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Elevator: Which floor please?

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Girl: 3rd underfloor?

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Elevator: Thank you.

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Boy: Where are all the other stores?

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Girl: Well, I don't know really.

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But I do know that the store helped Caysie win first prize at the science fair.

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Boy: The store did THAT?

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Girl: Well, the person who works there did.

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Her name is Mrs. Molly Mcqule.

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(giggles)

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You can laugh if you want,

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but weren't you the one that needed help in science class?

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Yes, I guess. My grades haven't been all that great.

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And we're starting to study matter.

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Girl: Mrs. Mcqule

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Mrs. Mcqule: May I help you?

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Girl: Mrs.Mcqule.. It's me Amanda,

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You helped my friend with his science project,

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And well Kyle here.

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Mrs.Mcqule: As a matter of fact I can.

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Kyle: What?

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Mrs. Mcqule: The facts of matter.

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One second please.

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(Weird sounds)

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Mrs. Mcqule: Is there something I can show you in matter?

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Amanda: Mmm yeah.

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My friend Kyle's having some problems in class.

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They're studying matter.

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Kyle: Yeah. The properties and changes of matter.

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Can you help?

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Mrs. Mcqule: As a matter of fact I can.

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Don't you just love that?

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(Jokes around) Matter, facts.. get it?

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Ehh nevermind..

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Anyway, let's review what matter is.

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Amanda?

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Amanda: Matter is anything that takes up space..

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has mass and has properties that you

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can observe and describe.

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Kyle: But, what is a property?

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Amanda: A property is something special

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about an object. That makes it what it is.

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Like this bell, it's metal.

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Kyle: Oh, I get it.

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Mrs. Mcqule: Splendid! Blue star for you.

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I think you're really gonna like this.

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I just bought the upgrade. (Claps)

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Now, let's proceed.

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Computer voice: Matter is made up of

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elements

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or pure substances that are often called

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the building blocks of matter.

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And these building blocks are made up of

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small particles called atoms.

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Now each type of matter has its own

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physical properties. Which makes it

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different from other types of matter.

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Physical properties can be measured

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or observed without changing the

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matter into something else.

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Most of these properties remain consant

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and can be used to identify it.

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Now some properties are common to

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or found in all types of matter.

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All matter has mass, which is the

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amount of matter in an object.

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For example, an object with a large

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mass feels heavy.

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While an object with a small mass

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feels light.

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So you simply can't tell how much

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mass an object has just by looking at it.

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But you can measure it.

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Mrs.Mcqule: All matter also has volume

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which is the amount of space an

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object takes up. This ballon for example

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has more volume than.. say a

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golf ball. Because it takes up more space.

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I mean kids, it's just bigger.

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And all matter has density. Which is

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the property of matter that compares

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the mass, the amount of matter.

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To volume, the space it takes up.

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Kyle: So all matter has is physical properties.

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Well what about changes in matter?

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Mrs.Mcqule: Patience dear boy. Let's

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take a look at physical properties

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first and then we'll dive right in and

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solve your problem, ok?

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The atoms that come together to make

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up that matter give it it's particular physical properties.

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Computer voice: One physical property that's

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found in most matter is that it is,

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metallic.

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84 out of 112 known elements are metallic.

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That's 3/4's.

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In fact all elements can be divided into

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metallic and non-metallic elements.

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Elements like copper, gold, silver, aluminum

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iron, and nickel are metallic.

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All metals except mercury are solid at room temperature.

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Also, most metals look shiny and are

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found in the Earths ground.

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Most metals are said to be malleable

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which means that they can be

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hammered into thin sheets.

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Or pulled into long thin wires.

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Some metals are light, they are bendable

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like copper and aluminum.

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That are used to make wire.

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Some metals like iron are heavy, hard

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and very strong.

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Kyle: So matter that is metallic is usually

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shiny, solid at room temperature,

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malleable and strong.

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Mrs. Mcqule: You're a quick learner.

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Now 28 or 1/4 of all elements are

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classified as non-metals and their

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properties are very different from the

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properties of metals.

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Amanda: Like what?

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Mrs: Mcqule: Well, most non-metals are

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not shiny and can not be hammered into

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sheets or pulled into a wire. They are not

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malleable they are brittle.

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Oxygen and nitrogen are non-metals

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that are in the air. (blows)

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Carbon, a solid non-metal is dark.

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Now that we've established metals and

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non-metals. Let's say we take a look at

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some of the more exciting physical

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properties.

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Matter has an physical property called

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conductivity.

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Computer voice: Conductivity is the

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ability to pass energy along from one

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particle to another.

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There are three kinds of conductivity

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electrical, heat and sound.

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(background music)

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When matter can move electrical energy

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from one particle to another it is called

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an electrical conductor, metals used to

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make wire such as those made of copper

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are electrical conductors.

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The reason these metals are able to

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conduct electricity, is that the electrons

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fartest from the nucleus of a metal atom

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are only held lightly by that atom

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they are free to move to other metal atoms.

