[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.70,0:00:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one of the world's\Ngreatest engineering wonders
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.26,0:00:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Great Wall of China
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.68,0:00:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say it can even be seen\Nfrom space.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.39,0:00:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a military masterpiece
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.92,0:00:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has witnessed hundreds of battles,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.69,0:00:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet it still holds many mysteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.47,0:00:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British writer and historiam\NWilliam Lindsay
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.86,0:00:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has lived in China for 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.10,0:00:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exploring the Great Wall\Nhas become his lifetime obsession.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.01,0:00:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lindsay has spent thousands\Nof days on the Wall
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.84,0:00:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has walked thousands of kilometers\Nalong it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.83,0:00:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How long is the Great Wall really?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.73,0:00:53.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many years did it take to build?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.99,0:00:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why was it built at all?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.12,0:01:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is only a short trip from Beijing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.90,0:01:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to one of China's\Nmost popular attractions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.88,0:01:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Millions of tourists come here every year
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.35,0:01:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see the stone dragon.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.62,0:01:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Great Wall of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.75,0:01:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the people walking\Non the Great Wall, here today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.84,0:01:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will go home and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.33,0:01:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I have been to the Great Wall of China"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.67,0:01:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the Great Wall is not a place
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.72,0:01:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it ranges across the sub-continental\Nexpanse of North China
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.42,0:01:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and along its course.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.61,0:01:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of the locations seldom visited
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.08,0:01:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some are virtually unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.48,0:02:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1987, Lindsay fulfilled\Nhis childhood dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.12,0:02:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He walked on the Chinese Wall\N2,700 kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.30,0:02:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a few pictures remain\Nfrom this adventure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.86,0:02:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because his films\Nwere repeatedly confiscated.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.71,0:02:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Foreigners were barred \Nfrom many parts of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.77,0:02:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those times have long changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.88,0:02:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China has opened up to the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.96,0:02:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an adventurer\Nhas turned into a schollar.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.29,0:02:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lindsay now seeks out \Ntraces of the Great Wall of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.58,0:02:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right across the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.34,0:02:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty three years after his first trip\Nhe sets off again.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.72,0:02:43.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doing the same, exploring\N23 years later
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.50,0:02:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really testament of the immensity
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.79,0:02:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what we call the Great Wall of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.43,0:02:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last two-and-a-half decades
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.34,0:02:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I explored the Wall more 1,700 days,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.77,0:03:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have discovered it is the world's\Nmost famous building
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.40,0:03:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the least-known.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.74,0:03:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is always something new to discover.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.50,0:03:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no single Great Wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.73,0:03:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are lots of walls in northern China.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.19,0:03:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built by different dynasties\Nfor more than 2,000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.04,0:03:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William Lindsay is taking us \Nto one of the most remote places
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.59,0:03:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a 2,300 kilometers drive west of Beijing\Nto the city of Dunhuang,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.68,0:03:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the Gobi Desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.92,0:03:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I drove nearly there
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.44,0:03:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some 75 miles northwest of Dunhuang
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.47,0:03:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is a nice sunny day\Nin the Gobi Desert,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.29,0:03:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perfect conditions for exploring\Nthe Great Wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.90,0:03:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the shimmering heat \Nthe dark ribbon along the horizon
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.97,0:03:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at first looks like a mirage
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.10,0:03:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these really are\Nthe remains of a wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.86,0:04:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally in the middle of nowhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.79,0:04:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, one of the most precious parts\Nof the Great Wall of China
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.35,0:04:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the Han wall \Nbuilt 2,100 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.61,0:04:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not the first traffic to come here.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.82,0:04:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Silk Road.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.52,0:04:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, merchants would come\Nfrom the deserts in Central Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.04,0:04:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entering China at this point
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.57,0:04:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then proceed east \Nto the heartland of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.23,0:04:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let us take a close look.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.54,0:04:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Built over 2,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.41,0:04:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this wall looks completely different\Nto the familiar Great Wall near Beijing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.96,0:04:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not built of stone
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.89,0:04:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this construction material\Nhas kept it strong for milennia,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.87,0:04:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reed and gravel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.77,0:05:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But who was this wall meant to protect\Nso far from civilization?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.32,0:05:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Han dynasty rulers \Nwanted to open their empire
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.53,0:05:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to trade with the west.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.17,0:05:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they secured control\Nof the eastern end
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.61,0:05:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what became known as the Silk Road.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.46,0:05:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Han Chinese occupied \Nthe vital ashi??? corridor
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.11,0:05:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that runs along the Silk Road
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.84,0:05:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the northern steppes\Nand the Hymalayan foothills.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.98,0:05:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a real border,\Nnot just between peoples
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.74,0:05:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but between lifestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.72,0:05:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nomads of the steppe\Nlive in yurts,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.24,0:05:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the traditional round tent.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.87,0:05:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They live entirely from their livestock
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.03,0:05:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wandering over the steppe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.90,0:05:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They pitch their yurts\Nwherever they find grazing land
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.78,0:05:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their herds.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.18,0:06:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After enduring long hard winters\Nin the stepes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.33,0:06:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these nomadic warriors ransacked\NChina's northern provinces.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.87,0:06:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Year after year they killed and ???
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.29,0:06:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stealing food and metals
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.41,0:06:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything their lifestyle\Nprevented them producing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.83,0:06:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Chinese regarded their Empire\Nas the cradle of civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.61,0:06:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to their Confucion philosophy
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.62,0:06:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was the cultural centerof the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.73,0:06:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Appeasing the barbarians\Nalong the border by trading
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.86,0:06:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was out of the question.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.46,0:06:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War was too expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.50,0:06:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the Han Emperor decided \Nto build a wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.41,0:06:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many people were involved\Nin rhe construction of the Han wall?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.35,0:06:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one knows for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.68,0:06:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but reliable sources quote the calculations\Npresented to the Emperor.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.10,0:06:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If one soldier can build three paces\Nof the wall in one month,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.67,0:06:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then 300 men can build three li\Nabout one and a half kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.20,0:07:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means a thousand li,\Nor about 530 kilometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.85,0:07:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would take 100,000 men one month\Nto complete.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.80,0:07:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far so good.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.48,0:07:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so many.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.74,0:07:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the soldiers\Nwere stationed at the towers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.13,0:07:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The towers had a dual use
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.91,0:07:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the most effective the defense.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.09,0:07:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The beacon tower behind me \Nwas not only the perfect vantage point
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.63,0:07:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for guards on this frontier\Nto watch for the enemy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.42,0:07:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from the north.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.89,0:07:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a signalling station.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.50,0:07:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when the enemy was sighted,\Nthis beacon would have been ignited.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.58,0:07:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'This is how it worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.04,0:07:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as a guard spotted\Nnomadic warriors
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.94,0:07:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he transmitted smoke signals \Nby daylight
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.47,0:07:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or beacon fires at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.98,0:07:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The alarm was communicated along the wall
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.43,0:07:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to guarrisons located in the hinterland.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.36,0:07:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How long is the Han wall?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.55,0:07:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only recently have Chinese experts\Nstarted to find out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.64,0:08:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will join the local\Narchaeological survey team
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.69,0:08:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are taking part\Nin a national survey.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.79,0:08:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to locate and ???\Nof the Han ???
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.09,0:08:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A team is heading out\Ninto the Gobi Desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.37,0:08:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need a whole summer\Njust to measure this section of the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.62,0:08:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At noon, the temperature can climb\Nto over 40 degrees Celsius.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.56,0:08:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today the team is exploring\Na fortification
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.11,0:08:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that lies in the hinterland\Nof the hard wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.43,0:08:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This could have been a garrison\Nfor support troops.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.70,0:08:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today the remais are hardly visible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.96,0:08:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This tower has a name, \Nit is called "Half Tower"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.18,0:08:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obviously because\Nhalf the tower is missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.35,0:08:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The team are here today\Nto locate the fortifications with GPS.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.95,0:09:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I 'm wondering how they are going\Nto measure the height,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.97,0:09:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it is so crumbly,\NI'll ask him.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.23,0:09:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(In Chinese)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.78,0:09:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they don't have to climb up\Nthe tower to measure it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.78,0:09:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a device here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.15,0:09:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A laser rangefinder collects the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.92,0:09:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will be a few years before\Nthe results of the survey are summarized
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.73,0:09:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a figure can be given \Nfor the length of the Han wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.33,0:09:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, from here to the Jade Gate\Nis about 45-50 kilometers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.47,0:09:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are three sections of the wall\Nthat are quite visible
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.26,0:09:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in between\Nthere is virtually nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.60,0:09:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although the archaeologists \Nmay find traces.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.50,0:10:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Young is very reluctant\Nto give a guess estimate
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.29,0:10:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how many kilometers\Nof the Han wall are standing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.91,0:10:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,GPS team leader, Mr. Young,\Nhas given William directions
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.52,0:10:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a place in the desert
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.02,0:10:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the wall has a unique shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.87,0:10:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a 16 kilometer hike
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.56,0:10:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so William is buying provisions\Nfor the trip, at ??? market.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.25,0:10:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, raw meat would not be\Nvery good in the desert.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.33,0:10:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of what he sees doesn't seem\Ntoo useful for a desert track.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.09,0:10:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he finally finds what he needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.97,0:10:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Successful shopping trip, for 1.99 or so,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.12,0:10:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good supply of high-energy foods.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.55,0:11:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmmm... delicious.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.09,0:11:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next morning, at 5 o'clock,\NLindsay sets off for the hike.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.29,0:11:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of satellites...\NIt is 14.4
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.40,0:11:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, it is about 9 miles or more...
