1
00:00:00,726 --> 00:00:04,435
你是否经历过

2
00:00:04,435 --> 00:00:07,941
非常痛苦和困惑的时刻

3
00:00:07,941 --> 00:00:09,980
恨不得

4
00:00:09,980 --> 00:00:13,750
立刻就能搞懂一切

5
00:00:13,750 --> 00:00:16,700
我13岁时，有一位家庭挚友

6
00:00:16,700 --> 00:00:18,422
亲如我的叔叔

7
00:00:18,422 --> 00:00:21,187
因为胰腺癌过世了

8
00:00:21,187 --> 00:00:23,518
当这么亲近的人遭逢病变，

9
00:00:23,518 --> 00:00:25,624
我明白我需要更深入暸解

10
00:00:25,624 --> 00:00:28,470
于是我上网找答案

11
00:00:28,470 --> 00:00:31,560
在互联网上找到了

12
00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:33,238
各种胰腺癌的统计数据

13
00:00:33,238 --> 00:00:35,886
结果让我大吃一惊

14
00:00:35,886 --> 00:00:39,718
85%以上的胰腺癌

15
00:00:39,718 --> 00:00:41,294
到晚期才被诊断出来

16
00:00:41,294 --> 00:00:45,620
晚期的存活率只有2％

17
00:00:45,620 --> 00:00:49,568
检测胰腺癌为何成效不佳？

18
00:00:49,568 --> 00:00:53,153
原因是现代的医疗方法

19
00:00:53,153 --> 00:00:55,408
是60年前的老旧技术

20
00:00:55,408 --> 00:00:57,913
比我的父亲还要老

21
00:00:57,913 --> 00:01:01,459
（笑声）

22
00:01:01,459 --> 00:01:03,902
而且很昂贵

23
00:01:03,902 --> 00:01:07,155
检测一次需800美元

24
00:01:07,155 --> 00:01:09,907
而且极不准确

25
00:01:09,907 --> 00:01:13,324
30%的胰腺癌检测不出来

26
00:01:13,324 --> 00:01:16,246
除非医生反常地怀疑

27
00:01:16,246 --> 00:01:19,731
病人罹癌才会安排检测

28
00:01:19,731 --> 00:01:23,476
我得知后，觉得一定有更佳方法

29
00:01:23,476 --> 00:01:25,977
所以我建立了科学标准

30
00:01:25,977 --> 00:01:27,963
界定了传感器的必备功能

31
00:01:27,963 --> 00:01:31,380
以便有效地诊断胰腺癌

32
00:01:31,380 --> 00:01:35,116
传感器必须便宜、快速

33
00:01:35,116 --> 00:01:38,667
简单、敏感、又能筛选

34
00:01:38,667 --> 00:01:41,948
并且是微创的检测

35
00:01:41,948 --> 00:01:43,979
但是现有的检测方法

36
00:01:43,979 --> 00:01:47,108
六十多年不变也有原因

37
00:01:47,108 --> 00:01:50,291
因为诊断胰腺癌

38
00:01:50,291 --> 00:01:51,885
是透过验血

39
00:01:51,885 --> 00:01:56,734
血液富含巨量蛋白质

40
00:01:56,734 --> 00:01:58,869
要找出微小的差异

41
00:01:58,869 --> 00:02:00,700
微量的蛋白质

42
00:02:00,700 --> 00:02:01,986
单单一种蛋白质

43
00:02:01,986 --> 00:02:03,912
几乎不可能

44
00:02:03,912 --> 00:02:07,486
然而我年少乐观所以不怕困难

45
00:02:07,486 --> 00:02:13,062
（掌声）

46
00:02:13,062 --> 00:02:16,860
我上网找青少年的两位益友

47
00:02:16,860 --> 00:02:18,564
谷歌和维基百科

48
00:02:18,564 --> 00:02:22,782
我从中得到了所需的资料

49
00:02:22,782 --> 00:02:25,330
我读到一篇文章

50
00:02:25,330 --> 00:02:29,124
该文列举了8000多种蛋白质

