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Je umeshawahi kukutana na wakati maishani

2
00:00:04,435 --> 00:00:07,941
ambao ulikuwa ni wa huzuni sana

3
00:00:07,941 --> 00:00:09,980
kiasi kitu pekee ulichotaka

4
00:00:09,980 --> 00:00:13,750
kufanya ni kujifunza zaidi na zaidi ili kuelewa hali hiyo?

5
00:00:13,750 --> 00:00:16,700
Nilipokuwa na miaka 13, rafiki wa karibu wa familia

6
00:00:16,700 --> 00:00:18,422
ambaye alikuwa kama mjomba kwangu

7
00:00:18,422 --> 00:00:21,187
alifariki kwa kansa ya kongosho.

8
00:00:21,187 --> 00:00:23,518
Wakati ugonjwa ulipokumba karibu sana na nyumbani,

9
00:00:23,518 --> 00:00:25,624
Nilitambua nahitaji kujifunza zaidi,

10
00:00:25,624 --> 00:00:28,470
nikaingia mtandaoni kutafuta majibu.

11
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kwa kutumia mtandao, nikapata takwimu mbalimbali

12
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kuhusu kansa ya kongosho,

13
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na kilichonishtusha.

14
00:00:35,886 --> 00:00:39,718
zaidi ya asilimia 85 ya kansa zote za kongosho

15
00:00:39,718 --> 00:00:41,294
zinagundulika kwa kuchelewa sana,

16
00:00:41,294 --> 00:00:45,620
wakati mtu ana chini ya asilimia ya kuishi.

17
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kwa nini hatufanyi vizuri kugundua kansa ya kongosho?

18
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Sababu?mfumo wetu wa utabibu na dawa

19
00:00:53,153 --> 00:00:55,408
una umri wa miaka karibu 60 sasa.

20
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Umri huo ni mkubwa kuliko wa baba yangu

21
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(vicheko)

22
00:01:01,459 --> 00:01:03,902
lakini pia, ni wa gharama kubwa sana,

23
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unagharimu dola za kimarekani 800 kwa kipimo,

24
00:01:07,155 --> 00:01:09,907
lakini pia vipimo havina uhakika,

25
00:01:09,907 --> 00:01:13,324
na kushindwa kugundua asilimia 30 ya kansa zote za kongosho

26
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Daktari wako itabidi awe ni mdadisi wa ajabu sana

27
00:01:16,246 --> 00:01:19,731
kuamua kukuandikia kipimo hiki.

28
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nilipojua hili, nikajua lazima iwepo njia bora zaidi.

29
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kwa nikaweka kigezo

30
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cha kipimo kinavyotakiwa kuwa

31
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ili kugundua vizuri kansa ya kongosho.

32
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Kipimo kinahitajika kuwa cha gharama nafuu, haraka,

33
00:01:35,116 --> 00:01:38,667
rahisi,kinachogundua haraka,

34
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na kisichohitaji kuingia kwa sehemu kubwa mwilini.

35
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Kuna sababu kwa nini kipimo hiki hakijabadilishwa

36
00:01:43,979 --> 00:01:47,108
kwa karibia miaka sitini,

37
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kwa sababu,tunapoangalia kansa ya kongosho,

38
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tunaangalia mzunguko wako wa damu

39
00:01:51,885 --> 00:01:56,734
ambao tayari umejaa tani nyingi za protini,

40
00:01:56,734 --> 00:01:58,869
na unatafuta chembe tofauti ndogo sana

41
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katika protini ndogo sana,

42
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protini hii moja tu.

43
00:02:01,986 --> 00:02:03,912
jambo hili ni gumu sana

44
00:02:03,912 --> 00:02:07,486
lakini, bila kukatishwa tamaa kutokana na shauku ya ujana

45
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(makofi)

46
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nikaenda mtandaoni kwa marafiki wawili sana wa kijana

47
00:02:16,860 --> 00:02:18,564
Google na Wikipedia

48
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Nilipata kila kitu kutoka vyanzo hivyo viwili,

49
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nilichokipata ilikuwa ni chapisho

50
00:02:25,330 --> 00:02:29,124
ambalo lilionyesha taarifa za protini 8000 tofauti

51
00:02:29,124 --> 00:02:31,611
ambazo zinaonekana ukiwa na kansa ya kongosho.