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.48,0:11:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is not walking alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.32,0:11:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the desert it would be too dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.62,0:11:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With him is his Chinese friend\NPiao ???
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.39,0:11:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their GPS says they will reach\Nthe unique strip of wall
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.32,0:11:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in five hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.93,0:11:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is cool now, but the sparse vegetation\Nis tender-dry.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.66,0:11:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There has not been any rainfall here\Nfor months.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.12,0:12:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are walking\Nin a featureless landscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.93,0:12:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider a solitary tree over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.15,0:12:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in 1987, I just had a big map\Nof the whole country.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.30,0:12:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, my journey along the Wall
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.37,0:12:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the desert to the sea
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.61,0:12:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.67,0:12:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1,700 miles, not the ideal map\Nfor hiking across desert grassland.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.80,0:12:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is nearly noon \Nand the Sun is burning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.13,0:13:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but finally they arrive at the place\Nthey have been looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.81,0:13:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There it is!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.03,0:13:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We made it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.65,0:13:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah ah! At last!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.23,0:13:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.13,0:13:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brilliant!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.30,0:13:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For William it is already worth the trip\Neven the five hours back .
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.64,0:13:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amazing!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.07,0:13:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, look at that! Fantastic!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.15,0:13:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of all the faces that \Nthe Great Wall of China has
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.74,0:13:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the rarest of them all.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.01,0:13:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This wall is made of wood.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.88,0:13:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has six layers of branches there
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.14,0:13:53.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in between minimal use of the gravel
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.73,0:13:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, I am really glad I have come here today
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.08,0:13:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a well worth a 10-mile track.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.00,0:14:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leaving the Dunhuang region\Nand making his way east
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.71,0:14:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the ancient Silk Road
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.76,0:14:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William is aiming for a town\Ncalled ???
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.30,0:14:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The historic site is five kilometers\Nout of town.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.97,0:14:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the best view is from the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.01,0:14:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A giant castle guarding the Wall
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.75,0:14:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built in 1539 by Jiajing,\Nemperor of the Ming dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.01,0:14:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ming emperor's contempt\Nfor the nomads
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.01,0:14:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reached grotesque proportions
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.31,0:14:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the demand that the character G\Nstanding for barbarians
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.04,0:14:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be written as small as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.76,0:15:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the Han dynasty,\Nother dynasties rose and fell.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.01,0:15:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of them build walls
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.65,0:15:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but none of any significant length.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.15,0:15:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ming emperor Jiajing ascended\Nthe Dragon throne in 1521.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.45,0:15:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He renewed the Han tradition
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.52,0:15:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,established in ancient times
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.70,0:15:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constructing a long wall\Nat the northern border
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.72,0:15:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its westernmost point\Nat the Jaiughuang Pass
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.87,0:15:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jaiughuang translates as \NBarrier to the Pleasant Valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.77,0:15:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Pleasant Valley means China.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.04,0:15:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This gigantic fort is build\Nin the foothills of the Hymalayas.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.00,0:15:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the courtyard the mighty walls\Nform a kind of maze
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.39,0:15:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stop invaders in their tracks.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.18,0:16:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is a wonderful legend\Nabout its construction.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.02,0:16:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To avoid wastage of materials \Nprior to construction of the fortress,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.85,0:16:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the architect was asked\Nto calculate exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.54,0:16:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many bricks were required.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.70,0:16:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He computed 999,999.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.97,0:16:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bricks were delivered\Nthe fortress built
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.25,0:16:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the end, the chief of works \Nconfronted the architect with a brick
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.66,0:16:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "This is wasted".
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.41,0:16:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bur the architect was too smart.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.15,0:16:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "No, I factored that \Ninto the equation.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.89,0:16:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That brick should be placed\Nover the portal
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.93,0:16:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and it will bring all the guards\Nin the fortress
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.10,0:16:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and all of those travelers passing\Nunder these portals good fortune".
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.68,0:16:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six hundred years later \Nthe leftover brick still remains.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.98,0:17:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next to the fort is the starting point\Nof the wall constructed by the Ming.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.48,0:17:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This wall has nothing in common\Nwith the brick and stone wall
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.34,0:17:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,north of Beijing.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.05,0:17:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is made of rammed earth
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.96,0:17:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and although is more than 400 years old
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.40,0:17:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is still in good shape
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.99,0:17:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is still wide enough\Nto walk on.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.20,0:18:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On his walks along the walls
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.01,0:18:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William Lindsay soon learned\Nhe could count on receiving
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.98,0:18:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warm hospitality from the farmers\Nalong the ???.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.25,0:18:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before coming to China \Nmy family and friends
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.92,0:18:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were very concerned in 1987\Ngoing to China,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.62,0:18:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the big communist country\Non the other side of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.41,0:18:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the people going to be friendly
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.63,0:18:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I didn't have a support crew with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.64,0:18:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I depended on farmers.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.36,0:18:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered very early on\Nthe farmers were my great allies
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.75,0:18:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even with very little Chinese \Nbut a lot of sign language and smiling
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.97,0:18:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got what I needed, food, water, shelter.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.07,0:18:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without them I could not\Nhave been successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.73,0:18:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if many of them can't understand
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.96,0:18:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why a foreigner shoud be\Nso interested in the Wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.69,0:18:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For them, this is no monument\Nbut simply a part of their village
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.88,0:18:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one with a perfectly practical use.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.26,0:19:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was asking him why these holes \Nin the Wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.25,0:19:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought they were nests\Nbut in fact, previously,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.36,0:19:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the farmers were right up against the Wall
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.17,0:19:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, there were wooden beams \Ngoing into the Wall
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.34,0:19:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the Great Wall experts,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.11,0:19:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Cultural Heritage Protection\Nauthorities
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.54,0:19:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requested the farmers to destroy\Nthese buildings and move back
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.38,0:19:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to protect the national heritage
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.73,0:19:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to know\Nhow Ming dynasty masons
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.18,0:19:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constructed their wall\Nmore than 400 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.90,0:19:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all you have to do\Nis keep your eyes open.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.34,0:19:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even today Chinese farmers build walls\Nin the same way their ancestors did.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.99,0:19:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tamp the earth in a wooden casing
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.90,0:19:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tamp put layer on layer.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.64,0:19:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They even sing the traditional folk songs\Npassed down from their forefathers.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.05,0:19:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A house is not complete\Nwithout a wall around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.100,0:19:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,says an old Chinese proverbe.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.49,0:20:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My friend Chan is building his wall\Nto enclose this compound
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.26,0:20:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, this is the final piece of work
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.70,0:20:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is embedded in Chinese\Narchitectural tradition
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.87,0:20:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it is a compound\Nor a village or a kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.24,0:20:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It must be enclosed,\Ncompletely safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.97,0:20:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They build most on the main wall\Njust like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.27,0:20:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is a rammed earth wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.90,0:20:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine how many billion thuds\Nit took
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.85,0:21:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The singing is an important part of the work.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.03,0:21:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It keeps all the rammers in step of the beat
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.45,0:21:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, they are all in step\Ngoing along the wall
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.06,0:21:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they get into a rhytm.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.83,0:21:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The actual content...
