:43.402,0:10:46.050
In 1993, the differences between the different

0:10:46.050,0:10:49.107
quintiles of the population, in terms of income,

0:10:49.107,0:10:51.642
are fairly egregious.

0:10:51.642,0:10:54.270
It's not difficult to discern that there are differences.

0:10:54.270,0:10:57.138
But over the last 20 years, that significant difference

0:10:57.138,0:10:59.466
has become a grand canyon of sorts

0:10:59.466,0:11:02.620
between those at the top and everyone else.

0:11:02.620,0:11:06.204
In fact, the top 20 percent of our population

0:11:06.204,0:11:09.282
own close to 90 percent of the[br]total wealth in this country.

0:11:09.282,0:11:11.372
We're at unprecedented levels

0:11:11.372,0:11:13.890
of economic inequality.

0:11:15.806,0:11:18.085
What that means is that wealth is not only becoming

0:11:18.085,0:11:22.543
increasingly concentrated in the hands[br]of a select group of individuals,

0:11:22.543,0:11:24.943
but the American dream is becoming

0:11:24.943,0:11:26.953
increasingly unattainable

0:11:26.953,0:11:30.147
for an increasing majority of us.

0:11:30.147,0:11:32.367
And if it's the case, as we've been finding,

0:11:32.367,0:11:34.454
that the wealthier you are,

0:11:34.454,0:11:36.935
the more entitled you feel to that wealth,

0:11:36.935,0:11:39.636
and the more likely you are[br]to prioritize your own interests

0:11:39.636,0:11:41.756
above the interests of other people,

0:11:41.756,0:11:44.930
and be willing to do things to serve that self-interest,

0:11:44.930,0:11:46.989
well then there's no reason to think

0:11:46.989,0:11:49.007
that those patterns will change.

0:11:49.007,0:11:50.767
In fact, there's every reason to think

0:11:50.767,0:11:52.380
that they'll only get worse,

0:11:52.380,0:11:53.783
and that's what it would look like

0:11:53.783,0:11:55.460
if things just stayed the same,

0:11:55.460,0:12:00.100
at the same linear rate, over the next 20 years.

0:12:00.100,0:12:02.853
Now, inequality, economic inequality,

0:12:02.853,0:12:04.917
is something we should all be concerned about,

0:12:04.917,0:12:06.660
and not just because of those at the bottom

0:12:06.660,0:12:08.757
of the social hierarchy,

0:12:08.757,0:12:10.844
but because individuals and groups

0:12:10.844,0:12:16.336
with lots of economic inequality do worse,

0:12:16.336,0:12:19.093
not just the people at the bottom, everyone.

0:12:19.093,0:12:21.078
There's a lot of really compelling research

0:12:21.078,0:12:23.941
coming out from top labs all over the world

0:12:23.941,0:12:26.613
showcasing the range of things

0:12:26.613,0:12:28.517
that are undermined

0:12:28.517,0:12:31.141
as economic inequality gets worse.

0:12:31.141,0:12:33.703
Social mobility, things we really care about,

0:12:33.703,0:12:36.461
physical health, social trust,

0:12:36.461,0:12:39.429
all go down as inequality goes up.

0:12:39.429,0:12:41.428
Similarly, negative things

0:12:41.428,0:12:44.021
in social collectives and societies,

0:12:44.021,0:12:46.196
things like obesity, and violence,

0:12:46.196,0:12:47.725
imprisonment, and punishment,

0:12:47.725,0:12:51.866
are exacerbated as economic inequality increases.

0:12:51.866,0:12:54.384
Again, these our outcomes not just experienced

0:12:54.384,0:12:56.169
by a few, but that resound

0:12:56.169,0:12:59.185
across all strata of society.

0:12:59.185,0:13:02.209
Even people at the top experience these outcomes.

0:13:02.209,0:13:05.236
So what do we do?

0:13:05.236,0:13:08.737
This cascade of self-perpetuating,

0:13:08.737,0:13:11.353
pernicious, negative effects

0:13:11.353,0:13:14.793
could seem like something that's spun out of control,

0:13:14.793,0:13:16.681
and there's nothing we can do about it,

0:13:16.681,0:13:19.291
certainly nothing we as individuals could do.