51
00:02:29,124 --> 00:02:31,611
是胰腺癌患者血液裡有的

52
00:02:31,611 --> 00:02:35,255
所以我开始了新的任务

53
00:02:35,255 --> 00:02:38,148
逐一筛选这些蛋白质

54
00:02:38,148 --> 00:02:40,671
找出胰腺癌的生物标志物

55
00:02:40,671 --> 00:02:43,109
为了让任务更简单一点

56
00:02:43,109 --> 00:02:47,357
我订定了下列科学标准

57
00:02:47,357 --> 00:02:49,789
首先，符合条件的蛋白质

58
00:02:49,789 --> 00:02:52,964
必须存在于所有类型的胰腺癌

59
00:02:52,964 --> 00:02:57,337
早期血液裡的含量要高，但仅限于患者

60
00:02:57,337 --> 00:03:00,327
我按部就班地执行艰巨的任务

61
00:03:00,327 --> 00:03:03,649
终于在第4000次筛选的时候

62
00:03:03,649 --> 00:03:05,428
在我快发疯的时候

63
00:03:05,428 --> 00:03:07,318
找到了符合标准的蛋白质

64
00:03:07,318 --> 00:03:09,987
这种蛋白质叫做

65
00:03:09,987 --> 00:03:11,379
间皮素（mesothelin）

66
00:03:11,379 --> 00:03:14,109
是再普通不过的蛋白质

67
00:03:14,109 --> 00:03:15,817
但是如果患了胰腺癌

68
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卵巢癌或肺癌，自然另当别论

69
00:03:17,546 --> 00:03:20,571
患者血液里间皮素的浓度极高

70
00:03:20,571 --> 00:03:22,379
但关键还在于

71
00:03:22,379 --> 00:03:25,335
间皮素在胰腺癌最早期就出现

72
00:03:25,335 --> 00:03:27,538
在此时期几乎100%的病人

73
00:03:27,538 --> 00:03:28,812
都可以存活

74
00:03:28,812 --> 00:03:32,473
既然找到了赖以检测的蛋白质

75
00:03:32,473 --> 00:03:35,246
我把焦点转向如何测出该蛋白质

76
00:03:35,246 --> 00:03:37,700
进而诊断胰腺癌

77
00:03:37,700 --> 00:03:41,069
突破来自意想不到的地方

78
00:03:41,069 --> 00:03:43,710
或许是最不可能创新的地方：

79
00:03:43,710 --> 00:03:45,934
高中生物课

80
00:03:45,934 --> 00:03:48,455
绝对是扼杀创新的地方

81
00:03:48,455 --> 00:03:53,379
（笑声）（掌声）

82
00:03:53,379 --> 00:03:56,560
我读到关于碳纳米管的文章

83
00:03:56,560 --> 00:04:00,158
是一种长薄的管状碳

84
00:04:00,158 --> 00:04:01,412
只有一个原子的厚度

85
00:04:01,412 --> 00:04:04,107
是头发的直径的五万分之一

86
00:04:04,107 --> 00:04:06,497
尽管碳纳米管的尺寸极小

87
00:04:06,497 --> 00:04:08,331
却有惊人的性质

88
00:04:08,331 --> 00:04:10,922
有点像物质科学的超级英雄

89
00:04:10,922 --> 00:04:13,107
我偷偷地阅读这篇文章

90
00:04:13,107 --> 00:04:15,202
是在上生物课的时候

91
00:04:15,202 --> 00:04:16,801
当时应该专心学习的是

92
00:04:16,801 --> 00:04:20,510
另一种叫做抗体的酷分子

93
00:04:20,510 --> 00:04:22,611
他们之所以酷是因为

94
00:04:22,611 --> 00:04:24,394
只与特定的蛋白质起反应

95
00:04:24,394 --> 00:04:26,994
但抗体远不如碳纳米管有趣

96
00:04:26,994 --> 00:04:30,101
然后我在课堂上

97
00:04:30,101 --> 00:04:32,639
突然灵光一现

98
00:04:32,639 --> 00:04:35,290
我能把读到的

99