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.25,0:21:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, I have been in China 23 years
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.31,0:21:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this guy has a really heavy accent.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.76,0:21:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a bit difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.02,0:21:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is definitely a kind of rap.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.28,0:21:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It changes the words
Dialogue: 0,0:21:30.88,0:21:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and occasionally you hear them chuckle,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.97,0:21:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, I think he gets a little digging\Nabout those
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.14,0:21:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are kind of falling\Nbehind in distance
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.43,0:21:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe he can tell by the thirds\Nif someone is answered cheer.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.65,0:21:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This group of about 20 farmers,\Nmostly women,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.64,0:21:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took a day to erect about 27 meters of wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.58,0:22:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know if their ancestors\Ncould have worked better or faster
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.62,0:22:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we do know they would have used \Nthe same materials and tools
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.84,0:22:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except for the tractors carrying the clay
Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.14,0:22:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cell phones.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.70,0:22:52.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On his journey along the walls of China
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.02,0:22:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William Lindsay is walking eastwards
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.45,0:22:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the Hershey corridor\Nand turning north
Dialogue: 0,0:22:57.12,0:22:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the Great Wall of the Ming dynasty
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.20,0:23:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the great loop of the Yellow River,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.16,0:23:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cradle of China's civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.79,0:23:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is always been the gateway \Nfor the nomads to enter China.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.47,0:23:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here though wind and weather \Nhave done their worst
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.55,0:23:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wall and its towers can still\Nbe made up
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.04,0:23:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the crags above the river.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.75,0:23:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ??? and forts were the outposts\Nof this defensive outer wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.45,0:23:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, their use is strictly non-military.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:23.79,0:24:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love staying in the countryside.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.54,0:24:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This building is made\Nof thick blocks of limestone
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.55,0:24:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the roof there is turf.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.80,0:24:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you come here in winter,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:33.63,0:24:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a good method\Nfor keeping you warm.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.68,0:24:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see this?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.93,0:24:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not a bed, it is called the kang,\Nk-a-n-g.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.01,0:24:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they put the fuel here, light it
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.55,0:24:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,— you can do the cooking here —
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.69,0:24:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have got a nice bed for the night.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.03,0:24:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I have got full board and lodging
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.59,0:25:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breakfast on morning\Nand dinner this evening
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.13,0:25:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lunch coming up soon
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.53,0:25:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for less than 10 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.04,0:25:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should apologize for the slurping.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.37,0:25:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is part and parcel of eating in China
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.56,0:25:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considered the sound of an appreciation.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.56,0:25:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ingredients of the lunch\NWilliam is appreciating today
Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.59,0:25:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are also the reason the nomads\Nraided the land of the Yellow River
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.34,0:25:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout the 16th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.44,0:26:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the year 1549, the barbarians\Ncome to plunder.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:23.40,0:26:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the nomadic cavalry ???\Nto a virtual standstill
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.92,0:26:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the new border wall at Chuan Fu.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:30.57,0:26:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wall stands fast
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.34,0:26:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the nomadic troops are unable\Nto capture the Chinese granary.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.73,0:26:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does this mean defeat?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:40.30,0:26:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The barbarians do not give up.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.09,0:26:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a message for the Chinese.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.58,0:26:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They will attack Beijing, the capital.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.68,0:26:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By marching east, the nomad army\Nfinds its way around the wall,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.88,0:26:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus avoiding the Ming emperor's\Nelaborate border fortifications.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.15,0:27:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one had suspected the nomads\Ncould cross the natural barrier,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.89,0:27:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mountain range north of Beijing.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.94,0:27:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in 1550, the nomads did not meet\Nwith any serious opposition
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.34,0:27:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their way south.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.75,0:27:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They terrorized Beijing suburbs\Nfor three days.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.37,0:27:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They demanded trading rights
Dialogue: 0,0:27:27.50,0:27:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving the Forbidden City untouched\Nbefore drawing back to the steppes.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.85,0:27:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a short period of trading,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.65,0:27:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Ming emperor started building\Na wall of stone north of Beijing.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:27:43.06,0:27:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between the 1550s and 1644,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.96,0:27:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it reached a length of at least\N1,200 kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.07,0:27:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Stone Dragon,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.76,0:27:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Chinese Great Wall,\Nas the world knows it today.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.66,0:28:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many people were needed\Nto build it?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.59,0:28:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Official figures are rare
Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.28,0:28:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in some inaccessible sections\Nof the wall
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.89,0:28:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are still stone tablets\Nengraved with texts
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.87,0:28:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could give us that information.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.99,0:28:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am hoping this stone is going\Nto tell me something about
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.65,0:28:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when this wall was built,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.99,0:28:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many people were involved
Dialogue: 0,0:28:30.64,0:28:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mention some place names.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.34,0:28:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From here, the inscription\Nlooks very faint
Dialogue: 0,0:28:34.74,0:28:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we have a ladder,\Nmaster artisan, Mr. Hou
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.07,0:28:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with his simple tools\Nwe are going to copy the stone
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.03,0:28:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and produce a rubbing
Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.83,0:28:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which hopefully will reveal\Nthe full content of the tablet.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.91,0:29:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ancient Chinese copying technique
Dialogue: 0,0:29:03.51,0:29:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starts with gluing a sheet of paper\Nonto the tablet, simply with water.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:10.41,0:29:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is step number one.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.55,0:29:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Step number two, ???
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.74,0:29:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,translates literally as typing characters.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.11,0:29:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, he is using a brush
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.26,0:29:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he is hammering the paper\Ninto the carvings.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.47,0:29:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The higher parts of the paper \Nwill be blackened
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.29,0:29:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the lower parts that have gone\Ninto the characters
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.56,0:30:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any design along the edges
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.79,0:30:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will remain white.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.27,0:30:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After three hours of spounging\Nand drying,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:16.88,0:30:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Ho presents his piece of art.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.85,0:30:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like a blueprint\Nor an old archived document.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:29.76,0:30:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he helps William translate\Nthe ancient Chinese characters.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.14,0:30:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which today hardly anybody can read.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.96,0:30:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This stone is telling us\Nthat two military officials
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.48,0:30:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in charge of 1,100 families,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.27,0:31:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put in the effort to build 250 yards of wall
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.36,0:31:06.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the autumn of 1579.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.02,0:31:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in terms of very simple\Narithmetic productivity,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.85,0:31:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are talking about\Nfour persons per family
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.84,0:31:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,4,500 people working for 8 to 10 weeks\Nin the autumn of 1579
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.56,0:31:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build that.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.57,0:31:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas the tamped earth walls
Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.24,0:31:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were built by untrained serfs or peasants
Dialogue: 0,0:31:31.52,0:31:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this project required special knowledge.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.59,0:31:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hundreds of master builders\Nand skilled engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.53,0:31:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of stone cutters\Nand tens of thousands of masons
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.93,0:31:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were recruited to build the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:45.05,0:31:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another factor led to the costs \Nrising exponentially.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:03.38,0:32:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tamped earth walls were built \Nusing materials available on site.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:08.05,0:32:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The material for the new wall\Nhad to be manufactured before use.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.94,0:32:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Chinese had devised\Na network of brick kilns
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.92,0:32:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,set up near the construction sites.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.27,0:32:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of these sites was found\Nby local farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.94,0:32:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inspected by Professor ???
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.45,0:32:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,curator of the Great Wall Museum\Nin Jiayuguan.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.76,0:32:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, at this location they discovered\Naround 60 brick kilns
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.85,0:32:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its ranks as the best\Nproduction centre of bricks
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.76,0:32:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preserved along the whole length\Nof the Great Wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.05,0:32:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is estimated that each kiln
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.22,0:32:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could fire 5,000 bricks.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:47.41,0:32:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, given that there are 60 kilns\Nin this valley
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.48,0:32:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the production of this center alone
Dialogue: 0,0:32:54.07,0:32:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be equal to 300,000\Nbricks per month,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.59,0:33:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,industrial scale production.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.96,0:33:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mass production is one thing
Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.22,0:33:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is a different matter\Nto transport the product
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.86,0:33:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to where it is needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:12.85,0:33:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Logistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:18.35,0:33:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, key question, \Nvery interesting question is
Dialogue: 0,0:33:20.88,0:33:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how did they move all the bricks up there?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.44,0:33:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, there is almost no historical record\Nto answer this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.29,0:33:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Professor Huang has his theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.16,0:33:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People may have carried a few bricks\Non their backs, like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.83,0:33:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also it has been suggested\Na herd of goats could have carried
Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.02,0:33:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of bricks up there\Nquite effectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.51,0:33:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two bricks on the back of the goats
Dialogue: 0,0:33:56.44,0:33:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the bricks were joined together\Nwith rope,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.73,0:34:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, the goat is quite balanced\Nas it is moving up the mountain.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.45,0:34:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even without bricks on your back\Nit is a hard slog up to the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.63,0:34:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is worth it.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:15.46,0:34:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hardly any tourists makeit\Nto this isolated section.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:31.86,0:34:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time I come up here \Non these trails
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.55,0:34:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,??? the builders,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.71,0:34:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had so ???\Nall of these building materials up here,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.61,0:34:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these blocks,\Nall of these bricks.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.20,0:34:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sometimes bizarre roots\Ntaken by this wall
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.76,0:34:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has led many experts to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.52,0:34:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that more than\Njust defensive considerations
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.79,0:34:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were in play here.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:57.54,0:35:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For generations, the Chinese\Nhad followed the practice
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.60,0:35:04.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Feng Shui, the teachings\Nof wind and water.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:06.02,0:35:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feng Shui experts were\N^probably consulted and obeyed
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.37,0:35:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the building of the wall
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.13,0:35:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure that the forces of nature\Nwould work in its favor.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:19.76,0:35:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spending his days alone on the wall
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.01,0:35:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lindsay imagines how the soldiers\Nmust have suffered here,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.79,0:35:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cut off from the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.19,0:35:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enduring winds and foul weather,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.22,0:35:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,squeezed into bare and cramped quarters
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.98,0:35:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for months on end.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.39,0:35:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, this wall is a monument
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.77,0:35:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the close world view\Nof the Ming Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.67,0:36:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It circumscribed their universe
Dialogue: 0,0:36:01.86,0:36:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and excluded everything ???
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.42,0:36:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often scratching around in this rubble
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.46,0:36:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can find bits of pottery.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.60,0:36:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not sure if this stone is...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:17.65,0:36:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interesting, maybe a griff on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.96,0:36:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might be...
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.20,0:36:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah!
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.45,0:36:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a stone bomb
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.11,0:36:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would have been packed\Nwith gunpowder
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.25,0:36:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mud seal
Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.24,0:36:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fuse,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.02,0:37:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the trowels were packed with these
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.92,0:37:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe 50 or 100
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.58,0:37:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be lobbed off the wall
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.50,0:37:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the tower was attacked.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.30,0:37:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is a really good find.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.08,0:37:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,320 km further east, we find\Nanother example of living history
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.13,0:37:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is John Ho Chan.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.86,0:37:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His ancestors built a wall here\N440 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.24,0:37:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Close by, towers have other family names
Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.76,0:37:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Chang Tower\Nor the Wang Tower
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.35,0:37:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the Lo Tower.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:47.81,0:37:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we have the family history\Nof the Great Wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.22,0:37:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still living on 440 years \Nafter it was built.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.99,0:38:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even today, they still worship\Ntheir ancestors
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.58,0:38:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by celebrating ancient festivals.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.23,0:38:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other '??? was ???
