[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.00,0:00:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.67,0:00:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five hundred years before Christ a young prince set out on a journey.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.45,0:00:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would travel through pain and suffering to reach nirvana
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.28,0:00:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- the everlasting bliss we all dream of.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.59,0:00:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Symbol of peace
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.86,0:00:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Symbol of compassion, symbol of non-violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.93,0:00:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was the Buddha.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.23,0:00:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He grew up in a palace surrounded by luxury.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.14,0:00:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his teens his privilege afforded him every indulgence
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.28,0:00:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he gave all this up - to gain ultimate wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.78,0:00:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would travel the darkest corridors of his mind to come face to face
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.99,0:00:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the devil inside him.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.79,0:01:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He founded the first world religion,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.16,0:01:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,followed today by over 400 million people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.07,0:01:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- a religion where meditation is used to reach
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.60,0:01:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a state of complete peace and happiness.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.81,0:01:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our own potential, our own effort
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.88,0:01:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to know the ultimate reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.38,0:01:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the events of his life make up one of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.88,0:01:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the greatest stories ever told
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.22,0:01:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and the Buddha, the world's most enduring icon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.90,0:01:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two and a half thousand years after his death the Buddha's message lives on.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.04,0:01:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Dalai Lama
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.38,0:01:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- the spiritual figurehead of Tibetan Buddhism
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.14,0:01:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passes on the teachings of the Buddha
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.35,0:01:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continuing a practice that began the day he died.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.25,0:02:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Buddhism has been adopted by many different cultures and has many interpretations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.02,0:02:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha's teachings of a higher mental calm
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.33,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and clarity are seen by some as a religion, others a philosophy, even a psychotherapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people describe Buddhism is not a religion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.47,0:02:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Buddhism is science of mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.68,0:02:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha's message is as relevant today
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.11,0:02:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it was two and a half thousand years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.18,0:02:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What has made Buddhism so popular
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.42,0:02:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it is insightful and largely true that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.52,0:02:36.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Buddha discovered immensely important things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.76,0:02:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike other religions, Buddhism,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.89,0:02:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which centres on the mind, has no supreme God.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.30,0:02:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead a great teacher - the Buddha or the Awakened One.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.17,0:02:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems very almost intuitive to an age
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.14,0:02:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which psychology becomes for many people an alternative to religion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.64,0:02:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the means... It's a therapeutic means
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.41,0:03:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dealing with the problems of life
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.62,0:03:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it seems very accessible to many people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.82,0:03:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many representations of the Buddha
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.62,0:03:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and Buddhists all have their own picture in their minds of what he was like.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.36,0:03:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some kind of vibration of complete peace, non-violence. I think that must be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.60,0:03:27.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until little more than one hundred years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.41,0:03:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the life of the Buddha remained unknown to the West.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.54,0:03:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the time the British colonised India
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.01,0:03:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- the country of the Buddha's birth - Buddhism had all but died out,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.48,0:03:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,destroyed by Hindu kings and Muslim invaders.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.82,0:03:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The origins and the sites of the Buddha's life became lost to everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.23,0:03:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't until British colonial archaeologists
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.96,0:03:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began to explore Northern India that their discoveries
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.27,0:03:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began to root the Buddha's life in historical fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.11,0:04:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1860's,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.64,0:04:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a series of archaeologists began to try
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.44,0:04:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and identify the sites associated with the life of the Buddha.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.88,0:04:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the 1890's many of these sites
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.72,0:04:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been successfully identified within the Ganges area,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.42,0:04:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that time two of the great sites connected with Buddhism were still missing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.50,0:04:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the site of Lumbini, where the Buddha had actually been born,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.86,0:04:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the site of Kapilavastu which was the childhood home of the Buddha.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.30,0:04:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The area to the north of the Ganges was less well known,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.91,0:04:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,partly because of the very thick jungle there,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.94,0:04:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tigers as well as malaria.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.45,0:04:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took a breakthrough discovery to unlock
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.75,0:04:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the story of the Buddha's origins.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.82,0:04:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a remote village across the border in Nepal a pillar was discovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.20,0:04:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A British expedition was sent out to decipher its inscription.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.37,0:05:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The script is the early Brāhmī script
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.34,0:05:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the language is a local vernacular language
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.04,0:05:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Northern India and indeed the inscription itself depicts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.38,0:05:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is where the Buddha, the enlightened one was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.72,0:05:20.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the first piece of evidence to suggest that the Buddha
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.79,0:05:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not just a legendary figure - he actually existed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.76,0:05:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ancient Buddhist texts had named the Buddha's birthplace as Lumbini
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.10,0:05:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now the archaeologists had it located on the map.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.60,0:05:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now they tried to find the Buddha's childhood home
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.30,0:05:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- an ancient city named in the texts as - Kapilavastu.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.34,0:05:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was apparent that it was located to the west,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.48,0:05:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps 10 or 15 kilometres to the west of Lumbini,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.55,0:05:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is where the search began to intensify.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.42,0:05:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Expeditions uncovered two possible sites
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.06,0:06:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Kapilavastu - one in India the other in Nepal.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.66,0:06:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For a hundred years archaeologists have argued over them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.30,0:06:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New research by Dr Coningham and his team
