Elevator: Which floor please?
Girl: 3rd underfloor?
Elevator: Thank you.
Boy: Where are all the other stores?
Girl: Well, I don't know really.
But I do know that the store helped Caysie win first prize at the science fair.
Boy: The store did THAT?
Girl: Well, the person who works there did.
Her name is Mrs. Molly Mcqule.
(giggles)
You can laugh if you want,
but weren't you the one that needed help in science class?
Yes, I guess. My grades haven't been all that great.
And we're starting to study matter.
Girl: Mrs. Mcqule
Mrs. Mcqule: May I help you?
Girl: Mrs.Mcqule.. It's me Amanda,
You helped my friend with his science project,
And well Kyle here.
Mrs.Mcqule: As a matter of fact I can.
Kyle: What?
Mrs. Mcqule: The facts of matter.
One second please.
(Weird sounds)
Mrs. Mcqule: Is there something I can show you in matter?
Amanda: Mmm yeah.
My friend Kyle's having some problems in class.
They're studying matter.
Kyle: Yeah. The properties and changes of matter.
Can you help?
Mrs. Mcqule: As a matter of fact I can.
Don't you just love that?
(Jokes around) Matter, facts.. get it?
Ehh nevermind..
Anyway, let's review what matter is.
Amanda?
Amanda: Matter is anything that takes up space..
has mass and has properties that you
can observe and describe.
Kyle: But, what is a property?
Amanda: A property is something special
about an object. That makes it what it is.
Like this bell, it's metal.
Kyle: Oh, I get it.
Mrs. Mcqule: Splendid! Blue star for you.
I think you're really gonna like this.
I just bought the upgrade. (Claps)
Now, let's proceed.
Computer voice: Matter is made up of
elements
or pure substances that are often called
the building blocks of matter.
And these building blocks are made up of
small particles called atoms.
Now each type of matter has its own
physical properties. Which makes it
different from other types of matter.
Physical properties can be measured
or observed without changing the
matter into something else.
Most of these properties remain consant
and can be used to identify it.
Now some properties are common to
or found in all types of matter.
All matter has mass, which is the
amount of matter in an object.
For example, an object with a large
mass feels heavy.
While an object with a small mass
feels light.
So you simply can't tell how much
mass an object has just by looking at it.
But you can measure it.
Mrs.Mcqule: All matter also has volume
which is the amount of space an
object takes up. This ballon for example
has more volume than.. say a
golf ball. Because it takes up more space.
I mean kids, it's just bigger.
And all matter has density. Which is
the property of matter that compares
the mass, the amount of matter.
To volume, the space it takes up.
Kyle: So all matter has is physical properties.
Well what about changes in matter?
Mrs.Mcqule: Patience dear boy. Let's
take a look at physical properties
first and then we'll dive right in and
solve your problem, ok?
The atoms that come together to make
up that matter give it it's particular physical properties.
Computer voice: One physical property that's
found in most matter is that it is,
metallic.
84 out of 112 known elements are metallic.
That's 3/4's.
In fact all elements can be divided into
metallic and non-metallic elements.
Elements like copper, gold, silver, aluminum
iron, and nickel are metallic.
All metals except mercury are solid at room temperature.
Also, most metals look shiny and are
found in the Earths ground.
Most metals are said to be malleable
which means that they can be
hammered into thin sheets.
Or pulled into long thin wires.
Some metals are light, they are bendable
like copper and aluminum.
That are used to make wire.
Some metals like iron are heavy, hard
and very strong.
Kyle: So matter that is metallic is usually
shiny, solid at room temperature,
malleable and strong.
Mrs. Mcqule: You're a quick learner.
Now 28 or 1/4 of all elements are
classified as non-metals and their
properties are very different from the
properties of metals.
Amanda: Like what?
Mrs: Mcqule: Well, most non-metals are
not shiny and can not be hammered into
sheets or pulled into a wire. They are not
malleable they are brittle.
Oxygen and nitrogen are non-metals
that are in the air. (blows)
Carbon, a solid non-metal is dark.
Now that we've established metals and
non-metals. Let's say we take a look at
some of the more exciting physical
properties.
Matter has an physical property called
conductivity.
Computer voice: Conductivity is the
ability to pass energy along from one
particle to another.
There are three kinds of conductivity
electrical, heat and sound.
(background music)
When matter can move electrical energy
from one particle to another it is called
an electrical conductor, metals used to
make wire such as those made of copper
are electrical conductors.
The reason these metals are able to
conduct electricity, is that the electrons
fartest from the nucleus of a metal atom
are only held lightly by that atom
they are free to move to other metal atoms.
This freedom of electron movement,
allows metal to conduct electricity.
Matter that is unable to conduct much
electricity at all is called an
Electric Insulator.
This matter in non-metallic.