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.01,0:38:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she should be quite nice,\Nfresh pork.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.09,0:38:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would have been a rare moment\Nof relaxation and abundance in a hard life.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:33.86,0:38:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the oldest member of his family,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:35.53,0:38:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr. Jam makes the sacrifice \Nto his ancestors
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.04,0:38:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and burns incense sticks.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:57.92,0:39:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the living generations\Nof the Jang family bow to the dead
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.61,0:39:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to their own great history
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.93,0:39:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The village families had to look after\Nand feed the soldiers in the towers.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.15,0:39:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their takeaway food service\Nsurvives to this day.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.98,0:39:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jang the farmer, down in the village\Nprepared some delicacies for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.75,0:39:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, munch on up here\Nafter my hike.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.70,0:39:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is amazing to think\Nthat 400 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.35,0:39:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guards garrisoned up on the wall\Nwould be sent this
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.73,0:39:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the families.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.54,0:39:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a loaf, it is a kind of pastry
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.25,0:39:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kept fresh in one\Nof these large oak leaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.22,0:40:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the leaf prints\Non the pastry.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:04.17,0:40:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have a taste.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:09.14,0:40:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmm... Full of trives.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:13.50,0:40:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kind a Chinese hamburger,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:15.67,0:40:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the original Chinese takeaway
Dialogue: 0,0:40:19.59,0:40:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those up on the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.18,0:40:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1644, just short of a hundred years\Nof construction
Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.14,0:40:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most impressive defense wall\Never made by men, was finished.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.62,0:40:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, it was not\None single Great Wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.67,0:40:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comprised a system of several\Ndefense lines
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.84,0:40:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the mountains to the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.81,0:40:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2009, after a national survey\Nof the Ming Wall
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.06,0:41:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chinese officials announced\Nthat the total length is 8,850 kilometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.14,0:41:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the end at ???
Dialogue: 0,0:41:07.42,0:41:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning Mountain Sea ???
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.27,0:41:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Chinese liken the Great Ming Wall\Nto a dragon sneaking across their land
Dialogue: 0,0:41:20.02,0:41:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here it comes to a geographical end\Nat the dragon's head
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.40,0:41:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Yellow Sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.29,0:41:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not far from this location, in 1644,\Nthe commander of Shanghai Guang
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.47,0:41:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,faced his biggest challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:41:33.65,0:41:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an event which led to the end\Nof the Great Wall functioning
Dialogue: 0,0:41:38.19,0:41:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a national defense.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.32,0:41:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Professor Huan is taking William\Nto the gates of walls
Dialogue: 0,0:41:46.18,0:41:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the outskirts of Shanghaiguan.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.41,0:41:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the place where the Great Wall\Nstory came to an end.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.91,0:41:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The construction of the Great Wall
Dialogue: 0,0:41:56.70,0:41:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to the financial\Nand strategic collapse
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.02,0:42:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Ming dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:00.75,0:42:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Revolts broke out everywhere\Nin the Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.27,0:42:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An army of rebel peasants \Nmarched on Beijing
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.73,0:42:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they toppled the emperor.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.72,0:42:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then on to Shanghaiguan\Nthe last stronghold of the Ming Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.44,0:42:15.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a mighty army had risen \Nfrom the steppes
Dialogue: 0,0:42:15.78,0:42:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heading for the Middle Kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.45,0:42:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Manchus.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:20.00,0:42:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Caught in between, ???
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.55,0:42:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was the general in command\Nof the fortress at Shanghaiguam
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.23,0:42:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now he was under siege.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.06,0:42:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What could he do?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.22,0:42:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a powerful garrison.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.07,0:42:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But was it powerful enough\Nto fight off attackers on two fronts?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.88,0:42:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Professor Huang tells William Lindsay
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.50,0:42:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the solution he found.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:52.93,0:42:55.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trapped between two enemies,\Ncommander ???
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.80,0:42:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knew he could not defeat them both
Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.44,0:42:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, he came up with a plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.91,0:43:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to offer an alliance treaty \Nwith the Manchus in the north
Dialogue: 0,0:43:03.91,0:43:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the two armies joined\Nand confronted the peasant rebel army
Dialogue: 0,0:43:09.42,0:43:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they defeated them,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.02,0:43:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A wall is only as strong\Nas the men who guard it,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.06,0:43:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genghis Khan is supposed \Nto have said,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.24,0:43:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his successes from the steppes
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.11,0:43:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Manchus would have agreed with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.30,0:43:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80,000 Manchu soldiers\Npassed through this gate.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.56,0:43:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and answered the heartland of China
Dialogue: 0,0:43:29.78,0:43:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Manchus founded a new dynasty
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.90,0:43:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in effect ruled\Nover the Middle Kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:43:34.10,0:43:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until 1912.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:38.06,0:43:41.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They called themselves Xing,\Nmeaning "the Pure".
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.08,0:43:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Great Wall was of no use anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.30,0:43:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But its story did not come to an end,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.33,0:43:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even today nobody knows how long\Nall the great walls of China really are.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:00.45,0:44:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are still many more walls \Nand stories to be discovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.22,0:44:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And William Lindsay will not stop\Nwalking the Great Wall
Dialogue: 0,0:44:09.15,0:44:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until he knows them all.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.56,0:44:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think in future
Dialogue: 0,0:44:13.33,0:44:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so many people will be organized\Nin such a methodical way
Dialogue: 0,0:44:17.91,0:44:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create something that\Nwas not just history
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.05,0:44:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that not just fell apart
Dialogue: 0,0:44:23.00,0:44:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is left as part of the geography\Nof China and the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:27.95,0:44:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly in future,\Nthere are goint to be new wonders,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:31.07,0:44:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communications, longer life,\Nexploring planets,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:35.30,0:44:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in terms of blood, sweat and tears
Dialogue: 0,0:44:39.38,0:44:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Great Wall of China\NI think is the ultimate
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.37,0:44:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is why I am continuing\Nto understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.94,0:47:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:34.86,0:49:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:27.24,0:54:32.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into companies\Nof about 250 men each.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:33.70,0:54:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are going to build\Nfor him 70 towers in that year.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:41.34,0:54:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that each company has to\Nbuild one tower every five days.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:46.50,0:54:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These men have got to work\Nday and night
Dialogue: 0,0:54:50.54,0:54:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without stopping\Nfor the entire year.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:54.90,0:54:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Qi had the great advantage\Nof using the troops that he had
Dialogue: 0,0:54:59.54,0:55:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disciplined, trained himself,\Nand brought them up.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:04.04,0:55:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he could rely\Non their competitiveness
Dialogue: 0,0:55:08.26,0:55:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build the wall within the time\Nlimit that the court had given him.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:16.54,0:55:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Great Wall project\Nis more ambitious
Dialogue: 0,0:55:19.12,0:55:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than anything the Ming Empire\Nhas ever undertaken.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:27.02,0:55:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the late 1570s, it is consuming\Nmore than three quarters
Dialogue: 0,0:55:31.10,0:55:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the government's income.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:39.00,0:55:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is another cost that\Ndoesn't appear in the accounts -
Dialogue: 0,0:55:43.94,0:55:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:47.70,0:55:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were, you know, far from\Ntheir families, they were just
Dialogue: 0,0:55:51.14,0:55:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working together as an entire unit.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:53.22,0:55:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It must have been extremely hard,\Nextremely difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:57.06,0:56:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very, very heavy work\Nand exhausting beyond speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:03.04,0:56:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pressure is on Qi to deliver.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:06.06,0:56:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the one force he knows he can\Nkeep driving as hard as he needs
Dialogue: 0,0:56:09.34,0:56:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is his own army.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:21.46,0:56:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:25.48,0:56:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Malnutrition, exhaustion and\Ndisease take their inevitable toll.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:32.58,0:56:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for those who die far from home,\Nfellow workers become family...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:40.26,0:56:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..scattering token money\Nto pay for a friend's passage\Nto the next world...
Dialogue: 0,0:56:48.26,0:56:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..to rest at last.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:57.38,0:57:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We buried Fong today.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:00.54,0:57:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He was from the south,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:02.94,0:57:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"like me.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:13.22,0:57:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He had a family...
Dialogue: 0,0:57:16.66,0:57:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"..somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:20.78,0:57:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My love,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:23.26,0:57:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"we're so hungry and\Nexhausted all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:28.22,0:57:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I sometimes think\Ndeath would be a relief.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:34.70,0:57:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But that would be a betrayal of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:40.30,0:57:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"So I carry on for your sake.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:46.04,0:57:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I've heard they'll make us\Nstay and serve
Dialogue: 0,0:57:48.70,0:57:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"on the wall when it is finished,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:51.26,0:57:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"so even if I survive\Nbuilding the damn thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:54.98,0:57:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I may have to stay and defend it."