52
00:02:31,611 --> 00:02:35,255
kwa hiyo nikaamua hii iwe kazi yangu mpya

53
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kupitia protini zote hizi na kuona zipi

54
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zinaweza kuwa kitambulishi cha kansa ya kongosho.

55
00:02:40,671 --> 00:02:43,109
na kunirahisishia mambo,

56
00:02:43,109 --> 00:02:47,357
nikachagua kigezo, na ni hiki.

57
00:02:47,357 --> 00:02:49,789
Kwanza, protini lazima ionekane

58
00:02:49,789 --> 00:02:52,964
katika kansa zote za kongosho kwa kiasi kikubwa,katika damu

59
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katika hatua za mwanzoni.

60
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Kwa hiyo nikawa nafanya majaribio katika kazi hii ngumu,

61
00:03:00,327 --> 00:03:03,649
na mwishowe, katika jaribio la 4000,

62
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wakati nakaribia kuwa kichaa,

63
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nikaipata hiyo protini.

64
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jina la protini niliyoiona

65
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linaitwa mesothelin,

66
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na ni protini ya kawaida tu,

67
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ikiwa tu hauna kansa ya kongosho

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ya kizazi au ya mapafu,

69
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ikiwa unazo,protini hii inakua nyingi sana katika damu

70
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lakini pia muhimu ni

71
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kwamba inapatikana katika hatua za mwanzo kabisa za ugonjwa,

72
00:03:25,335 --> 00:03:27,538
wakati mtu ana nafasi ya asilimia 100

73
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ya kupona kabisa.

74
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baada ya kupata protini ya uhakika,kuigundua

75
00:03:32,473 --> 00:03:35,246
nikabadilisha mwelekeo kwenda katika kuigundua sasa,

76
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na hivyo, kugundua pia kansa ya kongosho.

77
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mafanikio yangu yalipatina mahali pasipotarajiwa kabisa,

78
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labda sehemu isiyotegemewa kwa uvumbuzi kabisa:

79
00:03:43,710 --> 00:03:45,934
katika darasa langu la biolojia la sekondari,

80
00:03:45,934 --> 00:03:48,455
mahali ambapo ubunifu unazuiwa kabisa.

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(vicheko)(makofi)

82
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na nilifanikiwa kuliona andiko kuhusu vitu vinaitwa

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tyubu ndogo sana za kaboni.

84
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ambazo upana wake ni kama wa atom

85
00:04:01,412 --> 00:04:04,107
na kipenyo chake moja ya hamsini ya kipenyo cha nywele yako.

86
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pamoja na udogo huu

87
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zina tabia za ajabu sana.

88
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ni kama mashujaa wa sayansi ya maada.

89
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wakati nasoma chapisho

90
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chini ya dawati katika darasa la elimu ya viumbe,

91
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tulitakiwa tuwe makini

92
00:04:16,801 --> 00:04:20,510
katika molekyuli ziitwazo antibodi

93
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na hizi zimetulia sana kwa kuwa zinaweza ungana tu

94
00:04:22,611 --> 00:04:24,394
na protini moja,

95
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lakini sio za kupendeza kama tyubu ndogo za kaboni

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kwa hiyo nilikuwa darasani,

97
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na ghafla nikatambua:

98
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Kwamba naweza kuunganisha nilichokuwa nasoma,

99
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tyubu ndogo za kaboni,

100
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na kile nilichotakiwa kuwaza, antibodi.

101
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naweza nikazungusha antibodi hizi

102
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katika mkusanyiko wa tyubu ndogo za kaboni

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kiasi kwamba unakuwa na mkusanyiko

104
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ambao unaungana na protini moja

105
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lakini,pia kutokana na tabia za tyubu ndogo za kaboni,

106
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itabadilisha tabia zake za kiumeme

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kulingana na kiasi cha protini kilichopo

108
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lakini kuna jambo la kuzingatia.

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muunganiko huu wa tybu ndogo za kaboni ni laini sana

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kwa kuwa ni laini sana,zinahitaji kutegemezwa

111
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ndio maana nikachagua karatasi.

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Kutengeneza kipimo cha kansa kwa karatasi

113
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ni rahisi kama kutengeneza biskuti za chokleti

114
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ambazo nazipenda

115
00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:18,775
unaanza na maji,unamimina nanotubes,

116
00:05:18,775 --> 00:05:21,189
ongeza antibodies, changanya,

117
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chukua karatasi,chovya,ikaushe,

118
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na unaweza ukagundua kansa.