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.94,0:06:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggests the ancient city lay at modern day Tilaurakot - in Nepal.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.48,0:06:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an extremely exciting site because it is so well preserved.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.88,0:06:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We conducted a series of geophysical surveys
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.48,0:06:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we then identified that a series of roads laid out and it became a clear
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.49,0:06:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the entire city in its final phrase had been gridded out according to a griddle pattern.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.33,0:06:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At its centre lay a palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.03,0:06:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is here that the Buddha's story begins.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.77,0:06:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two and a half thousand years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.98,0:06:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Northern India was divided up into Kingdoms and republics.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.78,0:06:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha's father - Sudhodana
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.02,0:07:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the elected chieftain of the Shakya tribe.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.22,0:07:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He ruled his kingdom from his palace near the foothills of the Himalayas.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.56,0:07:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His queen was called Maya.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.03,0:07:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Legend tells that on the night
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.80,0:07:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the full moon she had an extraordinary dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.60,0:07:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It told that a special Being known
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.54,0:07:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the Buddha was about to be born again on earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.18,0:07:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The legend goes on that Four Guardian deities of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.44,0:07:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carried Queen Maya up to the Himalaya mountains in her bed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.15,0:07:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They anointed her with divine perfumes and decked her with heavenly flowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.26,0:07:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A white elephant with six tusks descended from heaven,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.59,0:07:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carrying a lotus flower in its trunk, and entered her womb.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.10,0:07:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha would be born of Maya.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.57,0:07:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If one looks at this story of the Buddhist conception and compares it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.14,0:07:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say the conception story of Jesus, where you have angels appearing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.94,0:08:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suppose a similar basic idea is there. That the forces which are beyond
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.68,0:08:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are signalling that something great is happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.55,0:08:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its said that the Buddha chose the time and the place that he would be reborn.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.56,0:08:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The baby boy was named Siddhartha - meaning 'every wish fulfilled'.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.30,0:08:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But his mother fell ill after giving birth and died a few days later.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.70,0:08:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha was brought up by his aunt.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.31,0:08:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The family summoned Brahmin priests
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.44,0:08:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then a trusted palace soothsayer to predict the young prince's future
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.41,0:08:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're told that he noticed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.35,0:08:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the auspicious signs of a great being upon Siddhartha's body,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.99,0:08:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the mark of a wheel upon his feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.09,0:08:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's said that the Buddha was born
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.73,0:08:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with certain marks on his body, the so called '32 marks of a great person'.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.27,0:08:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are seen as appearing on the body of two kinds of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.34,0:09:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One who will become the Buddha and one who will become a world Emperor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.21,0:09:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His father was quite keen on the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.31,0:09:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that his son would become a great political leader.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.24,0:09:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is why it is said that he cosseted his son,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.95,0:09:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prevent him seeing things which might send him in a religious direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.79,0:09:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone knew the signs meant Siddhartha was exceptional, especially the King.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.43,0:09:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as he watched his
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.53,0:09:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inquisitive young son growing up, he worried about these predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.94,0:09:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one day his son would abandon the palace and become the spiritual leader
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.11,0:09:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than stay to become chief of the Shakyas.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.68,0:09:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Siddhartha grew older his father was delighted to see the boy's exceptional
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.86,0:09:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ability at the princely sports of fencing, wrestling and archery.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.70,0:10:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he also noticed that Siddhartha was a deeply thoughtful and curious child.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.17,0:10:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He appeared to be more interested in trying to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.87,0:10:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nature of the world around him than in military pursuits.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.74,0:10:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the King these were the most important skills
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.74,0:10:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,young Siddhartha should learn if he was to become a leader of men.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.05,0:10:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha was expected to become
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.72,0:10:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the future King and defender of Kapilavastu
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.16,0:10:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- one of the very first cities in Northen India.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.23,0:10:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Palace where Siddhartha grew up has long since crumbled away.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.56,0:10:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its mud and wood construction
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.10,0:10:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have left nothing for archaeologists to examine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.34,0:10:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more durable materials have recently been discovered at Tilaurakot.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.07,0:10:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cut a trench 3 metres by 3 metres and eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.78,0:10:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we had a very clear sequence at the site
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.01,0:10:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we began to be somewhat surprised by identifying a material known as
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.68,0:10:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,painted grey ware, which is basically a flat bowl with black paint.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.52,0:11:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This tiny fragment has huge significance.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.69,0:11:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr Coningham believes it was made in the 5th Century BC
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.56,0:11:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- at the time Siddhartha was growing up in the palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.37,0:11:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we have is a centre of small industry - We are probably dealing with a settlement
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.91,0:11:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we would even hesitate to call a city today
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.28,0:11:22.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- centred around a large courtyard belonging to the ruler.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.25,0:11:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the majority of the population living in the agrarian hinterland.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.56,0:11:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was this hinterland,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.29,0:11:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lying beyond the city walls that fascinated Siddhartha.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.93,0:11:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when at the age of nine
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.10,0:11:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his father allowed him out to celebrate the annual ploughing festival,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.90,0:11:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he eagerly participated.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.54,0:11:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His first glimpse of reality beyond
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.41,0:11:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the palace walls would open a door for Siddharta to a new vision of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.28,0:12:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would become the turning point of his life.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.55,0:12:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story recalls that he watched a farmer ploughing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.79,0:12:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He saw the toil and effort, struggle and repetition of this back-breaking work,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.86,0:12:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something he'd never seen in the palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.54,0:12:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He managed to slip away from the festivities and be alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.67,0:12:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This first experience of real life had a profound effect upon him.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.38,0:12:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To everyone else this was a celebration