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This freedom of electron movement,

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allows metal to conduct electricity.

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Matter that is unable to conduct much

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electricity at all is called an

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Electric Insulator.

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This matter in non-metallic.

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In electric insulators, the electrons are

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bound tightly to their atoms.

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Glass, plastic and rubber are good examples.

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(background music)

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Some materials can conduct heat very

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well.

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These materials allow heat to flow

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through them easily.

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Metals conduct or transfer heat very quickly.

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For instance, have you ever noticed

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that when a car has been sitting in the

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sun, it's metal parts are much hotter than

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its plastic parts.

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That's because metal conducts heat

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better than non-metal plastic.

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(background music)

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Cooking pots and pans are made of metal.

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Because metal conducts heat well.

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The heat from the stove is quickly passed

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through the pan, into the food.

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Voila! The food is cooked.

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Other materials insulate against the

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passage of heat.

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Man: Ooh la la!

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Mrs.Mqcule: Which means that they do

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not readily permit heat to flow.

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(Glass shatters)

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Cooking pots should have wooden or

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plastic handles to insulate against heat.

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So you don't get burned when you touch them.

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(background music)

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This last kind of conduction is a bit

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different.

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This is the movement of sound energy.

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(Bell rings)

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Many metallic substances conduct sound

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very well.

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But a non-metallic substance, like glass

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or even water conduct sound well too.

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Matter with a poor ability to conduct

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sound is used as sound insulation.

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Special ceiling tiles are good examples

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of this.

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Mrs.Mcqule: Whether or not a substance is

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magnetic, is another physical property of

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matter.

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Objects made from iron and steel are

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magnetic.

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Plastic is not.

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Well we can't mention physical properties

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of matter without mentioning chemical

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properties as well.

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Kyle: Yeah. I'm about to study that in

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class.

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Mrs.Mcqule: Mmmm, how about a head start?

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Computer voice: Chemical properties

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describe the ability of matter

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to react or combine with

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another matter to form a new substance,

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a new kind of matter.

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Although it's pretty hard to observe a

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chemical property.

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For example, pyrite and gold look a lot

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alike, but pyrite is made of iron and

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sulfur atoms.

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It has some of the physical properties

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of gold, but it's fools gold.

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People sometimes use acid to tell gold

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and pyrite apart.

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The sulfur in pyrite reacts with the acid

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to produce a gas gold does not.

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Another chemical property is the ability

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to burn.

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This is called combustibility.

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Flame tests can be used to identify

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substances based on the color of the flame

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they produce when burned.

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Barium produces a green flame.

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Sodium produces a yellow flame.

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And potassium produces a violet flame.

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(background music)

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And now Kyle as for your request

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the changes of matter physically and

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chemically that is.

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Why don't we start with physical change,

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which is a change in state, shape or size

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without forming a new substance.

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A change in the state of matter is

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a physical change.

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For example, when water changes state

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it looks and feels different, but it is

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still water.

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Whether it's ice, liquid or vapor.

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Let's run with this, shall we?

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When you grind peanuts.. you get peanut

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butter.

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The size and shape have changed, but

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you still have peanuts.

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Remember a change in size or shape

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is a physical change, no new substances

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formed.

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Other physical changes include mixing

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together two or more kinds of matter.

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Or separating matter into the different

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parts as long as no new substances formed

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Most of the objects around us are not

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pure substances, but mixtures.

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A mixture is two or more parts blended

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together, yet they keep their own properties

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and do not turn into a new substance.

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In some mixtures it's easy to tell

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that each type of matter keeps its

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physical properties, because you can still

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see the individual parts of the mixture.

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Examples of this could be salad,

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spaghetti, tacos, and trail mix.

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In other mixtures the parts are hard to see.

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Like sugar or salt mixed with water.

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Also, in a mixture you can put the

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substances together in any amount.

277
00:13:46,313 --> 00:13:48,963
For example, tea can be very strong

278
00:13:48,963 --> 00:13:50,363
or very weak.

279
00:13:51,731 --> 00:13:54,271
Mixtures can be made of solids, liquids

280
00:13:54,271 --> 00:13:57,731
or gases and can be made with a

281
00:13:57,731 --> 00:13:59,971
combination of different forms of matter.

282
00:13:59,971 --> 00:14:02,401
Air is a mixture of different gases.

283
00:14:04,496 --> 00:14:06,356
Mixtures can also be separated using

284
00:14:06,356 --> 00:14:08,926
their physical properties like size, shape,

285
00:14:08,926 --> 00:14:11,956
color, volume, density and state.

286
00:14:14,170 --> 00:14:16,350
This is called a physical separation.

287
00:14:17,971 --> 00:14:20,081
It's important to remember that subsatnces

288
00:14:20,081 --> 00:14:21,751
that make up mixtures; keep their

289
00:14:21,751 --> 00:14:24,331
physical properties as well as their

290
00:14:24,331 --> 00:14:25,621
chemical properties.