00:04:35,290 --> 00:04:36,739
有关碳纳米管的特性

100
00:04:36,739 --> 00:04:39,675
和我应该学习的抗体结合起来

101
00:04:39,675 --> 00:04:42,440
基本上我可以把抗体

102
00:04:42,440 --> 00:04:44,428
植入碳纳米管的网络中

103
00:04:44,428 --> 00:04:46,021
因此这种网络

104
00:04:46,021 --> 00:04:48,451
只会与一种蛋白质起反应

105
00:04:48,451 --> 00:04:51,771
但也由于碳纳米管的特性

106
00:04:51,771 --> 00:04:53,723
网络的电性会改变

107
00:04:53,723 --> 00:04:56,231
根据蛋白质的含量而变

108
00:04:56,231 --> 00:04:58,314
然而，有一个弱点

109
00:04:58,314 --> 00:05:01,714
碳纳米管的网络非常脆弱

110
00:05:01,714 --> 00:05:05,203
这么纤弱的东西需要支撑物

111
00:05:05,203 --> 00:05:07,219
因此我决定使用纸张

112
00:05:07,219 --> 00:05:09,513
用纸制作癌症传感器

113
00:05:09,513 --> 00:05:11,881
就像制作巧克力饼干一样简单

114
00:05:11,881 --> 00:05:15,430
我很喜欢

115
00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:18,775
要先把纳米管倒入水中

116
00:05:18,775 --> 00:05:21,189
再加入抗体混合起来

117
00:05:21,189 --> 00:05:23,557
把纸浸入混合液，然后弄干

118
00:05:23,557 --> 00:05:26,989
就可以检测癌症

119
00:05:26,989 --> 00:05:33,496
（掌声）

120
00:05:33,496 --> 00:05:36,730
然后我突然想到

121
00:05:36,730 --> 00:05:41,076
我这个妙计有点瑕疵

122
00:05:41,076 --> 00:05:42,931
我没有办法在厨房的台面上

123
00:05:42,931 --> 00:05:44,173
研究癌症

124
00:05:44,173 --> 00:05:46,316
妈妈应该不会乐意

125
00:05:46,316 --> 00:05:49,566
所以我决定找一间实验室

126
00:05:49,566 --> 00:05:51,970
我拟定预算和材料列表

127
00:05:51,970 --> 00:05:54,197
实验进度和程序

128
00:05:54,197 --> 00:05:56,716
寄给200位不同的教授

129
00:05:56,716 --> 00:05:58,405
约翰霍普金斯大学的教授

130
00:05:58,405 --> 00:06:00,109
以及国家卫生研究院的人员

131
00:06:00,109 --> 00:06:03,285
基本上与胰腺癌相关的任何人员

132
00:06:03,285 --> 00:06:06,234
我坐在那儿期待赞美的电邮涌入

133
00:06:06,234 --> 00:06:07,751
说“你真是天才”

134
00:06:07,751 --> 00:06:09,333
“你会拯救全人类”

135
00:06:09,333 --> 00:06:13,622
（笑声）

136
00:06:13,622 --> 00:06:14,943
然后现实来临

137
00:06:14,943 --> 00:06:17,357
在一个月内

138
00:06:17,357 --> 00:06:21,932
200件电邮中有199件遭到回绝

139
00:06:21,932 --> 00:06:24,392
一位教授甚至费心检查了整个程序

140
00:06:24,392 --> 00:06:27,365
真不知道他哪来的时间

141
00:06:27,365 --> 00:06:31,349
说明为什么我的每一个步骤

142
00:06:31,349 --> 00:06:34,220
都像犯了有生以来最大的错误

143
00:06:34,220 --> 00:06:36,857
显然教授们对此事的看法

144
00:06:36,857 --> 00:06:39,979
不如我自认的那么重要

145
00:06:39,979 --> 00:06:42,121
然而还有一线曙光

146
00:06:42,121 --> 00:06:45,132
一位教授说“年轻人，也许我能帮你”