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.68,0:12:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- but to Siddhartha it symbolized something quite different.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.12,0:12:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He felt his mind leading him into a contemplative state.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.33,0:12:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He watched the plough as it cut
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.10,0:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and parted the ground and noticed a bird eating a freshly unearthed worm.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.00,0:12:55.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He asked himself why living beings have to suffer in this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.11,0:13:00.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the farmer had not been ploughing the bird would not have eaten the worm.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.28,0:13:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He realised that everything was connected and that all actions had consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.95,0:13:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This simple observation would become
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.96,0:13:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the corner stones of his teachings - known as karma.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.86,0:13:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Siddharta's mind focused on these profound thoughts he slipped
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.66,0:13:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a trance or jhana - a mental state which would become
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.40,0:13:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his first step on the road to enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.14,0:13:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was sat under a tree
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.51,0:13:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was just focusing on the plough going through the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.14,0:13:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And its said while doing that he fairly naturally went into
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.41,0:13:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a meditative state called a first Jhana. Which was very very joyful and happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.45,0:13:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And which he later uses as part of his spiritual path.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.39,0:13:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The connection to Buddhist meditation
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.06,0:13:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the focusing on something, which has a calming centring effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.13,0:13:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Possibly also the idea of compassion
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.06,0:13:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the worms being killed as the plough went through the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.50,0:14:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I suppose one would see this as just part of his rather special nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.38,0:14:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The young prince's behaviour deeply unsettled the King.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.65,0:14:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brahmanism - the religious tradition of the time
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.85,0:14:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- insisted that sons should follow in the footsteps of their fathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.19,0:14:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that I think makes this narrative so powerful is,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.93,0:14:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again we can imagine this scene of his father
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.46,0:14:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to protect his son encountering any suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.57,0:14:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the reason for doing this is that there has been a prophesy that/
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.04,0:14:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he'll either become a universal monarch
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.24,0:14:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or he'll become a renunciant who will gain enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.81,0:14:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His father of course wants him to become a king to follow in his footsteps.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.02,0:14:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Siddhartha grew up
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.42,0:14:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his father did all he could to tempt him to stay inside the palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.76,0:15:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He tried to create a perfect and seductive world for him to live in.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.37,0:15:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As was customary for a prince, Siddhartha was offered beautiful maidens
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.54,0:15:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to entertain him with music and to pleasure him with their physical beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.60,0:15:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Siddhartha reached the age of sixteen
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.03,0:15:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the King even found him a beautiful bride - Princess Yasodhara.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.57,0:15:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha had to compete for her hand
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.91,0:15:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the King was delighted how skillfully his son fought off the competition.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.15,0:15:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The King began to convince himself
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.08,0:15:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that palace life was beginning to suit his son at last.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.42,0:15:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this was wishful thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.36,0:16:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Siddhartha pestered his father to allow him out of the palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.26,0:16:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unable to refuse his son's wishes any longer,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.93,0:16:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the King desperately set about
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.43,0:16:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clearing every eyesore from the surrounds of the palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.07,0:16:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like a Hollywood film set, the sick, the poor and the old were all deleted
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.64,0:16:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the fantasy presented to the young prince.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.62,0:16:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite his father's efforts,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.42,0:16:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha's first taste of the outside world would reveal stark realities.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.79,0:16:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the naivety of a child he set out with Chana,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.90,0:16:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his charioteer, as his guide.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.74,0:16:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prince would make four journeys and see four signs
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.97,0:16:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- as predicted by the palace fortune teller.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.68,0:16:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Early Buddhist texts place great importance on this point in the story
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.95,0:16:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as each journey would reveal to Siddhartha
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.52,0:17:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an aspect of life which had been deliberately hidden from him.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.96,0:17:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On his first trip Siddhartha went out into the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.49,0:17:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from his father's influence.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.13,0:17:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He noticed an old man painfully making his way through a village.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.17,0:17:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He asked Chana what was wrong with the man
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.67,0:17:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Chana explained the process of ageing to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.88,0:17:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha was alarmed
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.91,0:17:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he learnt that ageing is inescapable and happens to us all.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.45,0:17:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Siddhartha,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.52,0:17:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reality was beginning to unveil a cruel picture of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.83,0:17:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- where misfortune and suffering appeared to dominate every aspect of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.94,0:17:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second sign was soon to follow
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.80,0:17:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Siddhartha noticed a sick man, his features twisted with disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.78,0:18:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He asked Chana if anyone could become sick and again he was shocked
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.02,0:18:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he learnt the brutal truth that we all can.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.82,0:18:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The protective wall of fantasy around him was beginning to crumble.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.51,0:18:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the further the young Prince ventured the more of life's horrors confronted him.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.07,0:18:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now he saw a corpse, bound in linen,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.74,0:18:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being carried to the funeral pyre - and the story records that Siddhartha
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.67,0:18:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is appalled to discover not only that all men are mortal,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.51,0:18:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also that it was a Brahmin belief that after death we are all reborn
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.08,0:18:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- to suffer and die time and time again.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.72,0:18:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There seemed no end