291
00:14:26,765 --> 00:14:29,095
Some mixtures are not as easily separated.

292
00:14:29,095 --> 00:14:31,525
These "hard-to-separate" mixtures are

293
00:14:31,525 --> 00:14:32,645
called solutions.

294
00:14:34,522 --> 00:14:36,932
A solution is a mixture in which

295
00:14:36,932 --> 00:14:39,021
substances are completely blended,

296
00:14:39,021 --> 00:14:40,591
so that the properties are the same

297
00:14:40,591 --> 00:14:40,921
throughout.

298
00:14:42,673 --> 00:14:44,613
The substances are mixed evenly, so they

299
00:14:44,613 --> 00:14:46,353
stay blended.

300
00:14:47,464 --> 00:14:49,604
If you put a spoonful of sugar into a

301
00:14:49,604 --> 00:14:52,744
glass of liquid water and stir; the sugar

302
00:14:52,744 --> 00:14:54,934
seems to disappear and the glass still

303
00:14:54,934 --> 00:14:56,394
contains a clear liquid.

304
00:14:57,450 --> 00:14:59,380
The sugar and the water form a kind

305
00:14:59,380 --> 00:15:01,520
of mixture called a solution.

306
00:15:02,774 --> 00:15:04,974
Although you can't see it, you can tell

307
00:15:05,163 --> 00:15:07,503
the sugar's in the water, because it tastes

308
00:15:07,503 --> 00:15:07,763
sweet.

309
00:15:09,110 --> 00:15:11,410
When the water evaporates, the sugar

310
00:15:11,410 --> 00:15:13,610
will be left behind and you can see it

311
00:15:13,610 --> 00:15:14,190
again.

312
00:15:15,423 --> 00:15:17,433
People drink a lot of types of solutions,

313
00:15:17,553 --> 00:15:20,933
like tea, coffee, fruit juices, and soft

314
00:15:20,933 --> 00:15:21,193
drinks.

315
00:15:22,544 --> 00:15:24,674
When one material forms a solution

316
00:15:24,674 --> 00:15:28,494
with another material; we say it dissolves.

317
00:15:28,568 --> 00:15:31,078
The substance in a solution dissolve or

318
00:15:31,467 --> 00:15:33,397
separate into their most basic particles.

319
00:15:34,759 --> 00:15:36,989
Molecules that are too small to be seen.

320
00:15:38,197 --> 00:15:40,627
As sugar dissolves in water, molecules of

321
00:15:40,627 --> 00:15:42,617
solid sugar are pulled away from

322
00:15:42,617 --> 00:15:44,477
eachother by water molecules.

323
00:15:45,726 --> 00:15:47,456
Very quickly the sugar molecules

324
00:15:47,456 --> 00:15:49,496
spread to all parts of the solution.

325
00:15:50,599 --> 00:15:52,369
You can no longer see the sugar,

326
00:15:52,379 --> 00:15:54,719
because the very small sugar particles

327
00:15:54,719 --> 00:15:57,219
are mixed evenly with the water particles.

328
00:15:58,329 --> 00:16:00,729
Unlike the mixture of granola, that might

329
00:16:00,729 --> 00:16:02,859
have six raisins in one spoonful

330
00:16:03,059 --> 00:16:04,419
and three in the next.

331
00:16:05,504 --> 00:16:07,854
Any part of the solution is identical to

332
00:16:07,854 --> 00:16:09,664
any other part of the solution.

333
00:16:10,771 --> 00:16:12,921
Some solids dissolve in water and some

334
00:16:12,921 --> 00:16:13,341
do not.

335
00:16:14,463 --> 00:16:16,753
Solubility is the measure of the amount

336
00:16:16,753 --> 00:16:18,623
of a material that will dissolve

337
00:16:18,623 --> 00:16:19,763
in another material.

338
00:16:20,521 --> 00:16:23,181
For example, sugar is soluble in water,

339
00:16:24,153 --> 00:16:26,353
but ground black pepper is not.

340
00:16:27,925 --> 00:16:31,195
Try stirring sand into water, while you're

341
00:16:31,195 --> 00:16:33,225
stirring the sand mixes with the water

342
00:16:33,506 --> 00:16:35,116
but does not dissolve.

343
00:16:35,613 --> 00:16:37,813
When you stop stirring the sand falls

344
00:16:37,933 --> 00:16:39,283
to the bottom of the jar.

345
00:16:40,159 --> 00:16:42,979
The solubility of sand in water is zero.

346
00:16:43,682 --> 00:16:46,032
No amount of sand dissolves in water.

347
00:16:47,028 --> 00:16:49,328
Liquid solutions are usually transparent,

348
00:16:49,852 --> 00:16:52,172
they're evenly colored, and they can

349
00:16:52,172 --> 00:16:53,892
never separate into layers.

350
00:16:55,163 --> 00:16:57,503
Compare the mixture of oil and vinegar,

351
00:16:57,503 --> 00:17:00,003
as in salad dressing to a solution; like

352
00:17:00,003 --> 00:17:01,283
this drink mix.

