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- [Presenter] How does the
computer evaluate expressions

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with the logical operators and or and not?

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To find out, let's explore
the order of operations

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for compound Boolean expressions.

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Imagine we're working
on a program to check

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if a specific song matches the filters

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for a specific playlist.

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This expression asks, are
the song's beats per minute

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both greater than or equal to 150,

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and less than or equal to 180?

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Logical operators like this and

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come last in the order of operations.

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So the computer evaluates the
two sides separately first.

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Let's say the variable BPM
contains the value 200.

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The comparison operators
greater than or equal to

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and less than or equal to have
the same level of precedence,

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so the computer evaluates left to right.

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So we substitute in that 200

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on the left-hand side first and simplify.

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200 is greater than or equal to 150,

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so this evaluates to true.

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Then we jump to the right-hand side.

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200 is not less than or equal to 180,

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so this evaluates to false.

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Now that we've simplified both sides down

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to a Boolean value, we evaluate the and.

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An expression with the and
operator only evaluates to true

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if both sides are true.

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So a true and a false evaluates to false.

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And boom, the computer has its answer.

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Let's try an expression

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where there are multiple
logical operators.

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This asks the question,

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is the genre any of
the spellings of lo-fi?

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Let's say the variable genre
contains the string lo-fi.

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We evaluate the expressions around

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the logical operators first
and then apply the ors.

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We start with the leftmost expression.

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These strings are not equal,
so this evaluates to false.

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We jump to the second expression.

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These strings are equal,
so this evaluates to true.

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And then the third part,
these strings are not equal,

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so this evaluates to false.

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Now that we're all simplified,
we take a look at the ors.

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An expression with the OR
operator evaluates to true

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if at least one of the sides is true.

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False or true evaluates to true and then

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true or false evaluates to true.

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Now you may be thinking,

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"Whoa, whoa, did I even need
to evaluate that last part?"

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Once I knew that second
expression evaluated to true,

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I knew that my final answer
was going to be true.

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As it's evaluating,

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the computer makes the same optimization.

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We called this short circuit
evaluation or lazy evaluation.

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In its laziness, the
computer stops evaluating

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as soon as it knows the final answer.

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With the or operator the
computer stops evaluating

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as soon as it finds a side
that evaluates to true

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because no matter what's
on the other side,

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the expression will
always evaluate to true.

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True or true evaluates to true

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and true or false also evaluates to true.

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With the and operator
we have the opposite.

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The computer stops as soon as it finds

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a side that evaluates to false.

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No matter what's on the other side

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the whole expression
will evaluate to false.

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Because false and true evaluates to false

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and false and false
also evaluates to false.

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Okay, so the computer's
saving itself some work.

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Why do I care? Consider
this Boolean expression.

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It looks pretty sensible,

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but what if the variable group
size contains the value zero?

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The computer can't divide by zero.

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So this gives a runtime error.

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Well, we could just not do that,

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but we might not control
the value of group size.

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Maybe it's set by user input.

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To solve this, we can
check that group size

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doesn't equal zero first.

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If group size is equal to
zero, the left-hand side

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will evaluate to false and the
computer will short circuit.

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It'll jump to the conclusion

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that the whole expression
must evaluate to false

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and won't bother evaluating
the right-hand side,

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thus avoiding the division by zero.

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We can use this pattern
across our programs,

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taking advantage of short
circuit evaluation to check

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for preconditions that allow
us to avoid possible errors.

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Last bit. What about the not operator?

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The not operator takes precedence

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over the and and or operators.

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That means this expression really asks,

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is the genre not equal to rock

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and is the BPM greater than 130?

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Now, we wanna be careful about
overusing the not operator

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when we don't need to because it tends

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to make things more confusing.

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For example, this expression
is just equivalent

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to genre not equals rock
and BPM greater than 130.

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If instead I put parentheses here,

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I would be negating the whole expression.

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This asks, is it not both a
rock song and a fast song?

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That's equivalent to the
expression is the genre

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not equal to rock or is the
BPM less than or equal to 130?

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If either of these conditions is true,

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then this and expression
would evaluate to false,

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which means not it would evaluate to true.

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Now you're probably starting to understand

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why I said to use the
not operator sparingly.

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If you do need to negate a
compound Boolean expression,

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it's often easier to understand

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if you break it down into multiple parts.

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Otherwise, the not operator

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tends to make your program
a bit less readable.

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Just like if I said something
like "I prefer not blue colors

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or I'm going to not
not in this video now."