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.16,0:18:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no solution to life's miserable and inevitable cycle.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.93,0:18:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha's life is an allegory because the most important point in it is
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.43,0:18:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that here is a young man who is brought up with every luxury
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.41,0:19:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he realises that isn't enough because he has a shock.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.41,0:19:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has a shock because for the first time he encounters old age,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.18,0:19:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disease and death.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.09,0:19:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not plausible to think that, growing up as an intelligent youth,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.96,0:19:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wouldn't have known anything about it. The point is rather to
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.46,0:19:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convey the tremendous impact that coming face to face with
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.10,0:19:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these fundamental facts of human existence, has and must have upon us,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.87,0:19:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that it's urgent that we do something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.95,0:19:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was the fourth sign that would definitively point to Siddhartha's future
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.69,0:19:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- a man wearing a simple robe with a begging bowl before him.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.52,0:19:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Why should anyone want to give up the pleasures of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.26,0:19:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wander the countryside, begging?' asked the prince.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:58.06,0:20:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chana explained that the man had renounced such pleasures in order to confront reality
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.34,0:20:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seek answers to this painful existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.84,0:20:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The account of the four signs I see as quite an effective story way
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.52,0:20:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of putting certain existential realizations. We all know we are going to get old
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.45,0:20:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we all know we are going to get sick, we all know we are going to die
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.19,0:20:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our heads but its very different to sit down on day
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.66,0:20:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realise here no is not just other people who get old, sick and die
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.90,0:20:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its I'm going to get old I'm going to get sick and I'm going to die
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.90,0:20:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think the story accounts are trying to portray
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.64,0:20:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that moment of existential realization where you see it for the first time:
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.58,0:20:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are going to die and you know it and you taste it.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.72,0:20:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Siddartha returned to the palace after this fourth journey
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.49,0:21:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his mind was reeling with his new understanding of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.33,0:21:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fruits and flowers around him would rot and wither away.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.07,0:21:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the walls of the palace would one day crumble.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.34,0:21:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His wife had just given birth to a beautiful child.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.58,0:21:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they would both one day grow old,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.28,0:21:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become ill and die. It was inevitable.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.72,0:21:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had learnt the meaning of impermanence and saw it in everything around him.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.76,0:21:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha knew he had to leave his family
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.06,0:21:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to seek answers to the questions that tormented him,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.73,0:21:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though this meant abandoning his wife and son.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.63,0:21:42.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Against the tradition of his family and the Brahmin religion,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.27,0:21:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha left home to find his own answers to life's suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.01,0:21:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One story recalls
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.51,0:21:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how a hypnotic mist sent the guards to sleep
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.48,0:22:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing him to escape with Chana, through the Eastern Gate of the palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.33,0:22:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is said that beside the river Anoma, he removed his jewellery,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.00,0:22:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exchanged his robes for rags and cut off his long hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.48,0:22:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He asked Chana to carry them back to the palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.42,0:22:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha was alone for the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.25,0:22:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had at last escaped the false world of palace life
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.59,0:22:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where suffering had been swept out of sight.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.89,0:22:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now he needed to come face to face with reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.100,0:22:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if he was ever to find a solution to the pain of existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.20,0:22:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha was confronted by suffering on a scale
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.00,0:22:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he'd never seen before when he arrived in the cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:58.78,0:23:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And within those cities people were being thrown together,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.68,0:23:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at times there was perhaps an increase in disease and suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.82,0:23:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people have seen this as a particular trigger
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.62,0:23:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Buddha's emphasis on suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.92,0:23:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It accentuated a universal problems that any human being in any society faces.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.54,0:23:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha realised that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.07,0:23:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if he was to find an answer to the suffering surrounding him,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.31,0:23:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would have to challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.68,0:23:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Brahmin religion under which everyone lived.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.68,0:23:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the Brahmins had was sacred knowledge. This sacred knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.15,0:23:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,centred on knowing certain texts called the Vedas.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:42.72,0:23:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word Veda itself simply means knowledge and the implication is that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.06,0:23:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was the only knowledge which was really worth having.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.46,0:23:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With their sacred knowledge,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.50,0:23:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brahmin priests oversaw every stage of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.00,0:24:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from birth to death.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:02.44,0:24:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their blessing was essential
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.28,0:24:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but their knowledge could only be handed down to their sons.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.45,0:24:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The position of Brahmin families remained assured
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.65,0:24:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- until a new wave of thinkers began to challenge this.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.06,0:24:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a time when Brahmanism,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.42,0:24:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an early form of Hinduism, was being questioned,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.96,0:24:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a little bit like the time of the ancient philosophers
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.77,0:24:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Plato and Socrates in Ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.77,0:24:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People debating, arguing with people and
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.08,0:24:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Buddha tried to cut a way through that.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.54,0:24:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He described the context as a welter of views, a jungle of views.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.75,0:24:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Siddhartha explored this jungle he realized that
Dialogue: 0,0:24:49.19,0:24:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the solution to life's suffering needed to be available to everyone,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.43,0:24:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than an exclusive few - like the Brahmin tradition.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.76,0:25:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha disagreed with the Brahmins and he said: 'One does not become a Brahmin
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.20,0:25:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by birth, one becomes a Brahmin
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.01,0:25:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by living well. One does not become an outcast
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.31,0:25:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by birth, one becomes an outcast by living badly.'