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(makofi)

120
00:05:33,496 --> 00:05:36,730
ghafla, wazo likanijia,

121
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lililoweka doa katika mpango wangu wa ajabu.

122
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siwezi nikafanya utafiti wa kansa

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katika jiko langu.

124
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mama yangu hatapenda kitu hicho.

125
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kwa hiyo, nikaamua kwenda maabara.

126
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nikaandika bajeti, orodha ya vifaa,

127
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ratiba na taratibu zitakazotumika,

128
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nikatuma kama barua pepe kwa maprofesa 200 tofauti

129
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katika chuo cha Johns Hopkins

130
00:05:58,405 --> 00:06:00,109
na katika taasisi ya afya ya taifa,

131
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kimsingi yoyote ambaye alikuwa na chochote kuhusu kansa ya kongosho.

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nikakaa nikisubiri majibu mazuri kuingia,

133
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yakisema, "wewe una kipaji cha ajabu!

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unaenda kutusaidia sisi wote!"

135
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na - (vicheko)

136
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baadae ukweli ukaanza kuonekana,

137
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na ndani ya mwezi mmoja,

138
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nikapata majibu ya kukataa 199 kati ya barua pepe zile 200.

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profesa mmoja akapitia mpango wangu wote

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sijui alipata wapi muda wote huu --

141
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na akaanza kusema kwa nini kila hatua

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ni kosa kubwa sana.

143
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wazi wazi kabisa kila profesa hakuwa na maono makubwa

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kuhusu kazi yangu kama nilivyokuwa mimi.

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lakini, kulikuwa bado na tumaini.

146
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profesa mmoja, "labda naweza kukusaidia kijana."

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kwa hiyo nikaenda katika mwelekeo huo.

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(vicheko)

149
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kwa kuwa hauwezi kumkatalia mtoto.

150
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kwa hiyo miezi mitatu baadae,

151
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nilifanikiwa kupanga kukutana na mtu huyu,

152
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nikaingia katika maabara yake,

153
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nikawa na shauku kubwa, halafu nikakaa chini

154
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nikaanza kuongea,

155
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sekunde tano baadaye akamwita Daktari wa fasafa

156
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madaktari wa falsafa wakajaa katika chumba hiki kidogo,

157
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wakawa wananiuliza maswali,

158
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na mwishowe,nikahisi kama nilikuwa katika gari lililojaa watu wengi mno

159
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Kulikuwa na madaktari wa falsafa 20, mimi na huyu Profesa

160
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tumejazana katika ofisi ndogo

161
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wakinirushia maswali ya haraka haraka

162
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wakijaribu kuzamisha mpango wangu.

163
00:07:25,661 --> 00:07:28,130
Jinsi gani jambo hili lilivyokuwa gumu?

164
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(vicheko)

165
00:07:32,478 --> 00:07:35,202
bila kujali kuhojiwa kote kule,

166
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nilijibu maswali yao yote,

167
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nilibahatisha katika baadhi ya maswali lakini nilikuwa sahihi,

168
00:07:38,818 --> 00:07:43,370
mwishowe nikafanikiwa kupata nafasi ya maabara niliyoihitaji.

169
00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:45,563
muda mfupi baadae ndipo nikagundua

170
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mpango wango mahiri

171
00:07:47,562 --> 00:07:49,589
kuwa na makosa karibia milioni moja,

172
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na ndani ya miezi saba,

173
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nikaanza kazi nzito ya kusahihisha makosa haya yote moja baada ya jingine.

174
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Matokeo yake? kipimo cha karatasi

175
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kikigharimu senti tatu za dola kikichukua dakika tano.

176
00:08:00,826 --> 00:08:04,411
hii inakifanya kiwe mara 168 haraka zaidi,

177
00:08:04,411 --> 00:08:07,238
kikiwa na gharama ya chini ya mara 26,000

178
00:08:07,238 --> 00:08:09,897
na kikiwa cha uhakika kwa zaidi ya mara 400

179
00:08:09,897 --> 00:08:12,907
kushinda kipimo cha sasa cha kansa ya kongosho

180
00:08:12,907 --> 00:08:22,465
(makofi)

181
00:08:22,465 --> 00:08:24,860
moja kati ya vitu muhimu kuhusu kipimo hiki,

182
00:08:24,860 --> 00:08:27,457
ni kuwa kinatoa majibu sahihi kwa karibia asilimia 100,

183
00:08:27,457 --> 00:08:29,819
na kinagundua kansa katika hatua za mwanzo kabisa

184
00:08:29,819 --> 00:08:33,212
wakati mtu ana nafasi ya asilimia 100 ya kupona.

