[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.26,0:00:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've all heard about\Nhow the dinosaurs died.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.52,0:00:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story I'm going to tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.44,0:00:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened over 200 million years\Nbefore the dinosaurs went extinct.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.62,0:00:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This story starts at the very beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.57,0:00:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when dinosaurs were just\Ngetting their start.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.66,0:00:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the biggest mysteries\Nin evolutionary biology
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.04,0:00:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is why dinosaurs were so successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.82,0:00:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What led to their global dominance\Nfor so many years?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.04,0:00:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people think about\Nwhy dinosaurs were so amazing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.39,0:00:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they usually think about the biggest\Nor the smallest dinosaur,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.37,0:00:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who was the fastest,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.11,0:00:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who had the most feathers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.72,0:00:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most ridiculous armor,\Nspikes or teeth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.33,0:00:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But perhaps the answer had to do\Nwith their internal anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.34,0:00:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a secret weapon, so to speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.88,0:00:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My colleagues and I,\Nwe think it was their lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.36,0:00:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am both a paleontologist\Nand a comparative anatomist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.70,0:00:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I am interested in understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.81,0:01:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the specialized dinosaur lung\Nhelped them take over the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.95,0:01:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we are going to jump back\Nover 200 million years
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.14,0:01:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Triassic Period.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.77,0:01:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The environment was extremely harsh,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.95,0:01:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were no flowering plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.61,0:01:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this means that there was no grass.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.89,0:01:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine a landscape\Nfilled with all pine trees and ferns.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.66,0:01:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time,\Nthere were small lizards,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.40,0:01:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mammals, insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.68,0:01:28.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there were also carnivorous\Nand herbivorous reptiles,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.82,0:01:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all competing for the same resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.68,0:01:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Critical to this story
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.24,0:01:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that oxygen levels
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.07,0:01:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been estimated to have been\Nas low as 15 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.70,0:01:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to today's 21 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.87,0:01:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it would have been crucial\Nfor dinosaurs to be able to breathe
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.72,0:01:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this low-oxygen environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.19,0:01:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only to survive
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.77,0:01:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to thrive and to diversify.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.63,0:01:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do we know\Nwhat dinosaur lungs were even like,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.87,0:02:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since all that remains of a dinosaur
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.08,0:02:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generally is its fossilized skeleton?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.56,0:02:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the method that we use
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.24,0:02:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called extant phylogenetic bracketing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.23,0:02:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a fancy way of saying\Nthat we study the anatomy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.88,0:02:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically in this case\Nthe lungs and skeleton,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.98,0:02:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the living descendants of dinosaurs\Non the evolutionary tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.28,0:02:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we would look at the anatomy of birds,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.51,0:02:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are the direct\Ndescendants of dinosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.30,0:02:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'd look at\Nthe anatomy of crocodilians,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.73,0:02:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are their closest living relatives,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.76,0:02:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we would look at\Nthe anatomy of lizards and turtles,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.66,0:02:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who we can think of like their cousins.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.37,0:02:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we apply these anatomical data\Nto the fossil record,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.83,0:02:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we can use that\Nto reconstruct the lungs of dinosaurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.50,0:02:46.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this specific instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.100,0:02:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the skeleton of dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.84,0:02:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most closely resembles\Nthat of modern birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.80,0:02:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, because dinosaurs were competing with\Nearly mammals during this time period,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.72,0:03:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's important to understand\Nthe basic blueprint of the mammalian lung.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.70,0:03:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, to reintroduce you\Nto lungs in general,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.56,0:03:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will use my dog Mila of Troy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.83,0:03:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the face that launched a thousand treats,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.26,0:03:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as our model.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.41,0:03:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.20,0:03:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this story takes place\Ninside of a chest cavity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.96,0:03:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want you to visualize\Nthe ribcage of a dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.86,0:03:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about how the spine\Nand vertebral column
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.35,0:03:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is completely horizontal to the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.04,0:03:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how the spinal vertebral column
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.94,0:03:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to be in all of the animals\Nthat we will be talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.65,0:03:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they walked on two legs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.44,0:03:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or four legs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.75,0:03:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I want you to climb inside\Nof the imaginary ribcage and look up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.94,0:03:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is our thoracic ceiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.63,0:03:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where the top surface of the lungs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.19,0:03:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes into direct contact\Nwith the ribs and vertebrae.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.48,0:03:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This interface is where\Nour story takes place.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.72,0:03:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I want you to visualize\Nthe lungs of a dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.73,0:03:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the outside, it's like\Na giant inflatable bag
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.86,0:04:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where all parts of the bag\Nexpand during inhalation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.10,0:04:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and contract during exhalation.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.88,0:04:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside of the bag, there's a series\Nof branching tubes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.04,0:04:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these tubes are called\Nthe bronchial tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.82,0:04:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These tubes deliver the inhaled oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.76,0:04:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to, ultimately, the alveoli.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.52,0:04:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They cross over a thin membrane\Ninto the bloodstream by diffusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.70,0:04:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this part is critical.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.68,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The entire mammalian lung is mobile.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:31.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means it's moving\Nduring the entire respiratory process,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.09,0:04:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that thin membrane,\Nthe blood-gas barrier,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.40,0:04:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot be too thin or it will break.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.98,0:04:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, remember the blood-gas barrier,\Nbecause we will be returning to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.72,0:04:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you're still with me?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.33,0:04:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we're going to start birds\Nand it gets crazy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.31,0:04:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so hold on to your butts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.69,0:04:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the bird