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.12,0:25:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's a wonderful and important thought, it's like saying in our society:
Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.59,0:25:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'A true gentleman is not one who is born into a particular family
Dialogue: 0,0:25:25.79,0:25:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one who behaves properly.'
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.26,0:25:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha travelled further on his search into Northern India.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.20,0:25:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was looking for an alternative way of life
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.91,0:25:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that attempted to overcome the suffering he'd seen around him.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.28,0:25:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was interested in all the new philosophies
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.62,0:25:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he wanted to go further - to reach deeper into his mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:54.79,0:25:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He now decided to focus on the technique of meditation
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.29,0:26:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sought out the leading gurus of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.90,0:26:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There been broadly speaking two kinds of meditation in ancient India,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.10,0:26:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which consisted in putting yourself under various kinds of pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.10,0:26:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by controlling your breathing or sometimes fasting
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.11,0:26:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or undergoing other forms of discomfort
Dialogue: 0,0:26:19.98,0:26:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the aim is really to obtain what we call altered states of consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.82,0:26:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they would think that they had climbed to very high plains in the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.93,0:26:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not taking this literally,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.90,0:26:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its not that they think that they go five thousand feet up in the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:37.100,0:26:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so to speak but they think that there are certain planes which become more
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.07,0:26:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more abstract such things as the plane of infinity of space
Dialogue: 0,0:26:47.94,0:26:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's followed by the plane of infinite consciousness as you go up
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.11,0:26:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the plane of infinite nothingness,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.85,0:26:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were the sorts of things
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.05,0:26:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Buddha definitely must have learnt from his teachers.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.68,0:27:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is said that Siddhartha,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:00.05,0:27:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so excelled at mediating that he attracted a group of five followers
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.89,0:27:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his teachers asked him to stay on and take over their schools.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:09.50,0:27:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Siddhartha decided that this practice alone was not
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.20,0:27:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the answer to the problem of suffering and rebirth or reincarnation.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.17,0:27:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He set out to explore other techniques - this time focusing on his body.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.04,0:27:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he then goes to try another method which is harsh asceticism.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.38,0:27:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This involved things like fasting, not washing,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.05,0:27:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meditations where you hold your breath for a very long time
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.39,0:27:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a very kind of forceful, wilful way.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:47.30,0:27:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ascetics may starve and even mutilate themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.80,0:27:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For them the physical body is a barrier to spiritual liberation.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.24,0:28:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By shedding their attachment to the body
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.48,0:28:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will cleanse the mind and liberate the soul.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.62,0:28:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha tried to achieve this state of liberation.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.43,0:28:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He fasted for so long his life hung by a thread.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.10,0:28:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'All my limbs became like the knotted joints of withered creepers,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.44,0:28:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my buttocks like a bullocks hoof,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.14,0:28:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my protruding backbone like a string of balls,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.81,0:28:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my gaunt ribs like the crazy rafters of a tumbledown shed.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.88,0:28:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My eyes lay deep in their sockets,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.45,0:28:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their pupils sparkling like water in a deep well.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.29,0:28:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an unripe gourd shrivels and shrinks in the hot wind,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.66,0:28:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so became my scalp.'
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.33,0:28:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as Siddhartha was about to die of starvation a young girl
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.27,0:29:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saved his life by giving him a bowl of rice and milk.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.44,0:29:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He now realised that if he starved himself again
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.01,0:29:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would simply die having achieved nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.35,0:29:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the story says that he is living on one grain of rice a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.19,0:29:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's practically starved himself to death
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.09,0:29:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realises that disciplining the body through extreme self renunciation,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.73,0:29:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asceticism, inflicting pain upon the body that doesn't solve the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.71,0:29:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When his five followers saw Siddhartha
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.68,0:29:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had given up his fast they lost faith in him.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.41,0:29:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They no longer believed he had the strength
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.38,0:29:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live up to his spiritual convictions and abandoned him.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.22,0:29:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He feels he tried what's on offer,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.52,0:29:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they haven't worked,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.86,0:29:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's at this stage that he remembers meditation
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.50,0:29:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he went into spontaneously in his teens and he thinks 'Hmm,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.27,0:30:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe that is a way through to awakening because it's not taken up the desires
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.87,0:30:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the body but it is very joyful and happy.'
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.61,0:30:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By chance Siddhartha came across a musician tuning his sitar.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.35,0:30:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the string was too slack it would not play.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.95,0:30:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it was too tight it snapped.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.99,0:30:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somewhere in the middle lay tuneful harmony.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.26,0:30:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha realised that
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.56,0:30:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this simple observation signified something of great importance.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.50,0:30:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the middle way that would lead him to the state of mind he was looking for
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.84,0:30:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- to a state of tuneful harmony - enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:42.01,0:30:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how could he achieve it?