353
00:17:02,489 --> 00:17:04,849
Also, solutions don't have to be liquid.

354
00:17:06,061 --> 00:17:07,821
They can be solids and gases too.

355
00:17:08,980 --> 00:17:10,760
In the sugar and water solution;

356
00:17:10,760 --> 00:17:13,420
a solid, sugar was mixed with a liquid,

357
00:17:13,420 --> 00:17:13,830
water.

358
00:17:15,314 --> 00:17:18,054
In a bottle of soda, the gas carbon dioxide

359
00:17:18,884 --> 00:17:21,184
is dissolved in or spread evenly

360
00:17:21,184 --> 00:17:22,374
throughout the liquid.

361
00:17:23,165 --> 00:17:24,975
When you lift the top off the bottle,

362
00:17:25,025 --> 00:17:26,735
you can see thousands of bubbles of

363
00:17:26,735 --> 00:17:29,085
carbon dioxide gas start to rise through

364
00:17:29,095 --> 00:17:30,735
the liquid an into the air.

365
00:17:31,997 --> 00:17:33,827
Mixtures of metals are solid solutions.

366
00:17:35,093 --> 00:17:37,453
Brass is a solution of zinc and copper.

367
00:17:38,797 --> 00:17:40,897
It is made by melting two metals

368
00:17:40,897 --> 00:17:41,327
together.

369
00:17:42,291 --> 00:17:43,791
Gases can form solutions too.

370
00:17:44,817 --> 00:17:46,767
Air is a solution of several gases.

371
00:17:47,947 --> 00:17:50,097
Physical changes can sometimes be easily

372
00:17:50,097 --> 00:17:52,217
reversed, but not always.

373
00:17:53,615 --> 00:17:56,105
Melting an ice cube can easily be reversed

374
00:17:56,105 --> 00:17:58,285
by cooling until it freezes again.

375
00:17:59,482 --> 00:18:01,702
Stirring sugar into water can be reversed

376
00:18:02,102 --> 00:18:04,062
by letting the water evaporate.

377
00:18:05,425 --> 00:18:07,795
On the other hand, it would not be

378
00:18:07,795 --> 00:18:10,645
so easy to get peanuts back once they

379
00:18:10,645 --> 00:18:12,095
were all ground up.

380
00:18:13,943 --> 00:18:15,933
Kyle: So if a change seems easy

381
00:18:15,933 --> 00:18:17,903
to reverse, it is more likely to be a

382
00:18:17,903 --> 00:18:18,453
physical change.

383
00:18:20,817 --> 00:18:22,747
Amanda: But not all combinations of

384
00:18:22,747 --> 00:18:24,917
matter can be separated physically into

385
00:18:24,917 --> 00:18:25,527
their parts.

386
00:18:27,135 --> 00:18:28,535
Mrs.Mcqule: Well done.

387
00:18:28,535 --> 00:18:30,275
Now for something really thrilling

388
00:18:30,425 --> 00:18:31,295
chemical changes.

389
00:18:32,978 --> 00:18:37,778
(background music)

390
00:18:38,988 --> 00:18:40,968
Mrs.Mcqule: Unlike the often "easy-to

391
00:18:40,968 --> 00:18:43,038
-reverse" physical changes, chemical

392
00:18:43,038 --> 00:18:45,718
changes don't turn around so easily.

393
00:18:46,228 --> 00:18:48,408
These changes occur when atoms link

394
00:18:48,408 --> 00:18:49,798
together in new ways.

395
00:18:50,875 --> 00:18:52,765
This is called a chemical reaction.

396
00:18:54,180 --> 00:18:56,450
During chemical reactions the atoms in

397
00:18:56,450 --> 00:18:58,300
the substances that were put together,

398
00:18:58,300 --> 00:19:01,190
rearranged to form a new substance with

399
00:19:01,190 --> 00:19:02,520
different properties.

400
00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:04,740
The changes in the linking patterns of the

401
00:19:04,740 --> 00:19:06,550
atoms create the new substances.

402
00:19:07,808 --> 00:19:09,948
These new substances have properties

403
00:19:09,948 --> 00:19:12,178
different from the original substances

404
00:19:12,178 --> 00:19:13,871
from which they were formed.

405
00:19:15,115 --> 00:19:16,875
Sugar is made when the right amounts

406
00:19:16,875 --> 00:19:19,715
of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms

407
00:19:19,715 --> 00:19:20,875
are mixed.

408
00:19:22,566 --> 00:19:24,546
A chemical reaction can cause sugar to

409
00:19:24,546 --> 00:19:26,356
break apart into it's original elements

410
00:19:27,065 --> 00:19:29,815
or atoms; carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

411
00:19:31,388 --> 00:19:33,938
There are signals that a chemical change

412
00:19:33,938 --> 00:19:35,198
is happening.