147
00:06:45,132 --> 00:06:47,620
于是我就锁定他了

148
00:06:47,620 --> 00:06:51,517
（笑声）

149
00:06:51,517 --> 00:06:54,181
因为你总不好拒绝一位小孩

150
00:06:54,181 --> 00:06:56,661
所以三个月后

151
00:06:56,661 --> 00:06:59,537
我终于和他敲定了严格的期限

152
00:06:59,537 --> 00:07:00,901
我去他的实验室

153
00:07:00,901 --> 00:07:03,220
我兴奋极了，然后坐下来

154
00:07:03,220 --> 00:07:04,967
开口说话

155
00:07:04,967 --> 00:07:07,600
五秒钟后他召来另一位博士

156
00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:11,317
接着一群博士涌入小办公室

157
00:07:11,317 --> 00:07:13,532
他们连番问我犀利的问题

158
00:07:13,532 --> 00:07:16,014
结束时我觉得像在小丑车上

159
00:07:16,014 --> 00:07:17,965
20位博士再加上我和教授

160
00:07:17,965 --> 00:07:20,252
挤在小小的办公室里

161
00:07:20,252 --> 00:07:23,323
他们连珠炮似地质问着我

162
00:07:23,323 --> 00:07:25,661
想要搞垮我设计的程序

163
00:07:25,661 --> 00:07:28,130
他们能得逞吗？谁怕谁

164
00:07:28,130 --> 00:07:32,478
（笑声）

165
00:07:32,478 --> 00:07:35,202
然而我被审讯的时候

166
00:07:35,202 --> 00:07:36,660
回答了所有的问题

167
00:07:36,660 --> 00:07:38,818
不少是用猜的，但我都答对了

168
00:07:38,818 --> 00:07:43,370
我终于有了需求的实验室

169
00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:45,563
但我不久之后就发现

170
00:07:45,563 --> 00:07:47,562
我曾经认为绝妙的程序

171
00:07:47,562 --> 00:07:49,589
似乎有100万个漏洞

172
00:07:49,589 --> 00:07:51,170
在七个月内

173
00:07:51,170 --> 00:07:54,626
我煞费苦心地弥补每个漏洞

174
00:07:54,626 --> 00:07:57,676
成果是这张小的纸制传感器

175
00:07:57,676 --> 00:08:00,826
成本三美分，检测时间五分钟

176
00:08:00,826 --> 00:08:04,411
速度快了168 倍

177
00:08:04,411 --> 00:08:07,238
成本便宜26000倍

178
00:08:07,238 --> 00:08:09,897
敏感了400倍

179
00:08:09,897 --> 00:08:12,907
远超乎目前的胰腺癌检测标准

180
00:08:12,907 --> 00:08:22,465
（掌声）

181
00:08:22,465 --> 00:08:24,860
传感器的最佳效能之一

182
00:08:24,860 --> 00:08:27,457
是近乎100%的准确度

183
00:08:27,457 --> 00:08:29,819
并且可以在癌症最早期测出

184
00:08:29,819 --> 00:08:33,212
最早期的存活率接近100%

185
00:08:33,212 --> 00:08:35,476
所以未来两到五年

186
00:08:35,476 --> 00:08:38,741
传感器可能提高胰腺癌的存活率

187
00:08:38,741 --> 00:08:40,876
从令人沮丧的5.5%

188
00:08:40,876 --> 00:08:42,972
到接近100%

189
00:08:42,972 --> 00:08:45,863
对于卵巢癌和肺癌也将有类似效果

190
00:08:45,863 --> 00:08:48,205
但是不止于此

191
00:08:48,205 --> 00:08:49,900
如果变更抗体

192
00:08:49,900 --> 00:08:51,519
可以检测不同的蛋白质

193
00:08:51,519 --> 00:08:53,125
从而检测不同的疾病

194
00:08:53,125 --> 00:08:56,830
也有可能适用于世上任何疾病

195
00:08:56,830 --> 00:08:58,671
所以从心脏疾病

196
00:08:58,671 --> 00:09:01,404
到疟疾、 艾滋病毒、 艾滋病

197
00:09:01,404 --> 00:09:04,133
以及其他形式的癌症——任何疾病

198
00:09:04,133 --> 00:09:06,324
希望有一天

199
00:09:06,324 --> 00:09:08,740
我们都可以多保有一位叔叔

200
00:09:08,740 --> 00:09:11,824
一位母亲、 一位兄弟姐妹

201
00:09:11,824 --> 00:09:14,850
可以多保有一位挚爱的家人

202
00:09:14,850 --> 00:09:19,706
可以免除疾病造成的心里负担

203
00:09:19,706 --> 00:09:22,567
包括胰腺癌、 卵巢癌、肺癌

204
00:09:22,567 --> 00:09:24,872
任何疾病都有可能

205
00:09:24,872 --> 00:09:27,270
透过互联网一切都有可能

206
00:09:27,270 --> 00:09:28,948
理论是可以共享的

207
00:09:28,948 --> 00:09:30,400
你不必成为多个学位的教授

208
00:09:30,400 --> 00:09:33,060
想法才会受到重视

209
00:09:33,060 --> 00:09:34,462
互联网是没有偏见的地方

210
00:09:34,462 --> 00:09:37,322
长相、年龄、性别

211
00:09:37,322 --> 00:09:38,496
都不重要

212
00:09:38,496 --> 00:09:40,698
你的想法才重要

213
00:09:40,698 --> 00:09:43,651
对我来说重点是

214
00:09:43,651 --> 00:09:45,739
要全新看待互联网

215
00:09:45,739 --> 00:09:47,858
要认识到其功能太大了

216
00:09:47,858 --> 00:09:52,755
不只是上网贴自己的嘟嘴照片

217
00:09:52,755 --> 00:09:56,012
你可以改变世界

218
00:09:56,012 --> 00:09:58,045
如果有一位15岁的少年

219
00:09:58,045 --> 00:10:01,132
连胰腺是什么都不知道

220
00:10:01,132 --> 00:10:04,706
却能找出检测胰腺癌的新方法

221
00:10:04,706 --> 00:10:07,197
想想看你能做些什么

222
00:10:07,197 --> 00:10:08,529
谢谢

223
00:10:08,529 --> 00:10:14,237
（掌声）