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.18,0:30:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way that Buddha eventually uses is what one could call mindfulness
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.42,0:30:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or awareness of the body,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.12,0:30:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which neither ignores it nor tries to forcefully master it,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.45,0:31:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's a kind of middle way.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.33,0:31:04.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The middle way led Siddhartha through the countryside.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.26,0:31:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had been travelling for six years, he had experienced pain and suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.67,0:31:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had stretched the boundaries of his mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:12.64,0:31:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he'd still not found the inner peace and harmony he was searching for.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.61,0:31:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The state of absolute wisdom and everlasting bliss known as Enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.69,0:31:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha arrived at Bodh Gaya.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.42,0:31:35.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here his torment would end.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.73,0:31:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He sat down beneath a tree and vowed not to leave until he had reached enlightenment .
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.18,0:31:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Flesh may decay, bones may fall apart,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.92,0:32:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I will never leave this place until I find the way to enlightenment.'
Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.66,0:32:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's no longer giving himself a hard time,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.69,0:32:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's not stressing himself unbearably, he's not undergoing anything painful,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.63,0:32:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he thinks: 'Well, life is painful without taking the trouble to make it more painful,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.77,0:32:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let me just calmly think things out, think of how life works.'
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.25,0:32:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He starts to focus the mind by attention to the slow movement of the breath coming
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.09,0:32:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and going out, a refined sensation which exists in the body
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.13,0:32:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just around the nose in a way which starts to lead to the mind quietening,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.54,0:33:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stilling, settling, gathering, purifying.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.92,0:33:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha's mind was now so focused
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.66,0:33:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he could successfully enter the darkest reaches of his unconscious.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.73,0:33:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was now that he would face his final and greatest torment.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.97,0:34:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The demon Mara - the Lord of Ego and illusion appeared before him.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.91,0:34:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could make any horror real in Siddhartha's mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.91,0:34:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very important to remember that Mara, this demon king,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.55,0:34:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not like the Christian Satan because he isn't a tempter
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.32,0:34:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he isn't any kind of counterpart to God,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.69,0:34:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is purely psychological forces which we have within us,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.30,0:34:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mara unleashed an army of demons to attack Siddhartha.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.54,0:34:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They fired flaming arrows at him.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.28,0:34:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But mid flight Siddhartha turned them into lotus blossoms
Dialogue: 0,0:34:45.22,0:34:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they fell harmlessly around him.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.10,0:34:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having failed Mara then tried to seduce Siddhartha
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.33,0:35:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with his tempting daughters.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.84,0:35:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's assailed by the demon king who is the same time death
Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.28,0:35:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and desire very Freudian that in a way desire is death,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.98,0:35:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,death is desire and in fact the Demon king offers him his three daughters
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.29,0:35:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are both passion or lust and aversion where it is equally bad
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.90,0:35:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you shy away from this and say it is disgusting
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.33,0:35:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are also a slave to passion
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.57,0:35:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and he can be completely calm and indifferent
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.01,0:35:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just gaze at them without any feelings of attraction or repulsion.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.45,0:35:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The faces of Mara's daughters began to rot before Siddharta's eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.12,0:35:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The evil daughters then disappeared into the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.52,0:36:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is in fact you could say the Buddha's very recognition
Dialogue: 0,0:36:01.80,0:36:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Mara is an aspect of himself
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.53,0:36:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the total recognition of that is his enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.74,0:36:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The earth is said to have trembled as he dispelled the devil.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:14.34,0:36:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siddhartha, now aged 35, passed through four Janas
Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.54,0:36:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reach enlightenment
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.88,0:36:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and become the Buddha - or Awakened One.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.99,0:36:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He then spent 7 days beneath the tree in a meditative state of absolute bliss.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.83,0:36:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is seen as a state where the mind is incredibly refined and sensitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:41.30,0:36:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an image might be of a lake, which is totally still,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.20,0:36:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would register even an insect on the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:49.34,0:36:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is seen as a state where the mind is very,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.84,0:36:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very powerful as an instrument of knowledge, very sensitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.25,0:36:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this highly attuned state,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.52,0:37:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Buddha saw way to escape
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.29,0:37:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the inevitable cycle of old age sickness and death.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.42,0:37:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He realised that if we remove desire
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.59,0:37:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can remove dissatisfaction and suffering from our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.73,0:37:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A key cause of the painfulness
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.90,0:37:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and frustration of life is craving kind of demanding desires.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.51,0:37:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So There's a general mismatch
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.48,0:37:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between how you want things to be and how they actually are.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.22,0:37:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The insight the Buddha attained beneath the tree was the birth of Buddhism
Dialogue: 0,0:37:32.92,0:37:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- a religion followed today by 400 million people.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:38.69,0:37:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha summed up his wisdom in four noble truths