413
00:19:35,198 --> 00:19:36,958
They include a formation of a gas,

414
00:19:36,958 --> 00:19:39,848
a color change, or light and heat changes

415
00:19:39,848 --> 00:19:41,178
caused by the release of energy.

416
00:19:42,660 --> 00:19:45,000
The reaction between baking soda and

417
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,500
vinegar is an example of a chemical change.

418
00:19:49,039 --> 00:19:51,029
When these two materials are mixed gas

419
00:19:51,029 --> 00:19:52,279
bubbles form.

420
00:19:53,288 --> 00:19:55,248
A change in the linking pattern of the

421
00:19:55,248 --> 00:19:57,388
atoms in the liquid vinegar and solid

422
00:19:57,388 --> 00:19:59,598
baking soda, cause a new substance,

423
00:19:59,598 --> 00:20:02,518
carbon dioxide, a gas, to form.

424
00:20:03,862 --> 00:20:04,592
Kyle: Ahh.

425
00:20:04,592 --> 00:20:06,852
One of the signals, a gas was formed.

426
00:20:08,807 --> 00:20:10,587
Computer voice: With a burning candle,

427
00:20:10,587 --> 00:20:12,227
many changes are happening.

428
00:20:12,227 --> 00:20:15,247
Wax melts, runs down the side and turns

429
00:20:15,247 --> 00:20:17,957
solid again, this is a physical change.

430
00:20:19,121 --> 00:20:21,661
However, some of the wax turns into

431
00:20:21,661 --> 00:20:25,221
carbon dioxide gas and steam when it

432
00:20:25,221 --> 00:20:27,041
combines with oxygen in the air.

433
00:20:28,069 --> 00:20:30,949
This chemical change releases enough heat

434
00:20:30,979 --> 00:20:32,349
to make a flame.

435
00:20:33,262 --> 00:20:34,452
Amanda: A heat change!

436
00:20:35,507 --> 00:20:37,417
Computer voice: Rust forms when iron

437
00:20:37,417 --> 00:20:39,717
atoms in steel, react with oxygen from

438
00:20:39,717 --> 00:20:40,107
the air.

439
00:20:42,088 --> 00:20:44,368
The reaction is very complex and needs

440
00:20:44,368 --> 00:20:46,188
moisture to occur.

441
00:20:47,222 --> 00:20:49,452
When iron rusts it turns red or brown.

442
00:20:51,026 --> 00:20:52,146
Kyle: A color change.

443
00:20:52,521 --> 00:20:54,391
Mrs.Mcqule:Yes, but are you sure this

444
00:20:54,391 --> 00:20:56,681
is a chemical reaction? Or a physical

445
00:20:56,681 --> 00:20:57,261
change?

446
00:20:58,168 --> 00:20:59,158
Let's find out.

447
00:21:00,629 --> 00:21:03,179
Rust is powdery and no longer shiny

448
00:21:03,179 --> 00:21:06,629
like iron, it also does not bend like iron,

449
00:21:07,432 --> 00:21:13,482
iron can conduct electricity while rust

450
00:21:13,482 --> 00:21:17,692
does not, rust melts at a much higher

451
00:21:17,692 --> 00:21:21,692
temperature than iron, the density

452
00:21:21,692 --> 00:21:23,932
of rust is much less than the density

453
00:21:23,932 --> 00:21:27,252
of iron and rust does not react with

454
00:21:27,252 --> 00:21:28,742
oxygen as iron does.

455
00:21:30,333 --> 00:21:32,853
So is this a physical or chemical change?

456
00:21:33,295 --> 00:21:35,035
Both: Chemical change.

457
00:21:35,622 --> 00:21:37,692
Mrs.Mcqule: Right, we can see that a

458
00:21:37,692 --> 00:21:39,932
new substance is definitely been formed

459
00:21:39,932 --> 00:21:42,592
and a chemical reaction, has taken place.

460
00:21:43,139 --> 00:21:47,159
Now, rocketships use chemical reactions

461
00:21:47,159 --> 00:21:48,789
that produce lots of heat.

462
00:21:49,155 --> 00:21:54,855
(Rocket launches)

463
00:21:54,855 --> 00:21:58,425
(Astronaut talks)

464
00:21:58,425 --> 00:22:00,365
Mrs.Mcqule; This space shuttles main engines are

465
00:22:00,365 --> 00:22:02,185
powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid

466
00:22:02,185 --> 00:22:03,005
oxygen.

467
00:22:04,370 --> 00:22:06,420
When the oxygen and hydrogen come

468
00:22:06,420 --> 00:22:09,510
together, they make water vapor and

469
00:22:09,510 --> 00:22:11,300
release the energy the shuttle needs to

470
00:22:11,300 --> 00:22:12,140
take off.

471
00:22:13,512 --> 00:22:15,602
A chemical change has happened

472
00:22:15,602 --> 00:22:17,582
because the two substances hydrogen

473
00:22:17,582 --> 00:22:19,692
and oxygen came together to make a

474
00:22:19,692 --> 00:22:22,332
third new substance, water vapor.

