[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.08,0:00:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Representation is a broad concept that \Nrelates to many different spheres of daily life:  
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.24,0:00:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,language, media, economics, politics, culture \Nand social identity itself. Understanding the  
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.24,0:00:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different ways that representation functions is \Ncrucial to understanding the operation of power.  
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.44,0:00:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When wielded by states and capitalists, \Nrepresentation can be a powerful tool of  
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.32,0:01:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manipulation, disenfranchisement, and oppression. 
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.24,0:01:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Representation is most commonly understood \Nas a visual, written, or audio depiction  
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.12,0:01:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of something, or someone. It can refer broadly \Nto what images mean, and how they come to take  
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.16,0:01:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on those meanings. It can also refer to the \Nprocess of how an individual comes to serve  
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.92,0:01:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a stand-in for a given community, political \Nparty, or ideology. The concept of representation  
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.28,0:01:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is important for anarchism because of the \Nfundamental role it plays in producing and  
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.84,0:01:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reproducing social and political hierarchies. \NAnti-authoritarian perspectives analyze and  
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.00,0:01:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand how representation sets the \Nterms for what is considered truth,  
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.88,0:01:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is deemed normal,  
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.54,0:01:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, what we should think of \Nothers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.01,0:01:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what we should think about ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.00,0:01:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The use of representation as a form \Nof power and a means of control  
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.52,0:02:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been around for centuries.  
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.42,0:02:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, Powerful  nations have always maintained their status  
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.44,0:02:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just through the deployment of military \Nforce,   
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.13,0:02:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but through the spread of ideology. 
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.68,0:02:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the most successful ways of spreading \Nideology has been through the idea of  representation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.10,0:02:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The history of colonialism is not \Njust a series of military conquests.  
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.36,0:02:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is also a history of religious \Ndecrees, fictional literature,  
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.50,0:02:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,academic writings,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.95,0:02:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientific reporting
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.05,0:02:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,museum exhibitions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.12,0:02:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Western european countries painted the picture of "the \Nother" to describe individuals, communities,  
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.77,0:02:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and entire nations who didn't belong to the \Ndominant group, and were therefore different in  
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.14,0:02:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some fundamental way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.71,0:02:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, In other words, people \Nbecame marked as distinct from "the norm"  
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.28,0:02:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or made out to be more prized or vile, \Nbased on how they were represented.  
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.56,0:03:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The longterm subjugation of colonized \Npeople through this racist system of  
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.42,0:03:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,representation lies at the very foundation of \N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.70,0:03:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,settler-colonial cultures and political systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.68,0:03:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, Colonial depictions of certain ethnic and \Nracial groupings are bound tightly to other forms  
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.32,0:03:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of oppression, 
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.86,0:03:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as white supremacy 
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.94,0:03:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and patriarchal concepts of gender.   
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.00,0:03:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ruling classes maintain their control \Nby creating images and tropes of common enemies.  
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.76,0:03:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether this enemy is represented as the figure \Nof the terrorist, immigrant, homosexual, or  
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.04,0:03:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anarchist, it can be used to help corral patriotic \Nsentiments and develop a sense of us vs. them,  
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.84,0:03:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,binding a segment of the people to their rulers \Nthrough the shared bonds of identity. 
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.52,0:03:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This use of representation was foundational \Nto the formation of nation-states.   
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.64,0:03:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to this day, 
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.38,0:03:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dehumanizing representations of \Ninternal and external enemies permeate popular culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.56,0:04:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shapes societies' collective psyche, 
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.37,0:04:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and forges new forms of reactionary allegiance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.88,0:04:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Representation is the life blood of politics.  
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.32,0:04:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is at play every time political actors advocate \Npolicy    
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.16,0:04:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or act on others' behalf in the political arena
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.50,0:04:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In liberal democracies, elected \Nrepresentatives are understood to reflect the  
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.36,0:04:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will of the majority. These politicians claim to \Nrepresent their constituents' interests, thereby  
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.96,0:04:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ensuring that they have a voice \Nin public policy-making. 
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.68,0:04:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a lie that fools fewer people every year. 
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.99,0:04:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether a state is ruled by liberal democratic  institutions, 
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.07,0:04:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, military dictatorships, 
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.02,0:04:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one-party rule, 
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.02,0:04:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, or hereditary dynasties,  
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.80,0:04:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,representation is key to the maintenance \Nof legitimacy and power.  
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.75,0:04:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Behind the  scenes, 
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.80,0:04:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, bartering, 
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.00,0:04:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,optics
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.90,0:04:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,competition,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.18,0:04:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manipulation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.26,0:04:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,  nepotism
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.50,0:04:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an array of underlying social dynamics  
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.11,0:05:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always factor into how authority is upheld and maintained.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.67,0:05:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to the public, 
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.11,0:05:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sacred state institutions \Nand charismatic leaders are represented  
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.68,0:05:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a stand in for abstract concepts \Nlike majority rule and a nation's freedom. 
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.80,0:05:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Representative democracy promotes the \Nidea that our only way of wielding power  
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.12,0:05:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by choosing who will represent us. 
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.20,0:05:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This  discourages us from learning how to wield power for ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.71,0:05:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democracy is not alone in this, \Neven if it may be more effective in its illusions.  
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.84,0:05:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All governing institutions constrain \Nindividuals into passivity and subjugation,  
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.32,0:05:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then rely on the language of representation \Nto maintain hierarchies and divisions that  
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.04,0:05:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disempower people from \Ntaking collective action.  