Dialogue: 0,0:58:06.06,0:58:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For centuries,\Nworkers like Geng Zhou have been
Dialogue: 0,0:58:09.02,0:58:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the forgotten heroes of the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:14.98,0:58:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who they were and where they came\Nfrom has rarely been recorded.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:22.62,0:58:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Histories of these men have\Nbeen almost totally unknown -
Dialogue: 0,0:58:27.50,0:58:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until now.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:39.30,0:58:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wang Tao is an archaeologist\Nfrom London University,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:43.70,0:58:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used to digging in the ground\Nfor evidence of the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:48.94,0:58:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Great Wall,\Nhe faces a challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:56.48,0:59:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most revealing insights are\Nfound not so much in the bricks
Dialogue: 0,0:59:00.46,0:59:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in the descendants of\Nthe people who laid them.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:03.50,0:59:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is what\Nhe has come to find.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:09.02,0:59:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Outside a village to the east\Nof Beijing called Dongjiakou,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:13.34,0:59:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he takes a tour with local\Nhistorian, Zhang Heshan.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:26.06,0:59:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zhang takes Tao on a climb\N1,000 metres up
Dialogue: 0,0:59:29.74,0:59:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 500 years back to the heart\Nof the wall-building project.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:34.90,0:59:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The past here lives because of\Nthe efforts of men like Zhang.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:40.08,0:59:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40 years ago, he discovered\Nthe building records of each tower
Dialogue: 0,0:59:44.30,0:59:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carved on stone stele inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:49.26,0:59:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stones themselves were removed\Nduring the Cultural Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:53.90,0:59:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not before\NZhang had made copies.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:55.90,0:59:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(SPEAKING CHINESE)
Dialogue: 0,1:00:01.78,1:00:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important stone stele\Nwas placed in one of these, uh,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:07.98,1:00:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towers just over there.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:09.74,1:00:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the names of all the important\Nofficials who are involved in this
Dialogue: 0,1:00:14.78,1:00:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,construction are recorded here,\Nincluding General Qi Jiguang.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:19.78,1:00:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the back, there are all\Nthe names of the ordinary workers -
Dialogue: 0,1:00:25.66,1:00:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,builders, carpenters,\Nall related to the re-construction.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:31.02,1:00:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their descendents may actually\Nlive in the local village,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:35.14,1:00:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become a part of the local history.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:43.62,1:00:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The end of the climb is\Nwhat Zhang is most proud of
Dialogue: 0,1:00:46.26,1:00:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what makes this section\Nof wall unique.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:50.78,1:00:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every single tower\Nin the district is named
Dialogue: 0,1:00:53.02,1:00:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after a family in the village.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:01.62,1:01:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(SPEAKING CHINESE)
Dialogue: 0,1:01:06.08,1:01:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr Zhang is saying this is called\Nthe Zhang family tower,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:10.70,1:01:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's constructed by\NGeneral Qi Jiguang.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.22,1:01:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(SPEAKING CHINESE)
Dialogue: 0,1:01:18.10,1:01:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He recruited about 9,000 soldiers\Nfrom the south,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:22.22,1:01:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Zhejiang, Yiwu.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:25.22,1:01:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Mr Zhang's ancestor
Dialogue: 0,1:01:27.30,1:01:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was among those 9,000 soldiers.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:30.46,1:01:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why this one is called\Nthe Zhang family tower.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:34.78,1:01:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(SPEAKING CHINESE)
Dialogue: 0,1:01:45.34,1:01:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The actual lives of the soldiers\Ncan only now be reached through
Dialogue: 0,1:01:48.94,1:01:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the folk-memory of the villagers.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:53.38,1:01:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because every village name has\Na tower and a history to go with it,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:57.66,1:02:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zhang has started recording the\Noral history of the entire village,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:01.82,1:02:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one family at a time.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:05.66,1:02:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Starting with Mr Loa Jianhua.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:09.06,1:02:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's interesting is that Mr Loa's
Dialogue: 0,1:02:12.54,1:02:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great great grandfather's\Ntomb is still there,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:15.74,1:02:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very close to the wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:18.34,1:02:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that can go back\Nto the Ming Dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:21.90,1:02:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have about almost\Nover 20 generations
Dialogue: 0,1:02:25.94,1:02:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all lived in this village.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:27.74,1:02:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they've all come here, they\Nwere southerners and they actually,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:32.74,1:02:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn't mix up with\Nthe northerners, the locals.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:38.00,1:02:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a story they were talking about\Nwas that one year,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:42.30,1:02:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a famine and no food,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:45.94,1:02:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the locals were coming to\Nthe wall to the Zhang family tower
Dialogue: 0,1:02:51.54,1:02:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Loa family tower.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:53.32,1:02:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were all kind of fighting over,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:54.94,1:02:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically it's fighting over\Nvery little food to survive.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:01.30,1:03:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can probably imagine\Nthat many people probably would die.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:12.08,1:03:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For any monumental project,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:14.74,1:03:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,team discipline is vital.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:18.62,1:03:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it breaks down,\Nfor whatever reason,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:24.46,1:03:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it must be seen to be restored.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:33.06,1:03:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Examples, however painful,\Nmust be set...
Dialogue: 0,1:03:37.10,1:03:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Faster!
Dialogue: 0,1:03:43.50,1:03:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..for the good of the wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:45.30,1:03:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Get them on their knees!
Dialogue: 0,1:03:48.82,1:03:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heads down!
Dialogue: 0,1:03:51.54,1:03:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Draw your swords!
Dialogue: 0,1:04:02.08,1:04:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on here?\NWhy have you stopped working?
Dialogue: 0,1:04:08.22,1:04:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put down your swords!
Dialogue: 0,1:04:12.18,1:04:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sir.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:13.98,1:04:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a fight. We're making\Nan example of the ringleaders.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:17.70,1:04:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But don't worry, sir.\NWe'll make up the lost time.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:20.38,1:04:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That depends on how many times\Nyou have to do this, doesn't it?
Dialogue: 0,1:04:25.66,1:04:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Haven't you enough to do,\Nwithout fighting?
Dialogue: 0,1:04:29.98,1:04:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You!
Dialogue: 0,1:04:33.38,1:04:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's your excuse?
Dialogue: 0,1:04:34.98,1:04:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We haven't got enough\Nfood to go around.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:38.22,1:04:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are worked to death\Nand treated like slaves!
Dialogue: 0,1:04:42.38,1:04:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that what we are?
Dialogue: 0,1:04:45.94,1:04:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:49.06,1:04:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are my soldiers, paid workers.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:52.02,1:04:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of you!
Dialogue: 0,1:04:55.94,1:04:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We only get half what we're owed
Dialogue: 0,1:04:57.86,1:05:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's the point of money\Nwhen you're dead?
Dialogue: 0,1:05:00.54,1:05:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You are working to\Nprotect the Empire!
Dialogue: 0,1:05:04.40,1:05:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, there are hardships.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:06.46,1:05:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as a soldier,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:09.10,1:05:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am prepared to sacrifice myself,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:12.82,1:05:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my life,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:14.46,1:05:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect my home and my people!
Dialogue: 0,1:05:19.38,1:05:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those of you who have\Nfought with me,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:21.34,1:05:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know that!
Dialogue: 0,1:05:23.62,1:05:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know what it means...
Dialogue: 0,1:05:25.74,1:05:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is not a man here\Nwho would not die to protect\Nour families and our homes!
Dialogue: 0,1:05:30.02,1:05:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they are a thousand miles away.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:35.02,1:05:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All we see is bricks and stones.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:39.98,1:05:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not a battlefield.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:43.22,1:05:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not even our home!
Dialogue: 0,1:05:46.02,1:05:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just one long headstone\Nfor a million graves!
Dialogue: 0,1:05:54.06,1:05:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On his knees!
Dialogue: 0,1:05:56.82,1:05:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bring out your swords!
Dialogue: 0,1:05:58.98,1:06:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sir, on your command.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:15.78,1:06:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'The wall will not build itself.'
Dialogue: 0,1:06:33.06,1:06:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'And it will not defend\Nitself either.'
Dialogue: 0,1:06:50.36,1:06:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Send them back to work.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:54.86,1:06:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And get them some food\Nfrom somewhere.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:56.82,1:07:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't care where. Ya!
Dialogue: 0,1:07:02.70,1:07:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put down your swords!