475
00:22:23,262 --> 00:22:25,332
Burning is another chemical change.

476
00:22:26,295 --> 00:22:28,275
When wood burns, it turns into or

477
00:22:28,275 --> 00:22:29,985
becomes something else.

478
00:22:31,162 --> 00:22:34,947
It turns to smoke, heat and ash, it isn't

479
00:22:34,947 --> 00:22:36,268
wood anymore.

480
00:22:37,030 --> 00:22:39,260
That's because during burning, particles

481
00:22:39,260 --> 00:22:42,010
that make up the wood, react with oxygen

482
00:22:42,010 --> 00:22:43,700
in the air and change into other

483
00:22:43,700 --> 00:22:46,780
substances such as; carbon dioxide, ash

484
00:22:46,780 --> 00:22:48,020
and water vapor.

485
00:22:49,428 --> 00:22:51,988
Electricity can also cause chemical changes.

486
00:22:53,698 --> 00:22:55,748
If an electric current is sent through

487
00:22:55,748 --> 00:22:58,388
water, a different kind of change takes

488
00:22:58,388 --> 00:22:58,708
place.

489
00:22:59,783 --> 00:23:03,033
Gases are produced, but the gases are not

490
00:23:03,033 --> 00:23:06,573
water vapor, they are oxygen and hydrogen.

491
00:23:06,713 --> 00:23:09,013
The substances that make up water.

492
00:23:09,773 --> 00:23:12,353
When you eat food, chemical changes

493
00:23:12,353 --> 00:23:14,173
take place as you digest it.

494
00:23:15,554 --> 00:23:18,264
Digestion is a series of complex chemical

495
00:23:18,264 --> 00:23:20,354
changes, each consisting of many

496
00:23:20,354 --> 00:23:21,594
chemical reactions.

497
00:23:22,878 --> 00:23:24,818
When you ate breakfast, your teeth will

498
00:23:24,818 --> 00:23:26,948
make no physical change, breaking

499
00:23:26,948 --> 00:23:28,808
the food into smaller pieces

500
00:23:30,038 --> 00:23:32,238
and your saliva was chemically breaking

501
00:23:32,238 --> 00:23:35,058
down the food molecules into smaller

502
00:23:35,058 --> 00:23:37,128
and smaller particles.

503
00:23:38,159 --> 00:23:40,489
In your stomach acids reacted with the

504
00:23:40,489 --> 00:23:42,999
food to further change and make even

505
00:23:42,999 --> 00:23:44,389
smaller molecules.

506
00:23:45,667 --> 00:23:48,347
Finally, in the intestines, more digestive

507
00:23:48,347 --> 00:23:51,427
juices chemically reacted with what used

508
00:23:51,427 --> 00:23:53,627
to be oatmeal to produce the many

509
00:23:53,627 --> 00:23:56,307
different molecules of sugar, protein, and

510
00:23:56,307 --> 00:23:59,787
minerals your body uses to live and grow.

511
00:24:00,602 --> 00:24:03,182
All during digestion chemical reactions

512
00:24:03,182 --> 00:24:06,072
produce new substances with the atoms

513
00:24:06,072 --> 00:24:07,402
of the old substances.

514
00:24:09,320 --> 00:24:11,510
In general, chemical changes are difficult

515
00:24:11,510 --> 00:24:12,930
to reverse.

516
00:24:13,134 --> 00:24:14,804
(driver slams on brakes)

517
00:24:14,914 --> 00:24:17,544
Turning carbon dioxide gas, water,

518
00:24:18,050 --> 00:24:21,620
and sodium acetate back into baking soda

519
00:24:21,620 --> 00:24:23,920
and vinegar would be difficult.

520
00:24:25,200 --> 00:24:26,610
Kyle: And how about changing that

521
00:24:26,610 --> 00:24:28,520
oatmeal back into what my dad poured

522
00:24:28,520 --> 00:24:30,050
into my bowl this morning.

523
00:24:30,730 --> 00:24:32,950
Amanda: Imagine trying to "unburn" toast

524
00:24:32,950 --> 00:24:34,800
or "unspoil" milk.

525
00:24:35,770 --> 00:24:37,120
(bells ring)

526
00:24:37,706 --> 00:24:39,156
Mrs.Mcqule: We've seen and talked about

527
00:24:39,156 --> 00:24:41,486
physical and chemical changes in matter.

528
00:24:41,486 --> 00:24:43,486
But, sometimes it's hard to tell the

529
00:24:43,486 --> 00:24:44,146
difference.

530
00:24:45,449 --> 00:24:48,259
Physical changes are often easy to reverse

531
00:24:48,259 --> 00:24:51,639
but because matter can be changed in size

532
00:24:51,799 --> 00:24:55,569
and shape by being cut, folded, stretched

533
00:24:55,569 --> 00:24:58,329
,rearranged and crumpled without

534
00:24:58,329 --> 00:25:00,659
changing its original properties

535
00:25:00,659 --> 00:25:03,319
it can look very different

536
00:25:03,481 --> 00:25:06,141
Matter can even be melted, frozen or

537
00:25:06,141 --> 00:25:07,951
heated to change its physical state.