In electric insulators, the electrons are
bound tightly to their atoms.
Glass, plastic and rubber are good examples.
(background music)
Some materials can conduct heat very
well.
These materials allow heat to flow
through them easily.
Metals conduct or transfer heat very quickly.
For instance, have you ever noticed
that when a car has been sitting in the
sun, it's metal parts are much hotter than
its plastic parts.
That's because metal conducts heat
better than non-metal plastic.
(background music)
Cooking pots and pans are made of metal.
Because metal conducts heat well.
The heat from the stove is quickly passed
through the pan, into the food.
Voila! The food is cooked.
Other materials insulate against the
passage of heat.
Man: Ooh la la!
Mrs.Mqcule: Which means that they do
not readily permit heat to flow.
(Glass shatters)
Cooking pots should have wooden or
plastic handles to insulate against heat.
So you don't get burned when you touch them.
(background music)
This last kind of conduction is a bit
different.
This is the movement of sound energy.
(Bell rings)
Many metallic substances conduct sound
very well.
But a non-metallic substance, like glass
or even water conduct sound well too.
Matter with a poor ability to conduct
sound is used as sound insulation.
Special ceiling tiles are good examples
of this.
Mrs.Mcqule: Whether or not a substance is
magnetic, is another physical property of
matter.
Objects made from iron and steel are
magnetic.
Plastic is not.
Well we can't mention physical properties
of matter without mentioning chemical
properties as well.
Kyle: Yeah. I'm about to study that in
class.
Mrs.Mcqule: Mmmm, how about a head start?
Computer voice: Chemical properties
describe the ability of matter
to react or combine with
another matter to form a new substance,
a new kind of matter.
Although it's pretty hard to observe a
chemical property.
For example, pyrite and gold look a lot
alike, but pyrite is made of iron and
sulfur atoms.
It has some of the physical properties
of gold, but it's fools gold.
People sometimes use acid to tell gold
and pyrite apart.
The sulfur in pyrite reacts with the acid
to produce a gas gold does not.
Another chemical property is the ability
to burn.
This is called combustibility.
Flame tests can be used to identify
substances based on the color of the flame
they produce when burned.
Barium produces a green flame.
Sodium produces a yellow flame.
And potassium produces a violet flame.
(background music)
And now Kyle as for your request
the changes of matter physically and
chemically that is.
Why don't we start with physical change,
which is a change in state, shape or size
without forming a new substance.
A change in the state of matter is
a physical change.
For example, when water changes state
it looks and feels different, but it is
still water.
Whether it's ice, liquid or vapor.
Let's run with this, shall we?
When you grind peanuts.. you get peanut
butter.
The size and shape have changed, but
you still have peanuts.
Remember a change in size or shape
is a physical change, no new substances
formed.
Other physical changes include mixing
together two or more kinds of matter.
Or separating matter into the different
parts as long as no new substances formed
Most of the objects around us are not
pure substances, but mixtures.
A mixture is two or more parts blended
together, yet they keep their own properties
and do not turn into a new substance.
In some mixtures it's easy to tell
that each type of matter keeps its
physical properties, because you can still
see the individual parts of the mixture.
Examples of this could be salad,
spaghetti, tacos, and trail mix.
In other mixtures the parts are hard to see.
Like sugar or salt mixed with water.
Also, in a mixture you can put the
substances together in any amount.
For example, tea can be very strong
or very weak.
Mixtures can be made of solids, liquids
or gases and can be made with a
combination of different forms of matter.
Air is a mixture of different gases.
Mixtures can also be separated using
their physical properties like size, shape,
color, volume, density and state.
This is called a physical separation.
It's important to remember that subsatnces
that make up mixtures; keep their
physical properties as well as their
chemical properties.
Some mixtures are not as easily separated.
These "hard-to-separate" mixtures are
called solutions.
A solution is a mixture in which
substances are completely blended,
so that the properties are the same
throughout.
The substances are mixed evenly, so they
stay blended.
If you put a spoonful of sugar into a
glass of liquid water and stir; the sugar
seems to disappear and the glass still
contains a clear liquid.
The sugar and the water form a kind
of mixture called a solution.
Although you can't see it, you can tell
the sugar's in the water, because it tastes
sweet.
When the water evaporates, the sugar
will be left behind and you can see it
again.
People drink a lot of types of solutions,
like tea, coffee, fruit juices, and soft
drinks.
When one material forms a solution
with another material; we say it dissolves.
The substance in a solution dissolve or
separate into their most basic particles.
Molecules that are too small to be seen.
As sugar dissolves in water, molecules of
solid sugar are pulled away from
eachother by water molecules.
Very quickly the sugar molecules
spread to all parts of the solution.
You can no longer see the sugar,
because the very small sugar particles
are mixed evenly with the water particles.