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.96,0:04:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is completely different from the mammal,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.22,0:04:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are going to be using birds
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.57,0:04:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as our model to reconstruct\Nthe lungs of dinosaurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.54,0:05:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the bird,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.04,0:05:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,air passes through the lung,\Nbut the lung does not expand or contract.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.92,0:05:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lung is immobilized,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.11,0:05:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has the texture of a dense sponge,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.20,0:05:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's inflexible
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.78,0:05:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and locked into place on the top\Nand sides by the ribcage
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.41,0:05:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the bottom\Nby a horizontal membrane.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.36,0:05:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is then unidirectionally ventilated
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.69,0:05:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a series of flexible,\Nbag-like structures
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.63,0:05:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that branch off of the bronchial tree
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.91,0:05:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond the lung itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.96,0:05:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are called air sacs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.85,0:05:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this entire extremely delicate setup
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.02,0:05:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is locked into place
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.72,0:05:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a series of forked ribs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.84,0:05:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all along the thoracic ceiling.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.57,0:05:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, in many species of birds,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.57,0:05:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extension arise from the lung
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.60,0:05:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the air sacs,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.93,0:05:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they invade the skeletal tissues,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.70,0:05:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually the vertebrae, sometimes the ribs,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.06,0:05:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they lock the respiratory\Nsystem into place,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.83,0:06:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is called vertebral pneumaticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.56,0:06:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The forked ribs and\Nthe vertebral pneumaticity
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.06,0:06:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are two clues that we can hunt for\Nin the fossil record,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.30,0:06:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these two skeletal traits
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.36,0:06:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would indicate that regions\Nof the respiratory system of dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.78,0:06:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are immobilized.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.79,0:06:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This anchoring of the respiratory system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.96,0:06:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,facilitated the evolution\Nof the thinning of the blood-gas barrier,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.02,0:06:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that thin membrane over which oxygen\Nwas diffusing into the bloodstream.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.14,0:06:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The immobility permits this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.81,0:06:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a thin barrier is a weak barrier,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.30,0:06:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the weak barrier would rupture\Nif it was actively being ventilated
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.61,0:06:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a mammalian lung.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.06,0:06:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do we care about this?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.65,0:06:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does this even matter?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.36,0:06:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oxygen more easily diffuses\Nacross a thin membrane,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.37,0:07:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a thin membrane is one way\Nof enhancing respiration
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.50,0:07:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under low-oxygen conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.35,0:07:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,low-oxygen conditions\Nlike that of the Triassic Period.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.47,0:07:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if dinosaurs did indeed\Nhave this type of lung,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.12,0:07:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd be better equipped to breathe
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.63,0:07:20.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than all other animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.100,0:07:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.22,0:07:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So do you remember the extant\Nphylogenetic bracket method,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.65,0:07:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we take the anatomy\Nof modern animals
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.34,0:07:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we apply that to the fossil record?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.95,0:07:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, clue number one\Nwas the forked ribs of modern birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.06,0:07:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we find that in pretty much\Nthe majority of dinosaurs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.06,0:07:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means that the top surface\Nof the lungs of dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.80,0:07:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be locked into place,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.28,0:07:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like modern birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.26,0:07:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clue number two is vertebral pneumaticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.75,0:07:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find this in sauropod dinosaurs\Nand theropod dinosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.59,0:08:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the group that contains\Npredatory dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.57,0:08:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gave rise to modern birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.48,0:08:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while we don't find evidence\Nof fossilized lung tissue in dinosaurs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.22,0:08:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vertebral pneumaticity gives us evidence\Nof what the lung was doing
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.19,0:08:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the life of these animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.45,0:08:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lung tissue or air sac tissue\Nwas invading the vertebrae,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.76,0:08:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hollowing them out\Njust like a modern bird,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.33,0:08:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and locking regions\Nof the respiratory system into place,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.49,0:08:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immobilizing them.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.98,0:08:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The forked ribs
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.34,0:08:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vertebral pneumaticity together
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.02,0:08:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were creating an immobilized,\Nrigid framework
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.66,0:08:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that locked the respiratory\Nsystem into place
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.88,0:08:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that permitted the evolution\Nof that super-thin,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.28,0:08:53.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,super-delicate blood-gas barrier\Nthat we see today in modern birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.00,0:08:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Evidence of this straight-jacketed\Nlung in dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.08,0:09:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that they had\Nthe capability to evolve a lung
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.56,0:09:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would have been able to breathe
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.32,0:09:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the hypoxic, or low-oxygen\Natmosphere of the Triassic period.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.19,0:09:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This rigid skeletal setup in dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.48,0:09:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have given them\Na significant adaptive advantage
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.82,0:09:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over other animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.25,0:09:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly mammals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.28,0:09:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose flexible lung couldn't have adapted
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.56,0:09:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the hypoxic, or low-oxygen,\Natmosphere of the Triassic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.85,0:09:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This anatomy may have been\Nthe secret weapon of dinosaurs
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.04,0:09:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gave them that advantage\Nover other animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.30,0:09:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this gives us an excellent launchpad
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.12,0:09:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to start testing hypotheses\Nof dinosaurian diversification.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.21,0:09:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the story of\Nthe dinosaurs' beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.07,0:09:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's just the beginning of the story\Nof our research into this subject.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.59,0:09:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.92,0:09:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)