185
00:08:33,212 --> 00:08:35,476
kwa hiyo ndani ya miaka miwili mpaka mitano ijayo,

186
00:08:35,476 --> 00:08:38,741
kipimo hiki kinaweza kikaongeza watu kupona kansa ya kongosho

187
00:08:38,741 --> 00:08:40,876
kutoka asilimia 5.5

188
00:08:40,876 --> 00:08:42,972
mpaka karibu na asilimia 100,

189
00:08:42,972 --> 00:08:45,863
na pia itafanya hivyo hivyo kwa kansa ya kizazi na ya mapafu.

190
00:08:45,863 --> 00:08:48,205
lakini haitaishia hapo tu.

191
00:08:48,205 --> 00:08:49,900
Kwa kuifunga hiyo antibodi,

192
00:08:49,900 --> 00:08:51,519
unaweza ukaangalia protini mbalimbali,

193
00:08:51,519 --> 00:08:53,125
kwa hiyo pia magonjwa mbalimbali,

194
00:08:53,125 --> 00:08:56,830
lakini uwezo huu ni kwa ugonjwa wowote duniani

195
00:08:56,830 --> 00:08:58,671
kutoka ugonjwa wa moyo

196
00:08:58,671 --> 00:09:01,404
mpaka Malaria,HIV,AIDS,

197
00:09:01,404 --> 00:09:04,133
pia ni aina nyingine za kansa-- ugonjwa wowote ule.

198
00:09:04,133 --> 00:09:06,324
Kwa hiyo, tumaini ni kuwa siku moja

199
00:09:06,324 --> 00:09:08,740
wote tunaweza tukawa na yule mjomba wa ziada,

200
00:09:08,740 --> 00:09:11,824
yule mama,yule kaka,dada,

201
00:09:11,824 --> 00:09:14,850
tunaweza kuwa na ndugu wa kumpenda,

202
00:09:14,850 --> 00:09:19,706
na mioyo yetu itapunguziwa mzigo wa ugonjwa mmoja

203
00:09:19,706 --> 00:09:22,567
utokanao na kansa ya kongosho,kizazi na mapafu,

204
00:09:22,567 --> 00:09:24,872
au ugonjwa wowote mwingine,

205
00:09:24,872 --> 00:09:27,270
na kupitia mtandao mengi yanawezekana.

206
00:09:27,270 --> 00:09:28,948
tunaweza kushirikishana nadharia,

207
00:09:28,948 --> 00:09:30,400
na sio lazima uwe profesa

208
00:09:30,400 --> 00:09:33,060
na shahada nyingi ili mawazo yako yathaminike.

209
00:09:33,060 --> 00:09:34,462
ni eneo lililo wazi kwa mtu yeyote

210
00:09:34,462 --> 00:09:37,322
ambapo mwonekano,umri wako au jinsia,

211
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haijalishi.

212
00:09:38,496 --> 00:09:40,698
ni mawazo yako tu ndiyo yanayojalisha.

213
00:09:40,698 --> 00:09:43,651
Kwangu mimi,ni suala la kuangalia mtandao wa intaneti

214
00:09:43,651 --> 00:09:45,739
kwa mtazamo mpya kabisa

215
00:09:45,739 --> 00:09:47,858
ili kujua kuna mengi sana ndani yake

216
00:09:47,858 --> 00:09:52,755
badala ya kuweka picha zako tu mtandaoni.

217
00:09:52,755 --> 00:09:56,012
unaweza ukaibadilisha dunia.

218
00:09:56,012 --> 00:09:58,045
kwa hiyo kama kijana wa miaka 15

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ambaye alikuwa hajui hata kongosho ni nini

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anaweza akavumbua njia mpya ya kugundua kansa ya kongosho.

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jaribu kufikiri unaweza ukafanya mangapi.

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Asante sana

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(makofi)