538
00:25:08,697 --> 00:25:10,467
And although it looks different, it is

539
00:25:10,467 --> 00:25:11,777
still the same substance.

540
00:25:13,364 --> 00:25:14,974
Let's look at some examples.

541
00:25:16,254 --> 00:25:18,654
Cherry flavored drink powder is pale pink

542
00:25:19,001 --> 00:25:20,951
but turns bright red when you mix it

543
00:25:20,951 --> 00:25:23,881
with water, but the powder has only

544
00:25:23,881 --> 00:25:24,591
dissolved.

545
00:25:25,351 --> 00:25:26,831
It has gone through a physical change

546
00:25:27,194 --> 00:25:28,044
not a chemical change.

547
00:25:29,967 --> 00:25:31,587
Kyle: Oh, I would've thought that the

548
00:25:31,587 --> 00:25:33,587
color change, was a sign of a chemical

549
00:25:33,587 --> 00:25:33,937
change.

550
00:25:35,141 --> 00:25:36,871
Mrs.Mcqule: When you open a cold soft

551
00:25:36,871 --> 00:25:39,411
drink bubbles are produced but a chemical

552
00:25:39,411 --> 00:25:41,121
reaction is not taken place.

553
00:25:42,428 --> 00:25:44,618
The carbon dioxide has simply.. come

554
00:25:44,618 --> 00:25:45,248
out of solution.

555
00:25:47,187 --> 00:25:48,407
Amanda: Another sign of a chemical

556
00:25:48,407 --> 00:25:50,137
change that didn't plan out.

557
00:25:50,422 --> 00:25:52,042
Mrs.Mcqule: If you rub your hands quickly

558
00:25:52,042 --> 00:25:53,982
back and forth across the surface they

559
00:25:53,982 --> 00:25:56,062
become hot, but the heat is due to the

560
00:25:56,062 --> 00:25:58,312
friction, not a chemical reaction.

561
00:25:58,312 --> 00:26:00,182
Kyle: So a heat change sign doesn't

562
00:26:00,182 --> 00:26:01,202
always work either.

563
00:26:01,202 --> 00:26:02,472
Mrs.Mcqule: Cheer up Kyle.

564
00:26:02,472 --> 00:26:04,312
You know the basics about matter and

565
00:26:04,312 --> 00:26:05,592
if you know that.. you can figure out

566
00:26:05,592 --> 00:26:06,682
those tough spots.

567
00:26:07,919 --> 00:26:10,379
You now know the facts of matter.

568
00:26:10,735 --> 00:26:11,895
Kyle: I think I do.

569
00:26:12,135 --> 00:26:14,495
Mrs.Mcqule: So, tell us first what is

570
00:26:14,565 --> 00:26:15,305
matter.

571
00:26:16,988 --> 00:26:18,648
Kyle: Matter is anything that takes

572
00:26:18,648 --> 00:26:21,408
up space, has mass and has properties

573
00:26:21,408 --> 00:26:23,608
that you can observe and describe.

574
00:26:25,325 --> 00:26:26,535
Mrs.Mcqule: There are two kinds of

575
00:26:26,535 --> 00:26:28,795
properties, physical and chemical.

576
00:26:29,495 --> 00:26:30,655
How are they different?

577
00:26:31,861 --> 00:26:34,011
Kyle: Physical properties can be seen

578
00:26:34,011 --> 00:26:35,321
and measured without changing the

579
00:26:35,321 --> 00:26:37,201
matter into something else.

580
00:26:37,703 --> 00:26:39,483
Amanda: Chemical properties are harder

581
00:26:39,483 --> 00:26:41,403
to see because they describe the

582
00:26:41,403 --> 00:26:43,963
ability of matter to react with other matter

583
00:26:44,423 --> 00:26:46,483
to form some.. different matter.

584
00:26:47,682 --> 00:26:49,582
Mrs.Mcqule: What are the three physical

585
00:26:49,582 --> 00:26:52,292
properties that ALL matter has?

586
00:26:52,785 --> 00:26:55,055
Amanda: There are lots of physical

587
00:26:55,055 --> 00:26:56,895
properties, but three of them belong to

588
00:26:56,895 --> 00:26:59,815
all matter; mass (the amount of matter)

589
00:26:59,815 --> 00:27:02,685
that has volume (how much space it takes

590
00:27:02,685 --> 00:27:05,475
up) and density (mass compared to it's

591
00:27:05,475 --> 00:27:06,195
volume).

592
00:27:06,777 --> 00:27:08,907
Mrs.Mcqule: Hmm.. Do you know any other

593
00:27:08,907 --> 00:27:09,777
properties?