0:13:19.291,0:13:23.324
But in fact, we've been finding

0:13:23.324,0:13:26.405
in our own laboratory research

0:13:26.405,0:13:31.679
that small, small psychological interventions,

0:13:31.679,0:13:34.850
small changes to people's values,

0:13:34.850,0:13:38.150
small nudges in certain directions,

0:13:38.150,0:13:41.669
can restore levels of egalitarianism and empathy.

0:13:41.669,0:13:43.705
For instance, reminding people

0:13:43.705,0:13:45.977
of the benefits of cooperation,

0:13:45.977,0:13:48.865
or the advantages of community,

0:13:48.865,0:13:52.831
cause wealthier individuals to be just as egalitarian

0:13:52.831,0:13:55.320
as poor people.

0:13:55.320,0:13:58.698
In one study, we had people watch a brief video,

0:13:58.698,0:14:03.119
just 46 seconds long, about childhood poverty

0:14:03.119,0:14:06.108
that served as a reminder of the needs of others

0:14:06.108,0:14:08.303
in the world around them,

0:14:08.303,0:14:10.148
and after watching that,

0:14:10.148,0:14:11.862
we looked at how willing people were

0:14:11.862,0:14:15.489
to offer up their own time to a stranger

0:14:15.489,0:14:19.000
presented to them in the lab who was in distress.

0:14:19.000,0:14:22.236
After watching this video, an hour later,

0:14:22.236,0:14:24.652
rich people became just as generous

0:14:24.652,0:14:26.844
of their own time to help out this other person,

0:14:26.844,0:14:29.348
a stranger, as someone who's poor,

0:14:29.348,0:14:31.644
suggesting that these differences are not

0:14:31.644,0:14:33.681
innate or categorical,

0:14:33.681,0:14:35.344
but are so malleable

0:14:35.344,0:14:37.316
to slight changes in people's values,

0:14:37.316,0:14:39.428
and little nudges of compassion

0:14:39.428,0:14:41.236
and bumps of empathy.

0:14:41.236,0:14:42.948
And beyond the walls of our lab, we're even

0:14:42.948,0:14:46.869
beginning to see signs of change in society.

0:14:46.869,0:14:50.220
Bill Gates, one of our nation's wealthiest individuals,

0:14:50.220,0:14:52.015
in his Harvard commencement speech,

0:14:52.015,0:14:54.092
talked about the problem facing society

0:14:54.092,0:14:57.392
of inequality as being the most daunting challenge,

0:14:57.392,0:14:59.988
and talked about what must be done to combat it,

0:14:59.988,0:15:03.301
saying, "Humanity's greatest advances

0:15:03.301,0:15:05.236
are not in its discoveries,

0:15:05.236,0:15:08.541
but in how those discoveries are applied

0:15:08.541,0:15:11.308
to reduce inequity."

0:15:11.308,0:15:13.265
And there's the Giving Pledge,

0:15:13.265,0:15:15.134
in which more than a hundred of our nation's

0:15:15.134,0:15:17.952
wealthiest individuals

0:15:17.952,0:15:21.850
are pledging half of their fortunes to charity.

0:15:21.850,0:15:23.537
And there's the emergence

0:15:23.537,0:15:26.846
of dozens of grassroots movements,

0:15:26.846,0:15:29.411
like We Are The One Percent,

0:15:29.411,0:15:31.489
the Resource Generation,

0:15:31.489,0:15:33.456
or Wealth For Common Good,

0:15:33.456,0:15:36.001
in which the most privileged

0:15:36.001,0:15:37.879
members of the population,

0:15:37.879,0:15:40.697
members of the one percent and elsewhere,

0:15:40.697,0:15:42.598
people who are wealthy,

0:15:42.598,0:15:46.091
are using their own economic resources,

0:15:46.091,0:15:50.245
adults and youth alike, that's[br]what's most striking to me,

0:15:50.245,0:15:51.648
leveraging their own privilege,

0:15:51.648,0:15:53.735
their own economic resources,

0:15:53.735,0:15:56.854
to combat inequality

0:15:56.854,0:15:59.886
by advocating for social policies,

0:15:59.886,0:16:01.737
changes in social values,

0:16:01.737,0:16:04.028
and changes in people's behavior,

0:16:04.028,0:16:07.022
that work against their own economic interests

0:16:07.022,0:16:11.446
but that may ultimately restore the American dream.

0:16:11.446,0:16:13.246
Thank you.

0:16:13.246,0:16:17.246
(Applause)