Dialogue: 0,1:07:08.02,1:07:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Set them free.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:13.46,1:07:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Qi's new design was,\Nin a way, revolutionary.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:18.30,1:07:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It used a new structural form.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:23.10,1:07:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Qi realised that without the men
Dialogue: 0,1:07:27.46,1:07:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build it, and to exploit its\Npotential, it was absolutely nothing.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:38.18,1:07:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Qi issues orders for soldiers'\Nfamilies to be allowed to join them
Dialogue: 0,1:07:42.34,1:07:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and settle along the length\Nof the Great Wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:51.40,1:07:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having once turned farmers into\Nsoldiers, he returns those soldiers
Dialogue: 0,1:07:55.74,1:07:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the land to live,\Nbuild and fight for their homes.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:05.08,1:08:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact the men like Mr Loa\Nare here shows the policy worked.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:10.22,1:08:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as Wang Tao discovers,\Nits success
Dialogue: 0,1:08:12.54,1:08:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,owed much to the resilience\Nand fortitude of the men themselves.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:20.98,1:08:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At Dongjiakou,\Nstarvation had threatened
Dialogue: 0,1:08:23.22,1:08:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lives of the soldiers,\Nand the future of the project,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:28.22,1:08:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until Mr Loa's ancestor\Nsaw a solution.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:31.50,1:08:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(SPEAKING CHINESE)
Dialogue: 0,1:08:36.46,1:08:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When his ancestor first arrived here,\Nthere was a food shortage
Dialogue: 0,1:08:42.06,1:08:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people were fighting over\Na very little bit of food.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:46.42,1:08:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they discovered\Nthe apricot trees.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:51.42,1:08:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mr Loa's ancestor and other soldiers\Nbegan to gather the wild apricots
Dialogue: 0,1:08:58.42,1:09:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for food, and later on,\Nthey decided they would plant them
Dialogue: 0,1:09:02.30,1:09:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they gathered loads of them and\Nthey planted them all along the wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:05.86,1:09:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so as you can see now,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:07.62,1:09:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole landscape and the whole\Nmountain is full of apricot trees.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:12.40,1:09:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for Mr Lao's ancestor,\Nthe gesture he inspired not only
Dialogue: 0,1:09:16.50,1:09:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,averted starvation,\Nbut ensured the Loa family
Dialogue: 0,1:09:20.42,1:09:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be here for centuries to come.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:24.46,1:09:28.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The grave of Loa's ancestor lies\Ndirectly beneath the family tower...
Dialogue: 0,1:09:30.86,1:09:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..its inscription barely visible\Nafter 500 years.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:36.02,1:09:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for Wang Tao, it's a chance to\Nconnect with an actual wall builder.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:41.78,1:09:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is extraordinary, it's\NMr Loa's family or ancestral tomb.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:47.30,1:09:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the title here,\Nit actually says,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:51.34,1:09:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the important or highly important\Nancestor, Lord Loa was buried here".
Dialogue: 0,1:09:59.50,1:10:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And obviously Mr Loa, his ancestor,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:04.18,1:10:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the garrison commander\Nof this tower.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:07.06,1:10:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why it's called\Nthe Loa family tower.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:10.46,1:10:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a family, personal story,\Nwhich I have never known, and now,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:16.82,1:10:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standing together with Mr Loa,\Nthe descendent of the soldier Loa,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:21.02,1:10:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to the Loa family tower,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:23.34,1:10:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's just bring me\Nreally back to the whole history
Dialogue: 0,1:10:28.46,1:10:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the people who\Nkind of, as part of the wall...
Dialogue: 0,1:10:32.30,1:10:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I feel a kind of...
Dialogue: 0,1:10:33.94,1:10:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm becoming part of this as well.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:39.42,1:10:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, the entire Loa family comes\Nto honour their illustrious ancestor
Dialogue: 0,1:10:43.74,1:10:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with offerings for his spirit...
Dialogue: 0,1:10:57.14,1:11:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and to plant, in his memory,\Na single apricot tree.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:04.70,1:11:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A memorial to one soldier\Nwho helped build the Great Wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:24.04,1:11:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1575, the first sections of\NQi Jiguang's wall are complete.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:31.54,1:11:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hs dream is becoming a solid\Nand impregnable reality.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:50.00,1:11:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On it stands an army he has\Ntrained to exploit its strength...
Dialogue: 0,1:11:55.40,1:11:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..an army now 20,000-strong...
Dialogue: 0,1:12:00.08,1:12:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..devoted to him.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:15.02,1:12:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The young soldier who once\Ndreamed of serving the Empire
Dialogue: 0,1:12:20.04,1:12:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has now created its ultimate\Ndefence system.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:29.70,1:12:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only is it the most ambitious,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:32.78,1:12:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is also the most expensive\Nproject of the age.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:38.94,1:12:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with the hopes of an entire\Ndynasty riding on its success,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:44.06,1:12:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had better work.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:56.36,1:12:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the mid 1570s,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:58.72,1:13:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Great Wall is advancing at a\Nrate of a new tower every five days.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:08.24,1:13:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet Qi Jiguang knows it will be\Ntested by Mongol attack
Dialogue: 0,1:13:11.40,1:13:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long before it is complete.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:17.50,1:13:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Beijing archives\Nis a remarkable set of maps,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:21.48,1:13:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing how Qi's Great Wall\Ndefences were designed to work.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:30.32,1:13:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Out to the far northwest,\Nyou see a pass
Dialogue: 0,1:13:35.36,1:13:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between two mountains
Dialogue: 0,1:13:37.76,1:13:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through which the Mongols\Nwould normally trade or raid.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:44.04,1:13:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you have a series of\Noutward observation points.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:49.90,1:13:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you have a series of\Nbeacon towers, signal towers,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:55.44,1:13:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're on the top of a\Nrange of hills.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:58.28,1:14:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you have the Great Wall\Nwith all the forts.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:04.92,1:14:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, behind that,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:06.64,1:14:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the headquarters of the various\Nbrigades of Qi's soldiers.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:15.28,1:14:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there was an attack, they\Nwould march out to the Great Wall
Dialogue: 0,1:14:19.12,1:14:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to defend it, or even go further.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:28.96,1:14:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what Qi was able to develop\Nwas a very complex system.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:35.20,1:14:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wall functioned\Nin different ways.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:40.60,1:14:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the men had to\Nhave an understanding
Dialogue: 0,1:14:44.92,1:14:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their function\Nin the total system.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:49.96,1:14:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guangzhou is now part of Qi's\Ndefence line
Dialogue: 0,1:14:54.28,1:14:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an observation unit\Nin front of the wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:00.16,1:15:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of Qi's greatest innovations\Nis to introduce cannons,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:03.92,1:15:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,copied from Western models\Nand now manufactured in China,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:07.76,1:15:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an integral part of wall defence.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:10.98,1:15:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The unit's job is to\Nintercept and slow any attack
Dialogue: 0,1:15:15.36,1:15:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while at the same time\Nalerting the wall defences.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:20.52,1:15:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No-one knows how well\Nthis new system will work.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:26.28,1:15:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But on this March day in 1575,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:30.32,1:15:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the perfect opportunity to find out\Nmaterialises from out of the steppe.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:51.94,1:15:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're coming!
Dialogue: 0,1:15:54.08,1:15:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Get yourselves organised!
Dialogue: 0,1:16:07.74,1:16:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While Mongol raiders\Ncharge towards the outer defences,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:12.44,1:16:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the wall, the alarm signal\Ntriggers a well-rehearsed response.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:24.06,1:16:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men and cannons are\Nmobilised in minutes.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:40.52,1:16:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fire now!
Dialogue: 0,1:17:00.72,1:17:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The job of advanced units\Nis to try to slow the attack.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:07.52,1:17:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Mongols keep their eyes\Non a bigger prize -
Dialogue: 0,1:17:11.28,1:17:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,settlements around the\Ntown of Dongjiakou...
Dialogue: 0,1:17:16.84,1:17:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..where Qi Jiguang himself\Nhappens to be stationed.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:20.96,1:17:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside the wall, the warning system\Nhas alerted the main garrison,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:25.24,1:17:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a counter force is mobilised.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:27.98,1:17:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the moment of truth,\Nfor Qi and the wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:44.98,1:17:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether the attacking force\Nmight try to scale the wall
Dialogue: 0,1:17:48.48,1:17:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or break through\Nthe unfinished sections,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:51.74,1:17:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no-one will ever know.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:59.44,1:18:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The historical records\Nrecount that Qi's force
Dialogue: 0,1:18:02.12,1:18:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was able to meet the invaders\Nbeyond the wall...
Dialogue: 0,1:18:06.96,1:18:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..where his superior forces\Ncould be made to count.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:49.06,1:18:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The history also recounts\NMongol prisoners are taken,
Dialogue: 0,1:18:53.40,1:18:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the brother of\NMongol leader, Chang Ang.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:17.96,1:19:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The battle of Dongjiakou is won
Dialogue: 0,1:19:20.90,1:19:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is a defining moment\Nfor Qi Jiguang.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:24.72,1:19:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has proved that his Great Wall\Nsystem works,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:28.64,1:19:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with him at its head,\Ninspiring the victory.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:42.48,1:19:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At court, those who have\Ncriticised his project are silenced,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:46.44,1:19:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least for now,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:49.72,1:19:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the wall is declared a success.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:57.64,1:20:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For his personal heroics, Qi is\Nrewarded with two kilos of silver
Dialogue: 0,1:20:03.04,1:20:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the personal gratitude\Nof the Emperor.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:07.20,1:20:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an encouraging start...
Dialogue: 0,1:20:13.52,1:20:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..but Qi Jiguang\Nis looking to the future.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:20.96,1:20:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When his wall is finally complete,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:23.84,1:20:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he will be the\Ngate-keeper of the north...
Dialogue: 0,1:20:30.32,1:20:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and potentially more than\Njust another general.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:39.64,1:20:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few days after the battle,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:41.48,1:20:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a chance to play the role of\Nstatesman appears,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:45.12,1:20:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the shape of\NMongol leader Chang Ang,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:48.68,1:20:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,returning to the wall to bargain\Nfor the release of his brother.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:54.20,1:20:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is he still alive?
Dialogue: 0,1:20:57.96,1:21:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:21.68,1:21:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I were to make an offering\Nto secure my brother,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:25.96,1:21:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is the man I must make it to?