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.36,0:05:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea that common people are active participants \Nin a well-meaning political system is a   
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.76,0:05:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comforting lie,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.12,0:05:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, which serves to hide \Nthe fact that we are, more or less,  
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.36,0:06:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,merely spectators of a rat race \Nbetween the people in charge. 
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.80,0:06:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must understand and confront how various \Ninstitutions use representation  
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.84,0:06:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep us divided, weak 
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.82,0:06:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tied to the dominant \Nsystem. 
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.82,0:06:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Politicians, corporations, media outlets  
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.24,0:06:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,organized religions, and non-profits continue \Nto spread dangerous ideologies that result  
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.16,0:06:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in widespread marginalization, subjugation, \Nprejudice, micro-aggressions, 
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.79,0:06:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even death.   
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.60,0:06:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The detrimental effects of mainstream \Nrepresentation around race,  
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.84,0:06:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gender, ethnicity, religion, sexuality, and \Nmore cannot be ignored. 
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.84,0:06:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time,  
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.08,0:06:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we must not fall prey to the myth \Nthat being represented in more  
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.92,0:06:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,positive ways equates to social, \Npolitical and economic liberation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.88,0:07:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ways in which people are seen, and they \Nways they see themselves are   
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.00,0:07:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentialcomponents of revolutionary struggle. 
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.06,0:07:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But under liberal democratic capitalist regimes,  
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.84,0:07:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notions of equality are often conflated \Nwith, and swallowed up, by representation.  
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.20,0:07:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By co-opting ideas around how historical radical \Ngrassroots movements 
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.17,0:07:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have addressed their own oppression, 
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.59,0:07:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,major corporations, non-profit \Norganizations and academic institutions have  
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.08,0:07:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attempted to prioritize reformist, non-violent \Nsteps towards more progressive representation.  
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.92,0:07:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This common political tactic coincided neatly \Nwith the rise of neoliberal globalization,  
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.96,0:07:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its increased focus on individualism. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.37,0:07:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neoliberalism has restructured the global market 
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.13,0:07:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a worldwide labor pool. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.77,0:07:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's been accompanied by an ideology 
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.90,0:07:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that places heavy emphasis on privatization and \Nindividual responsibility. 
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.99,0:07:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under this system,  
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.36,0:08:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,states and capital have used representation to \Nweave together the illusion of a global community;  
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.52,0:08:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they point to increased diversity within the \Nruling classes to support the idea that  
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.43,0:08:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"free and open" markets
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.00,0:08:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, are evidence of how "democratic" \Nand "tolerant" the neoliberal order is.  
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.36,0:08:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neoliberalism has transformed political \Nrepresentation from a framework to address  
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.16,0:08:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,racism, sexism, and all other forms of \Ninjustice that thrive within capitalism 
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.60,0:08:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a demand to diversify the political and \Neconomic elite 
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.85,0:08:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without addressing the massive  
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.56,0:08:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wealth and income inequalities that form \Nthe material foundation of oppression.  
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.36,0:08:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, a new kind of \Nmulticultural universalism has prospered,  
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.80,0:08:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that lionizes difference, even as \Nit ignores real-world, systemic issues. 
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.04,0:08:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, 
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.00,0:08:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,capitalisms ability to profit \Nfrom the representation of marginalized  
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.76,0:08:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communities is more evident than ever. 
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.14,0:08:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The internet encourages the creation and constant  
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.68,0:09:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shaping of multiple accounts and identities, \Nsuggesting that our social media profiles can  
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.88,0:09:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,portray different sides of ourselves \Nto the outside world, in all sorts of  
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.96,0:09:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unique, endlessly customizable ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.22,0:09:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, So-called 'late capitalism' skews our perception  
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.76,0:09:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of representation's power. 
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.94,0:09:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of being granted equality, 
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.09,0:09:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are being sold a product:  
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.41,0:09:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a representation of "equality" from \Nthe very systems that make us unequal. 
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.48,0:09:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Representation not only shapes what our culture \Nlooks like.  
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.99,0:09:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It impacts our sense of reality. 
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.64,0:09:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is the people who are creating mass systems \Nof representation who end up defining what reality is. 
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.72,0:09:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This keeps us all locked in a \Nnever-ending spectacle, without honestly  
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.80,0:09:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confronting our systemic disenfranchisement and \Nalienation; 
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.25,0:09:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is a constantly shifting trap   
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.25,0:10:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for maintaining a status quo that will never \Naddress the root of structural inequality. 
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.76,0:10:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must reject increased representation as the \Nceiling and litmus test for social change.  
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.48,0:10:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, we should focus on building new ways \Nto celebrate our diversity  
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.26,0:10:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and promote our own means of artistic and cultural production.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.56,0:10:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, This means that any representation we do take part in 
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.23,0:10:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should prioritize authenticity, community empowerment, 
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.88,0:10:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an explicit  drive to build a new, more liberatory \Nworld, 
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.14,0:10:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all while challenging the current world order. 
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.48,0:10:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anarchism rejects the idea that anyone can \Ngenuinely represent another person's real needs.  
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.61,0:10:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It rejects the idea that those in power \Nshould coordinate people's desires and interests.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.48,0:10:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,, At the base of anarchist philosophy \Nlies a deep desire for an interdependent,  
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.88,0:10:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ungovernable world. 
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.82,0:10:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No representation or  representatives inside a mass system will  
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.34,0:11:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever help us build that world.  
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.32,0:11:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must do it for ourselves.