Unlike the mixture of granola, that might
have six raisins in one spoonful
and three in the next.
Any part of the solution is identical to
any other part of the solution.
Some solids dissolve in water and some
do not.
Solubility is the measure of the amount
of a material that will dissolve
in another material.
For example, sugar is soluble in water,
but ground black pepper is not.
Try stirring sand into water, while you're
stirring the sand mixes with the water
but does not dissolve.
When you stop stirring the sand falls
to the bottom of the jar.
The solubility of sand in water is zero.
No amount of sand dissolves in water.
Liquid solutions are usually transparent,
they're evenly colored, and they can
never separate into layers.
Compare the mixture of oil and vinegar,
as in salad dressing to a solution; like
this drink mix.
Also, solutions don't have to be liquid.
They can be solids and gases too.
In the sugar and water solution;
a solid, sugar was mixed with a liquid,
water.
In a bottle of soda, the gas carbon dioxide
is dissolved in or spread evenly
throughout the liquid.
When you lift the top off the bottle,
you can see thousands of bubbles of
carbon dioxide gas start to rise through
the liquid an into the air.
Mixtures of metals are solid solutions.
Brass is a solution of zinc and copper.
It is made by melting two metals
together.
Gases can form solutions too.
Air is a solution of several gases.
Physical changes can sometimes be easily
reversed, but not always.
Melting an ice cube can easily be reversed
by cooling until it freezes again.
Stirring sugar into water can be reversed
by letting the water evaporate.
On the other hand, it would not be
so easy to get peanuts back once they
were all ground up.
Kyle: So if a change seems easy
to reverse, it is more likely to be a
physical change.
Amanda: But not all combinations of
matter can be separated physically into
their parts.
Mrs.Mcqule: Well done.
Now for something really thrilling
chemical changes.
(background music)
Mrs.Mcqule: Unlike the often "easy-to
-reverse" physical changes, chemical
changes don't turn around so easily.
These changes occur when atoms link
together in new ways.
This is called a chemical reaction.
During chemical reactions the atoms in
the substances that were put together,
rearranged to form a new substance with
different properties.
The changes in the linking patterns of the
atoms create the new substances.
These new substances have properties
different from the original substances
from which they were formed.
Sugar is made when the right amounts
of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
are mixed.
A chemical reaction can cause sugar to
break apart into it's original elements
or atoms; carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
There are signals that a chemical change
is happening.
They include a formation of a gas,
a color change, or light and heat changes
caused by the release of energy.
The reaction between baking soda and
vinegar is an example of a chemical change.
When these two materials are mixed gas
bubbles form.
A change in the linking pattern of the
atoms in the liquid vinegar and solid
baking soda, cause a new substance,
carbon dioxide, a gas, to form.
Kyle: Ahh.
One of the signals, a gas was formed.
Computer voice: With a burning candle,
many changes are happening.
Wax melts, runs down the side and turns
solid again, this is a physical change.
However, some of the wax turns into
carbon dioxide gas and steam when it
combines with oxygen in the air.
This chemical change releases enough heat
to make a flame.
Amanda: A heat change!
Computer voice: Rust forms when iron
atoms in steel, react with oxygen from
the air.
The reaction is very complex and needs
moisture to occur.
When iron rusts it turns red or brown.
Kyle: A color change.
Mrs.Mcqule:Yes, but are you sure this
is a chemical reaction? Or a physical
change?
Let's find out.
Rust is powdery and no longer shiny
like iron, it also does not bend like iron,
iron can conduct electricity while rust
does not, rust melts at a much higher
temperature than iron, the density
of rust is much less than the density
of iron and rust does not react with
oxygen as iron does.
So is this a physical or chemical change?
Both: Chemical change.
Mrs.Mcqule: Right, we can see that a
new substance is definitely been formed
and a chemical reaction, has taken place.
Now, rocketships use chemical reactions
that produce lots of heat.
(Rocket launches)
(Astronaut talks)
Mrs.Mcqule; This space shuttles main engines are
powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid
oxygen.
When the oxygen and hydrogen come
together, they make water vapor and
release the energy the shuttle needs to
take off.
A chemical change has happened
because the two substances hydrogen
and oxygen came together to make a
third new substance, water vapor.
Burning is another chemical change.
When wood burns, it turns into or
becomes something else.
It turns to smoke, heat and ash, it isn't
wood anymore.
That's because during burning, particles
that make up the wood, react with oxygen
in the air and change into other
substances such as; carbon dioxide, ash
and water vapor.
Electricity can also cause chemical changes.
If an electric current is sent through
water, a different kind of change takes
place.
Gases are produced, but the gases are not
water vapor, they are oxygen and hydrogen.
The substances that make up water.
When you eat food, chemical changes
take place as you digest it.
