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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan.)

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Settlement of displaced populations.

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A refugee is a person who, for fear of persecution,
is outside his/her country of national origin and

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is unwilling or unable to return home.

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An internally displaced person, on the other
hand, is persons who, for different

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reasons, have been compelled to leave their
home and have been living outside their country

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but not legally regarded as refugees, but
mostly it is within their own country.

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Settlements should be a last choice because
they have disadvantages.

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They are usually long term, associated with
health problems, security issues, logistics

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issues, and often political problems, and
they impact on the local community.

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Other options could be shelter in place or
on site, shelter with friends, hotels or other

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available buildings like schools, mobile feeding
and outreach.

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Site selection issues are important in the
settlement of displaced persons.

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A number of factors affect this.

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Ownership and rental, insurance, access, environmental
issues, cross-cultural issues, and security.

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Criteria for selection of settlement areas
include water availability, topography, surface

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area, security and protection, accessibility,
environmental factors, soil conditions, social/cultural

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factors.

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Camp management is very important.

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It is like running a small city.

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It involves administration, site planning,
reception and screening systems of incoming

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people, distribution and logistics systems,
administration systems, and staffing.

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Administrative components of settlement include
administration itself, health, food and nutrition,

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water, sanitation, social services and security
issues.

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These have to be incorporated in the planning
for possibilities of disasters that involve

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mass displacement of people.

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Administration involves coordination and internal
functions, external coordination, media, staffing

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and personnel, and security.

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Health programs include immediate trauma care,
vaccination campaigns, maternity services,

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reproductive health services, disease surveillance
and control, health information and management,

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and child care.

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Water programs include water treatment, water
distribution, water systems including repair,

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installation, and promotion.

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Sanitation programs include latrine installation
and promotion, solid waste clean up, drainage

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and standing water, and vector control.

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Shelter operations include temporary shelters,
rehabilitation of damaged shelters, home water

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supply, kitchen supplies, clothing and blankets,
and soap.

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Food and nutrition operations include general
food availability and food security, attention,

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particular attention to vulnerable groups,
especially those vulnerable to severe malnutrition,

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supplemental and therapeutic feeding with special
address to vulnerable groups, surveillance,

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and food security.

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Logistics operations include warehousing,
supply chain management, and transportation.

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Social services include education, trauma
counseling, child care and support services

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especially for orphans and other vulnerable
children, religious support, and sports and recreation.

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Security issues include, issues of whether
the camp is open or closed, perimeter security,

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internal security, lighting, staff/resident
identification, camp regulations, access denied

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areas.

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These are common site and shelter problems.

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Ten problems often affect the emergency management
of sites, camps, and shelters.

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One, no resources for site and shelter management.

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Two, conflicts about location, priorities,
and design.

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Three, exposure to elements while waiting for 
materials, including rain, sunshine, wind, dust.

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Four, difficult site conditions.

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Five, short term solutions to long term problems.

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Six, constant site work.

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Seven, different shelter types and strategies
in the same location.

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Eight, overcrowding that may promote spread
of disease.

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Nine, rape and sexual and gender based violence.

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Ten, failure to build or occupy emergency
shelters.