Dialogue: 0,1:21:28.54,1:21:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it the Emperor,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:31.04,1:21:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through you?
Dialogue: 0,1:21:34.36,1:21:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or is it you?
Dialogue: 0,1:21:38.36,1:21:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's me.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:43.60,1:21:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does it cost\Nto get my brother back?
Dialogue: 0,1:21:46.76,1:21:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brother can go free
Dialogue: 0,1:21:50.04,1:21:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we can be free of you.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:54.04,1:21:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can guarantee that we will\Nno longer have to pursue you
Dialogue: 0,1:21:58.44,1:22:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and run you down,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:00.80,1:22:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then yes, you can have him.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:28.84,1:22:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite their agreement, the\Nsame tribe will renege on its deal
Dialogue: 0,1:22:32.76,1:22:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and attack again. But again\Nthe wall will defeat them.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:44.78,1:22:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unbreakable,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:46.16,1:22:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its brooding power sends\Na clear and unmistakable message
Dialogue: 0,1:22:51.20,1:22:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Ming empire\Ncan and will defend itself.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:05.76,1:23:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over time, the growing security\Nbrings something new to the border.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:13.40,1:23:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first signs of peace.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:20.96,1:23:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On some of the towers in Dongjiakou,\Nthere are the unmistakable marks
Dialogue: 0,1:23:24.84,1:23:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of domesticity...
Dialogue: 0,1:23:28.32,1:23:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..clear evidence that some soldiers\Nhad the time and inclination
Dialogue: 0,1:23:32.04,1:23:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to decorate their homes.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:35.64,1:23:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps, as Wang Tao believes,\Nunder the influence of their wives.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:41.08,1:23:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I came here, I thought these\Ntowers were just military towers.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:45.96,1:23:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I came here and visited\Nthese towers, I feel it's home.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:50.80,1:23:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, it has its function\Nas a military device,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:53.84,1:23:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you look, both sides of the\Nwall, you actually see, no, it's not.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:59.16,1:24:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually very much a part of\Npeople's life and home life.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:04.04,1:24:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because when you look down the cliff,\Nyou're looking out on fields,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:08.32,1:24:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you see a wife with young kids,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:10.08,1:24:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we can see, in Chinese\Nhistory, it happens all the time,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:15.16,1:24:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people being uprooted, re-rooted,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:18.72,1:24:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think the Great Wall\Nhas re-rooted so many people
Dialogue: 0,1:24:22.40,1:24:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has created\Na new life for so many people.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:44.88,1:24:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Geng Zhou is now a senior member\Nof Qi's garrison
Dialogue: 0,1:24:47.96,1:24:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has settled his family\Nin the village below the wall,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:51.68,1:24:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now part of a new and growing\Nfrontier population.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:05.96,1:25:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In what was once only\Na conflict zone, inhabited\Nby raiders and soldiers,
Dialogue: 0,1:25:10.12,1:25:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agriculture thrives\Nand the population grows.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:14.88,1:25:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The peace dividend\Nof the Great Wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:24.28,1:25:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gives Qi the confidence\Nto demand the funds
Dialogue: 0,1:25:26.76,1:25:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to finish his great project.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:33.94,1:25:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far, only 1,200 of his planned\N3,000 towers have been built.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:41.98,1:25:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wall will only continue\Nto work, he warns the court,
Dialogue: 0,1:25:45.72,1:25:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if he is allowed to complete it.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:50.68,1:25:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, in Beijing, the cost\Nis already ringing alarm bells.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:56.88,1:26:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So far, 1,200 towers\Nand 1,000 kilometres of wall
Dialogue: 0,1:26:01.48,1:26:04.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have consumed 550 tonnes of silver,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:05.00,1:26:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two-and-a-half times the treasury's\Nincome for the last decade.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:10.36,1:26:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For many, it is proof that Qi's\Nproject was always over ambitious.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:17.42,1:26:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, Qi had,\Nin a sense, solved the problem.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:21.96,1:26:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still, when it's successful
Dialogue: 0,1:26:24.24,1:26:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can keep the peace for\N15 years, then people start to say,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:28.14,1:26:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, why are we wasting\Nso much time, money and effort
Dialogue: 0,1:26:32.72,1:26:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"against what is\Nessentially a nuisance?"
Dialogue: 0,1:26:35.84,1:26:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe just a few raids by Mongols.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:40.04,1:26:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, that was not going\Nto be too problematic.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:45.20,1:26:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oblivious to the court's concerns,\NQi looks ahead to the next phase.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:52.00,1:26:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He turns once more to the man\Nwho has always supported him,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:55.56,1:26:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has always pulled the strings\Nin court to provide him with funds -
Dialogue: 0,1:26:59.60,1:27:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grand secretary Zhang Juzheng.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:03.68,1:27:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the more Qi demands from Zhang\Nand the more Zhang tries to give him,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:07.84,1:27:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more their power is\Nseen by the court as a threat.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:15.52,1:27:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Qi and Zhang Juzheng\Nhad their enemies at court.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:20.84,1:27:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were just simply waiting,\Nbiding their time.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:25.76,1:27:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at last that time has come.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:29.24,1:27:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a new emperor on the throne
Dialogue: 0,1:27:31.36,1:27:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who listens to\Nthese new councillors.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:34.36,1:27:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The great danger, as was always the\Ndanger throughout Chinese history,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:40.08,1:27:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was if a powerful courtier linked\Nwith an equally powerful general.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:47.36,1:27:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Chinese, that was the military\Nand the civil getting together.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:51.44,1:27:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what always\Nbrought down a dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:00.20,1:28:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Looking for ammunition to\Ndestroy the Qi - Zhang alliance,
Dialogue: 0,1:28:04.80,1:28:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their enemies find it,\Nin the Great Wall financial records.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:13.80,1:28:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great secretary.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:15.16,1:28:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope you're not going to\Nask for more money.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:18.92,1:28:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't help you.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:21.52,1:28:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know what\Nthey're saying about me?
Dialogue: 0,1:28:25.88,1:28:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Grand secretary Zhang\Nhas cheated the imperial person.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:30.46,1:28:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He has plagued the population\Nwith taxes,
Dialogue: 0,1:28:33.00,1:28:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"accepted bribes, sold government\Noffices and advanced his henchmen!"
Dialogue: 0,1:28:40.64,1:28:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's you, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:41.92,1:28:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What did they say about me?
Dialogue: 0,1:28:44.08,1:28:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Majesty, those henchmen\Npreserve the Empire
Dialogue: 0,1:28:48.96,1:28:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and your imperial person\Nin continued safety."
Dialogue: 0,1:28:53.46,1:28:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do they want?\NThey demanded protection.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:56.96,1:28:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, protection costs.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:59.20,1:29:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You only know it's worth paying for\Nwhen it doesn't work. Tell them that.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:03.24,1:29:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tell them we need more towers.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:05.28,1:29:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't even think it.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:08.64,1:29:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an indictment for me\Nfor charges of corruption.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:11.80,1:29:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you know that?
Dialogue: 0,1:29:14.88,1:29:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All it needs is for the emperor\Nto sign it into proclamation.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:25.98,1:29:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what am I supposed to do?
Dialogue: 0,1:29:33.08,1:29:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I were you...
Dialogue: 0,1:29:36.72,1:29:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..I'd stay away from me.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:48.20,1:29:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the emperor's former tutor,\NZhang is spared prosecution...
Dialogue: 0,1:29:52.52,1:29:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the time being.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:55.00,1:29:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for the next few years,\NQi's ally remains under attack
Dialogue: 0,1:29:59.80,1:30:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until, worn down by the ceaseless\Nstrain, Zhang Juzheng dies.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:08.88,1:30:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The partnership that\Nbuilt the wall is broken.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:13.48,1:30:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now with his only political ally\Ngone, Qi himself is open to attack.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:20.44,1:30:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the most effective weapon\Nat his enemy's disposal
Dialogue: 0,1:30:23.64,1:30:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is his alliance with Zhang.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:30.48,1:30:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A provincial examiner\Nin Zhang's employ
Dialogue: 0,1:30:32.64,1:30:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confessed that Zhang\Nhad placed before candidates\Nto imperial office...
Dialogue: 0,1:30:38.68,1:30:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In court,\NZhang's crimes are re-examined
Dialogue: 0,1:30:41.44,1:30:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a conspiracy with Qi\Nis discovered.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:44.80,1:30:48.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A clear attempt\Nto create a suitable atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,1:30:49.20,1:30:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an impending takeover.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:54.20,1:30:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, and I quote...
Dialogue: 0,1:30:57.12,1:31:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"General Qi Jiguang\Nis to make his army available."
Dialogue: 0,1:31:03.96,1:31:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can only surmise what for.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:08.04,1:31:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That before his death,\NGrand Secretary Zhang Juzheng
Dialogue: 0,1:31:12.56,1:31:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had plotted to take over the throne.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:19.84,1:31:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find it hard to believe\Nthat my old tutor
Dialogue: 0,1:31:24.36,1:31:28.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had the intention of usurping me\Nfrom my throne.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:30.60,1:31:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet it is clear that he and\Ncommander-in-chief Qi Jiguang
Dialogue: 0,1:31:38.68,1:31:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have had the capacity to do so.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:45.44,1:31:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is too ominous to be ignored.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:50.08,1:31:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mourn the loss of\NGrand Secretary Zhang
Dialogue: 0,1:31:53.88,1:31:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can only assume that\Nhe has been blinded in his old age
Dialogue: 0,1:31:57.96,1:32:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the overwhelming ambition\Nof Qi Jiguang.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:01.88,1:32:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has violated the divine principle\Nof balance.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:09.12,1:32:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have had\Nenough of Qi's demands.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:15.20,1:32:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have had enough of walls.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:24.92,1:32:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stand by!
