[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first patient to be treated with an antibiotic
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a policeman from Oxford.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On his day off from work,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was scratched by a rose thorn\Nwhile working in the garden
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That small scratch became infected.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the next few days, his head was swollen
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with abscesses,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact his eye was so infected
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had to take it out,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by February of 1941,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this poor man was on the verge of dying.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was at Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fortunately for him,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a small team of doctors
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led by a Dr. Howard Florey
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had managed to synthesize
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very small amount of penicillin,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a drug that had been discovered
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12 years before by Alexander Fleming
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but had never actually been used to treat a human,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed no one even knew if the drug would work,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it was full of impurities that would kill the patient,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Florey and his team figured
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they had to use it, they might as well use it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on someone who was going to die anyway.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they gave Albert Alexander,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this Oxford policeman, the drug,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and within 24 hours,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he started getting better.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His fever went down, his appetite came back.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, he was doing much better.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was starting to run out of penicillin,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what they would do was run with his urine
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the road to re-synthesize the penicillin
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from his urine and give it back to him,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that worked.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Day four, well on the way to recovery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a miracle.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Day five, they ran out of penicillin,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the poor man died.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that story didn't end that well,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but fortunately for millions of other people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this child who was treated again
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the early 1940s,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was again dying of abscesses,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and within just six days, you can see,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recovered thanks to this wonder drug penicillin.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Millions have lived,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and global health has been transformed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, antibiotics have been used
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for patients like this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they've also been used rather frivolously
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some instances
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for treating someone with just a cold or the flu
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they might not have responded to an antibiotic,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they've also been used in large quantities
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sub-therapeutically, which\Nmeans in small concentrations,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make chicken and hogs grow faster.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just to save a few pennies on the price of meat,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've spent a lot of antibiotics on animals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not for treatment, not for sick animals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but primarily for growth promotion.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what did that lead us to?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, the massive use of antibiotics
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the world