Dialogue: 0,0:37:42.23,0:37:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are the foundation of all Buddhist beliefs
Dialogue: 0,0:37:47.70,0:37:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first noble truth recognized that there is suffering in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:52.47,0:37:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second diagnosed the cause of that suffering - desire.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:57.61,0:38:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the third truth, like a doctor,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.08,0:38:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Buddha revealed that there was a cure for desire.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.58,0:38:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the fourth noble truth he gave the prescription
Dialogue: 0,0:38:07.35,0:38:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- how to cure the illness and achieve Enlightenment or Nirvana.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.23,0:38:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ultimate aim was to reach a state of mind completely free of craving,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.70,0:38:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ignorance, greed, hatred and delusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:21.03,0:38:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thereby free of all the causes of future rebirth
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.81,0:38:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when an enlightened person dies they're seen as going beyond rebirth
Dialogue: 0,0:38:29.74,0:38:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a state beyond if you like space and time and not coming back
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.08,0:38:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that is seen as a state of liberation.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.29,0:38:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha would further teach that morality, meditation and wisdom
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.56,0:38:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the stepping stones to enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.90,0:38:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would dedicate the rest of his life helping others to follow this path
Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.34,0:38:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- towards freedom from suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.14,0:39:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As his followers grew in number he went on to set up a school or Sangha
Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.91,0:39:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today a temple stands beside a descendant
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.32,0:39:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the very tree under which the Buddha became enlightened.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:15.69,0:39:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monks here have become a living library of the Buddha's teachings.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.76,0:39:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chanting his sacred words beneath the Bodhi tree of Enlightenment
Dialogue: 0,0:39:27.57,0:39:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is seen by Buddhists to give special power to their practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:33.41,0:39:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The chief monk is responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.81,0:39:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for preserving this tradition at the temple.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.01,0:39:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing is the practice of his teachings.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:43.18,0:39:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Practice diligently, be ever mindful.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.76,0:39:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now I say I explain Buddhism in two words,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.53,0:39:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practice mindfulness.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.73,0:40:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The path to enlightenment begins with the focusing of the mind
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.14,0:40:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and following a number of commandments.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.11,0:40:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,morality, meditation and wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:11.51,0:40:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So not to kill, not to steal,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:16.28,0:40:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to have any sexual misconduct,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.25,0:40:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to tell a lie and not to have indulge in intoxicating drinks or intoxicants.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.30,0:40:39.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the way of life established by the Buddha in the very first sangha.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.91,0:40:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After eight years
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.21,0:40:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he went back to the palace and the family he'd abandoned.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:45.45,0:40:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're told his father now forgave
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.21,0:40:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Buddha for the deep hurt he had caused.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:50.35,0:40:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,King Sudhodhana now realized the importance of his son's quest.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.46,0:40:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His stepmother even begged to join his sangha
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.56,0:41:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she went on to become history's first nun.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:02.10,0:41:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha is justified in the eyes of all Buddhists of even leaving his wife
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.43,0:41:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and child to go on his solitary journey to try and find what the solution
Dialogue: 0,0:41:13.44,0:41:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to life's problems is and how life should be lived
Dialogue: 0,0:41:16.98,0:41:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for him how life should be lived is the question infinitely more important
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.18,0:41:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than having any possessions or even the company of loved ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:30.19,0:41:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha was to abandon his family again. He set out to teach, for forty years
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.60,0:41:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- passing on to his followers the wisdom he had attained beneath the bodi tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.87,0:41:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But before he left he ordained his son as a monk.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.44,0:41:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha encouraged his followers to live together in a monastery or Sangha
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.91,0:41:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- to help them focus on the path to enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.45,0:42:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people become a monk purely to meditate,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.62,0:42:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purely to practice meditation, purely to practice the life of a recluse.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:09.80,0:42:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some become a monk to work for the propagation of the religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:16.44,0:42:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monks from all over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.94,0:42:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come to live in monasteries established around the temple of the Bodhi Tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:23.18,0:42:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Non-Monks or lay Buddhists, come here too, to learn from them.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:29.58,0:42:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monks must be celibate and give up every selfish desire.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.76,0:42:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is the one part of the training to get rid of self tendencies,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.83,0:42:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tendencies to always think about yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:42:45.16,0:42:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put yourself fully in the context of the community of the Sangha.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.94,0:42:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then when all the sacrifices have been made the hard work begins
Dialogue: 0,0:42:56.41,0:43:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- committing long chants or mantras to memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.22,0:43:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mantras such as this have a purpose
Dialogue: 0,0:43:03.68,0:43:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- they are designed to test the monk's memory,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.92,0:43:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concentration and commitment to the Buddha's teachings.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.72,0:43:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the centuries his message has evolved into a number of different traditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.53,0:43:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their own interpretations and monastic practices.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.40,0:43:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Buddha taught that lay people