594
00:27:10,515 --> 00:27:11,585
Amanda: Sure.

595
00:27:11,585 --> 00:27:14,095
Most matter that is metallic is shiny,

596
00:27:14,095 --> 00:27:17,185
malleable, strong and a good

597
00:27:17,185 --> 00:27:20,665
conductor of heat, electricity and sound.

598
00:27:20,795 --> 00:27:23,185
Some metals like iron are magnetic.

599
00:27:23,683 --> 00:27:26,003
Most matter that is not metallic is

600
00:27:26,003 --> 00:27:30,003
not shiny, malleable, strong and is not a

601
00:27:30,003 --> 00:27:31,123
good conductor.

602
00:27:32,532 --> 00:27:34,962
Mrs.Mcqule: Now, what about changes?

603
00:27:35,072 --> 00:27:37,384
How can you tell a change is physical

604
00:27:37,444 --> 00:27:38,244
or chemical?

605
00:27:39,533 --> 00:27:41,293
Kyle: Physical changes don't make a

606
00:27:41,293 --> 00:27:43,533
new kind of matter, the matter keeps it's

607
00:27:43,533 --> 00:27:46,593
properties, when one kind of matter is

608
00:27:46,593 --> 00:27:48,543
physically mixed with another kind of

609
00:27:48,653 --> 00:27:51,193
matter.. it might look like something new

610
00:27:51,193 --> 00:27:53,923
but the parts can usually be separated.

611
00:27:54,899 --> 00:27:56,279
Amanda: But when there is a chemical

612
00:27:56,279 --> 00:27:59,219
change, the atoms in the matters that

613
00:27:59,219 --> 00:28:02,709
are mixed up together, hook up in new ways

614
00:28:02,709 --> 00:28:05,230
;they change to form a new kind of matter.

615
00:28:06,551 --> 00:28:08,011
Kyle: Sometimes we can see the signs

616
00:28:08,011 --> 00:28:09,311
of a chemical change.

617
00:28:09,826 --> 00:28:12,626
There might be a color change, sometimes

618
00:28:12,626 --> 00:28:16,976
a gas forms, or energy can be released

619
00:28:16,976 --> 00:28:18,426
as light or heat.

620
00:28:19,538 --> 00:28:21,678
But.. you can't always count on those

621
00:28:21,678 --> 00:28:22,308
signals.

622
00:28:24,012 --> 00:28:26,032
Mrs.Mcqule: So, do you feel a little

623
00:28:26,032 --> 00:28:28,212
better on the properties of matter?

624
00:28:28,479 --> 00:28:29,889
And the changes that matter can go

625
00:28:29,889 --> 00:28:30,709
through?

626
00:28:30,709 --> 00:28:31,759
I know I do.

627
00:28:31,759 --> 00:28:33,629
Kyle: (Jokes around) as a MATTER of FACT

628
00:28:33,829 --> 00:28:34,329
I do.

629
00:28:35,766 --> 00:28:39,766
(background music)

630
00:28:44,882 --> 00:28:46,402
Kyle: Where's Mrs.Bailey?

631
00:28:46,834 --> 00:28:48,594
Woman: Oh, she's out today, I'm

632
00:28:48,594 --> 00:28:49,134
substituting.

633
00:28:49,880 --> 00:28:50,750
You're here early.

634
00:28:51,228 --> 00:28:53,258
Kyle: Yes I'm just.. excited about

635
00:28:53,258 --> 00:28:54,288
the test, I guess.

636
00:28:54,811 --> 00:28:57,391
Woman: Ahh the test.. physical and

637
00:28:57,391 --> 00:28:59,501
chemical changes in matter.

638
00:29:00,085 --> 00:29:02,865
Kyle: Yeah.. I hope I do ok.. (gasps)

639
00:29:04,244 --> 00:29:05,944
Mrs.Mcqule: I think you'll do fine.

640
00:29:05,944 --> 00:29:06,414
Just fine.

641
00:29:08,647 --> 00:29:09,587
(♫ Sings ♫)

642
00:29:09,587 --> 00:29:12,367
Both: M is for metric, conversion to a cup

643
00:29:12,367 --> 00:29:14,497
A is for astronaut cause they go to the

644
00:29:14,497 --> 00:29:14,927
moon.

645
00:29:16,181 --> 00:29:18,241
T is for tattertot cause they are really

646
00:29:18,241 --> 00:29:18,591
good.

647
00:29:18,967 --> 00:29:20,757
T is for toddlers cause they go "room

648
00:29:20,757 --> 00:29:22,397
room room".

649
00:29:22,738 --> 00:29:24,608
E is for elephant cause they take up

650
00:29:24,608 --> 00:29:25,198
much space.

651
00:29:25,994 --> 00:29:28,634
R is for radical cause matter's really cool

652
00:29:29,317 --> 00:29:33,067
M-a-t-t-e-r (shouts) Matter!!

653
00:29:38,704 --> 00:29:40,334
Amanda: For more great videos call