Dialogue: 0,1:32:28.42,1:32:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One!
Dialogue: 0,1:32:29.72,1:32:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two!
Dialogue: 0,1:32:31.12,1:32:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For years after Zhang's fall,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:32.88,1:32:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,life on the wall has gone on as\Nnormal for soldiers like Geng Zhou.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:36.92,1:32:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet Qi's political enemies\Nin Beijing have not been idle,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:41.92,1:32:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now they are now\Nready to make their move.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:46.52,1:32:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Qi has years of correspondence\Nfrom Zhang
Dialogue: 0,1:32:49.48,1:32:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which he promises Qi\Nhis personal support
Dialogue: 0,1:32:52.76,1:32:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hints at deals\Ndone behind the scenes.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:58.00,1:33:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Words that in the wrong hands could\Nbe twisted to look like conspiracy.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:06.40,1:33:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Qi puts them beyond reach.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:12.20,1:33:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a lifetime of friendship
Dialogue: 0,1:33:14.68,1:33:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the record of their\Nwall-building partnership is erased.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:29.48,1:33:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was Qi's ambition that drove him\Nto build the wall
Dialogue: 0,1:33:32.24,1:33:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the sake of the empire.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:36.76,1:33:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today is your first position.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:39.20,1:33:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the Empire fears\Nthat ambition so much\Nit is ready to get rid of him.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:43.88,1:33:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:45.40,1:33:49.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only question that remains\Nis how they will do it.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:12.88,1:34:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a case of treason can\Nbe made against Qi, he will be\Nsummoned for trial
Dialogue: 0,1:34:17.96,1:34:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and public disgrace will\Nbe followed by private execution.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:24.48,1:34:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Qi is ready\Nto defend his record.
Dialogue: 0,1:34:53.04,1:34:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Regional Commander Qi Jiguang is\Nto step down with immediate effect.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:03.16,1:35:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has underestimated them.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:07.68,1:35:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will be no trial, no chance\Nin court to speak the truth.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:13.28,1:35:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just quietly sacked.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:42.32,1:35:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(SHOUTS)
Dialogue: 0,1:35:45.80,1:35:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For common soldiers like Geng Zhou,
Dialogue: 0,1:35:47.72,1:35:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the end of Qi defies all reason.
Dialogue: 0,1:35:55.36,1:35:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The army is losing its father.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:05.80,1:36:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,General...?
Dialogue: 0,1:36:08.24,1:36:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'He doesn't remember me.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:12.72,1:36:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'The great captain is gone.'
Dialogue: 0,1:36:24.32,1:36:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Qi Jiguang retires to his home town.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:27.76,1:36:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within the year, he is dead.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:33.40,1:36:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He leaves behind 1,000 kilometres\Nof Great Wall and towers,
Dialogue: 0,1:36:38.12,1:36:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most comprehensive\Ndefensive line in China's history.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:44.44,1:36:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still not\Nfinished as he intended...
Dialogue: 0,1:36:49.04,1:36:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..and with him no longer there\Nto make it work.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:52.60,1:36:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Qi Jiguang was the heart\Nand soul of the wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:36:57.04,1:37:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You needed a man with Qi's vision
Dialogue: 0,1:37:00.60,1:37:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to use the wall not only\Nas a static barrier
Dialogue: 0,1:37:05.08,1:37:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as an offensive weapon\Nagainst the Mongols.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:09.84,1:37:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once Qi was gone, then the Ming\Njust retreated behind the walls.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:16.88,1:37:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real problem then was\Nthe Ming did not know
Dialogue: 0,1:37:20.68,1:37:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what was happening outside the wall.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:24.92,1:37:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Outside the wall, the Mongols\Nwere teaming up with a new enemy.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:29.48,1:37:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Manchu empire -
Dialogue: 0,1:37:32.12,1:37:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next dynasty in waiting.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:48.70,1:37:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is 1644, more than 50 years\Nsince the death of Qi Jiguang.
Dialogue: 0,1:37:56.26,1:38:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Great Wall system\Nhe built still stands.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:01.06,1:38:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet behind it,\Nthe empire is crumbling...
Dialogue: 0,1:38:06.50,1:38:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..crippled\Nby the weight of defence costs.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:11.14,1:38:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now corruption in court,\Nneglect of defence
Dialogue: 0,1:38:13.82,1:38:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and peasant revolt push the Ming\Ndynastyto the brink of collapse.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:21.00,1:38:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And beyond the Wall,\Nthe Manchu army is coming.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:43.22,1:38:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Manchus were a much more\Norganised and unified force
Dialogue: 0,1:38:48.06,1:38:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the Mongols.\NThey moved in systematically.
Dialogue: 0,1:38:52.26,1:38:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They launched raids on China\Nin 1636 and 1638 as they moved
Dialogue: 0,1:38:56.02,1:39:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in on the Chinese Empire.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:02.02,1:39:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sweeping down from the northeast,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:04.70,1:39:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Manchu approach the\NGreat Wall at Shanhaiguan...
Dialogue: 0,1:39:10.86,1:39:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..where historian David Spindler
Dialogue: 0,1:39:12.98,1:39:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enters the town from\Nthe Chinese side,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:15.54,1:39:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heading for the most fortified\Ngate in the history of the Wall,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:18.98,1:39:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once called\Nthe First Pass Under Heaven.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:24.58,1:39:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is here on May 27th, 1644\Nthat the Great Wall is finally\Nbreached...
Dialogue: 0,1:39:32.06,1:39:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..without a single drop\Nof blood being spilled.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:40.98,1:39:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the same day,
Dialogue: 0,1:39:42.86,1:39:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,500 kilometres west in Beijing,\NEmperor Chongzhen, the 16th
Dialogue: 0,1:39:47.34,1:39:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ming emperor, leaves his palace for\Nthe first and last time in his life.
Dialogue: 0,1:39:54.70,1:39:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His empire, riven with rebellion\Nand corruption, is bankrupt.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:01.50,1:40:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is drunk.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:05.18,1:40:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the spring of 1644,\Nthe capital of Beijing was taken over
Dialogue: 0,1:40:10.14,1:40:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a Chinese rebel leader.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:11.86,1:40:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, at that time,
Dialogue: 0,1:40:14.42,1:40:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Chinese Empire was\Nnot a functioning entity.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:18.54,1:40:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The country was really in collapse.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:40.30,1:40:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the Manchu army\Napproaching Shanhaiguan,
Dialogue: 0,1:40:43.82,1:40:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the town, Chinese rebels
Dialogue: 0,1:40:45.94,1:40:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have taken control and the garrison\Ncommander is ordered to surrender.
Dialogue: 0,1:40:51.90,1:40:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His back was quite literally\Nup against the inside of this wall,
Dialogue: 0,1:40:56.02,1:41:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he called for help from outside\Nof the wall, which was quite ironic,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:00.82,1:41:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the people outside\Nof the wall
Dialogue: 0,1:41:02.50,1:41:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the ones that it was built to\Ndefend against.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:08.50,1:41:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most impregnable\Ndefences in China's history,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:12.78,1:41:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never once taken by force,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:15.54,1:41:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are now opened\Nto let the enemy inside
Dialogue: 0,1:41:19.70,1:41:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a last, desperate bid\Nto save the failing empire.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:32.38,1:41:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an exciting place to be,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:34.66,1:41:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I know that this is where it\Nhappened.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:37.70,1:41:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm in one of the three places\Nthrough which the Manchus streamed
Dialogue: 0,1:41:42.02,1:41:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on May 27th, 1644.
Dialogue: 0,1:41:48.58,1:41:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They overran the country\Nand they stayed,
Dialogue: 0,1:41:52.56,1:41:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they ruled China\Nfor the next 200 or so years.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:07.98,1:42:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(SOBS)
Dialogue: 0,1:42:29.94,1:42:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the Ming era closes, the Great\NWall experiment closes with it.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:36.78,1:42:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The coming centuries are\Nmarked by more outside threats.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:40.58,1:42:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet this time, invasions do\Nnot come overland from the north
Dialogue: 0,1:42:44.46,1:42:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from the wider\Nworld across the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:50.70,1:42:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, for hundreds of years,\Nthe fabric of the wall decays.
Dialogue: 0,1:42:59.26,1:43:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, the skeleton of the\NGreat Dragon is all that remains
Dialogue: 0,1:43:03.18,1:43:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the beast that once lived.
Dialogue: 0,1:43:06.42,1:43:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But its spirit lives on...
Dialogue: 0,1:43:12.82,1:43:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..not just in the bricks and stones
Dialogue: 0,1:43:16.40,1:43:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now being restored across hundreds\Nof kilometres,
Dialogue: 0,1:43:19.98,1:43:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the great\Nwall of iron and steel,
Dialogue: 0,1:43:22.74,1:43:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the modern army that protects China\Ntoday...