Dialogue: 0,0:43:24.24,0:43:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can also follow the path to eternal bliss and ultimate wisdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.04,0:43:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most westerners are not drawn to Buddhism as a way of leaving society behind
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.08,0:43:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're drawn to the practice of meditation as a way of being
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.32,0:43:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more effective within society and that's a way in which
Dialogue: 0,0:43:39.62,0:43:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the message of Buddhism takes on a very different cast
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.22,0:43:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it becomes a form of self improvement a way of dealing
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.43,0:43:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the stresses of life a way of clarifying your goals and objectives.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.54,0:44:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many westerners are especially attracted to Buddhist meditation.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:00.14,0:44:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think all of us sometimes glimpse that magic and mystery of the moment
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.34,0:44:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what meditation does is to help us touch that more often,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:09.95,0:44:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it helps us to be more calm and controlled in our mind
Dialogue: 0,0:44:13.32,0:44:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can create conditions that allow us to come into
Dialogue: 0,0:44:16.42,0:44:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a state of awareness of interdependence, of impermanence, of nirvana.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:24.03,0:44:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some schools of Buddhism believe the Buddha was superhuman
Dialogue: 0,0:44:27.77,0:44:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a magical figure who consorted with gods and performed miracles.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.47,0:44:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others that he was no more than
Dialogue: 0,0:44:33.74,0:44:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a human being and they believe it is this that adds power to his message.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.95,0:44:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no doubt that the Buddha wished to be remembered as a human being
Dialogue: 0,0:44:45.22,0:44:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with human frailties not perhaps frailties of the intellect or moral frailties
Dialogue: 0,0:44:51.86,0:44:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but certainly physical frailties
Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.93,0:44:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Buddha suffers from back pain towards the end of his life
Dialogue: 0,0:44:58.43,0:45:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he suffers from various physical complaints and weaknesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:04.20,0:45:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha would die at the age of eighty from a common illness - food poisoning.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.08,0:45:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is said that before
Dialogue: 0,0:45:13.01,0:45:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passing away he fell into a deep trance on his journey from this world to Nirvana
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.28,0:45:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- a state of eternal bliss
Dialogue: 0,0:45:20.39,0:45:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- free at last from rebirth,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:22.52,0:45:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,free at last from suffering and death.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:29.43,0:45:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A council was assembled to record for posterity the Buddha's teachings.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:35.10,0:45:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were learnt by heart and handed down the centuries by generations of monks.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:42.21,0:45:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha's body was cremated.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.21,0:45:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his remains were preserved.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.28,0:45:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were enshrined two hundred years later
Dialogue: 0,0:45:50.52,0:45:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by India's first Emperor King Ashoka who converted to Buddhism.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:58.39,0:46:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He built vast monuments or stupas
Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.23,0:46:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and erected pillars to mark the key sites of the Buddha's life.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:05.63,0:46:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Asoka then becomes an absolutely key figure,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.27,0:46:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in terms of the actual spread of Buddhism
Dialogue: 0,0:46:12.00,0:46:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then as a model
Dialogue: 0,0:46:13.67,0:46:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for future Buddhist leaders. Throughout Asia they look back to Ashoka as
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.78,0:46:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the kind of ideal king and supporter of Buddhism.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:24.98,0:46:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so far as we know the Emperor Asoka
Dialogue: 0,0:46:27.09,0:46:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who ruled over two thirds of modern India
Dialogue: 0,0:46:30.79,0:46:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of the 3rd century BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.46,0:46:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helped monks to send out missions to countries bordering India.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:40.17,0:46:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Missionaries were sent up into Kashmir to Nepal and certainly Sri Lanka.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.84,0:46:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They converted the king, the king gave his patronise to Buddhism
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.51,0:46:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Sri Lanka has therefore been a Buddhist country from that day to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:53.78,0:46:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in country after country we know over many centuries
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.25,0:47:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is the way that Buddhism was successfully implanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:05.63,0:47:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ashoka's pillars outlived Buddhism in India - they withstood Muslim invasions
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.86,0:47:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and survived to catch the attention of the first colonial archaeologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.97,0:47:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This gave a very significant impetus to the revival of Buddhism
Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.57,0:47:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- the desire to go back to the places associated with the Buddha.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:22.98,0:47:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagining Buddhism for people in the West but these investigations also become
Dialogue: 0,0:47:27.98,0:47:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the basis for a revival within Buddhism in Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:33.85,0:47:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today the sites associated with the Budha's life attract tourists
Dialogue: 0,0:47:38.32,0:47:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pelgrims flock to Bodh Gaya to follow in the Buddha's footsteps,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:42.50,0:47:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hoping to find, as he did,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:44.96,0:47:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eternal peace and happiness and a cure for suffering and death.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:50.57,0:47:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a great irony that after the Buddha's death the person
Dialogue: 0,0:47:55.31,0:47:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who preached of the uselessness of ritual and also the uselessness
Dialogue: 0,0:47:59.58,0:48:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of personality cult became the object of ritual worship
Dialogue: 0,0:48:03.68,0:48:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as big a personality cult as has ever existed in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:09.92,0:48:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Buddhist temples have been built in Bodh Gaya representing
Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.03,0:48:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the different traditions from around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:17.53,0:48:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Buddhism, in all its forms, has come home, to the Bodhi tree,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.74,0:48:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the place where once a prince reached enlightenment and became the Buddha.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:29.78,0:48:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Buddha attained enlightenment on that fleeting moment of a wink, this moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:39.32,0:48:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fleeting moment is the time that takes to realise that moment cannot be explained.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.86,0:48:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That special moment gave birth to the first world religion
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.80,0:48:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- A religion without a God
Dialogue: 0,0:48:59.01,0:49:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the path to Nirvana lies in the mind of each and every one of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.74,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org