Digestion is a series of complex chemical
changes, each consisting of many
chemical reactions.
When you ate breakfast, your teeth will
make no physical change, breaking
the food into smaller pieces
and your saliva was chemically breaking
down the food molecules into smaller
and smaller particles.
In your stomach acids reacted with the
food to further change and make even
smaller molecules.
Finally, in the intestines, more digestive
juices chemically reacted with what used
to be oatmeal to produce the many
different molecules of sugar, protein, and
minerals your body uses to live and grow.
All during digestion chemical reactions
produce new substances with the atoms
of the old substances.
In general, chemical changes are difficult
to reverse.
(driver slams on brakes)
Turning carbon dioxide gas, water,
and sodium acetate back into baking soda
and vinegar would be difficult.
Kyle: And how about changing that
oatmeal back into what my dad poured
into my bowl this morning.
Amanda: Imagine trying to "unburn" toast
or "unspoil" milk.
(bells ring)
Mrs.Mcqule: We've seen and talked about
physical and chemical changes in matter.
But, sometimes it's hard to tell the
difference.
Physical changes are often easy to reverse
but because matter can be changed in size
and shape by being cut, folded, stretched
,rearranged and crumpled without
changing its original properties
it can look very different
Matter can even be melted, frozen or
heated to change its physical state.
And although it looks different, it is
still the same substance.
Let's look at some examples.
Cherry flavored drink powder is pale pink
but turns bright red when you mix it
with water, but the powder has only
dissolved.
It has gone through a physical change
not a chemical change.
Kyle: Oh, I would've thought that the
color change, was a sign of a chemical
change.
Mrs.Mcqule: When you open a cold soft
drink bubbles are produced but a chemical
reaction is not taken place.
The carbon dioxide has simply.. come
out of solution.
Amanda: Another sign of a chemical
change that didn't plan out.
Mrs.Mcqule: If you rub your hands quickly
back and forth across the surface they
become hot, but the heat is due to the
friction, not a chemical reaction.
Kyle: So a heat change sign doesn't
always work either.
Mrs.Mcqule: Cheer up Kyle.
You know the basics about matter and
if you know that.. you can figure out
those tough spots.
You now know the facts of matter.
Kyle: I think I do.
Mrs.Mcqule: So, tell us first what is
matter.
Kyle: Matter is anything that takes
up space, has mass and has properties
that you can observe and describe.
Mrs.Mcqule: There are two kinds of
properties, physical and chemical.
How are they different?
Kyle: Physical properties can be seen
and measured without changing the
matter into something else.
Amanda: Chemical properties are harder
to see because they describe the
ability of matter to react with other matter
to form some.. different matter.
Mrs.Mcqule: What are the three physical
properties that ALL matter has?
Amanda: There are lots of physical
properties, but three of them belong to
all matter; mass (the amount of matter)
that has volume (how much space it takes
up) and density (mass compared to it's
volume).
Mrs.Mcqule: Hmm.. Do you know any other
properties?
Amanda: Sure.
Most matter that is metallic is shiny,
malleable, strong and a good
conductor of heat, electricity and sound.
Some metals like iron are magnetic.
Most matter that is not metallic is
not shiny, malleable, strong and is not a
good conductor.
Mrs.Mcqule: Now, what about changes?
How can you tell a change is physical
or chemical?
Kyle: Physical changes don't make a
new kind of matter, the matter keeps it's
properties, when one kind of matter is
physically mixed with another kind of
matter.. it might look like something new
but the parts can usually be separated.
Amanda: But when there is a chemical
change, the atoms in the matters that
are mixed up together, hook up in new ways
;they change to form a new kind of matter.
Kyle: Sometimes we can see the signs
of a chemical change.
There might be a color change, sometimes
a gas forms, or energy can be released
as light or heat.
But.. you can't always count on those
signals.
Mrs.Mcqule: So, do you feel a little
better on the properties of matter?
And the changes that matter can go
through?
I know I do.
Kyle: (Jokes around) as a MATTER of FACT
I do.
(background music)
Kyle: Where's Mrs.Bailey?
Woman: Oh, she's out today, I'm
substituting.
You're here early.
Kyle: Yes I'm just.. excited about
the test, I guess.
Woman: Ahh the test.. physical and
chemical changes in matter.
Kyle: Yeah.. I hope I do ok.. (gasps)
Mrs.Mcqule: I think you'll do fine.
Just fine.
(♫ Sings ♫)
Both: M is for metric, conversion to a cup
A is for astronaut cause they go to the
moon.
T is for tattertot cause they are really
good.
T is for toddlers cause they go "room
room room".
E is for elephant cause they take up
much space.
R is for radical cause matter's really cool
M-a-t-t-e-r (shouts) Matter!!
Amanda: For more great videos call