0:01:13.516,0:01:15.526
Elevator: Which floor please?

0:01:15.539,0:01:16.939
Girl: 3rd underfloor?

0:01:16.950,0:01:18.400
Elevator: Thank you.

0:01:23.492,0:01:25.800
Boy: Where are all the other stores?

0:01:25.800,0:01:27.550
Girl: Well, I don't know really.

0:01:27.570,0:01:31.570
But I do know that the store helped Caysie win first prize at the science fair.

0:01:31.850,0:01:33.320
Boy: The store did THAT?

0:01:33.913,0:01:36.191
Girl: Well, the person who works there did.

0:01:36.191,0:01:38.011
Her name is Mrs. Molly Mcqule.

0:01:38.081,0:01:38.831
(giggles)

0:01:39.451,0:01:40.539
You can laugh if you want,

0:01:40.539,0:01:44.289
but weren't you the one that needed help in science class?

0:01:44.336,0:01:47.546
Yes, I guess. My grades haven't been all that great.

0:01:47.587,0:01:49.827
And we're starting to study matter.

0:01:56.930,0:01:57.940
Girl: Mrs. Mcqule

0:02:01.221,0:02:02.291
Mrs. Mcqule: May I help you?

0:02:02.291,0:02:03.871
Girl: Mrs.Mcqule.. It's me Amanda,

0:02:03.871,0:02:05.661
You helped my friend with his science project,

0:02:06.321,0:02:07.601
And well Kyle here.

0:02:08.389,0:02:10.389
Mrs.Mcqule: As a matter of fact I can.

0:02:10.389,0:02:11.189
Kyle: What?

0:02:11.417,0:02:13.137
Mrs. Mcqule: The facts of matter.

0:02:13.137,0:02:14.177
One second please.

0:02:14.257,0:02:24.477
(Weird sounds)

0:02:24.952,0:02:26.559
Mrs. Mcqule: Is there something I can show you in matter?

0:02:26.559,0:02:27.469
Amanda: Mmm yeah.

0:02:27.469,0:02:30.029
My friend Kyle's having some problems in class.

0:02:30.029,0:02:31.499
They're studying matter.

0:02:31.499,0:02:34.229
Kyle: Yeah. The properties and changes of matter.

0:02:34.229,0:02:35.299
Can you help?

0:02:35.513,0:02:37.763
Mrs. Mcqule: As a matter of fact I can.

0:02:38.043,0:02:39.483
Don't you just love that?

0:02:39.483,0:02:41.723
(Jokes around) Matter, facts.. get it?

0:02:41.723,0:02:43.283
Ehh nevermind..

0:02:43.283,0:02:45.328
Anyway, let's review what matter is.

0:02:45.328,0:02:46.188
Amanda?

0:02:46.188,0:02:48.718
Amanda: Matter is anything that takes up space..

0:02:48.718,0:02:51.008
has mass and has properties that you

0:02:51.008,0:02:53.358
can observe and describe.

0:02:53.358,0:02:54.978
Kyle: But, what is a property?

0:02:55.497,0:02:57.447
Amanda: A property is something special

0:02:57.447,0:02:59.537
about an object. That makes it what it is.

0:02:59.756,0:03:01.406
Like this bell, it's metal.

0:03:02.513,0:03:03.603
Kyle: Oh, I get it.

0:03:04.020,0:03:06.260
Mrs. Mcqule: Splendid! Blue star for you.

0:03:06.754,0:03:08.690
I think you're really gonna like this.

0:03:08.690,0:03:10.480
I just bought the upgrade. (Claps)

0:03:11.618,0:03:13.228
Now, let's proceed.

0:03:14.130,0:03:15.210
Computer voice: Matter is made up of

0:03:15.210,0:03:16.320
elements

0:03:16.320,0:03:18.405
or pure substances that are often called

0:03:18.405,0:03:20.445
the building blocks of matter.

0:03:20.481,0:03:22.261
And these building blocks are made up of

0:03:22.391,0:03:24.331
small particles called atoms.

0:03:25.694,0:03:27.504
Now each type of matter has its own

0:03:27.504,0:03:29.654
physical properties. Which makes it

0:03:29.654,0:03:31.504
different from other types of matter.

0:03:32.546,0:03:34.656
Physical properties can be measured

0:03:34.656,0:03:36.576
or observed without changing the

0:03:36.576,0:03:38.176
matter into something else.

0:03:38.529,0:03:40.989
Most of these properties remain consant

0:03:40.989,0:03:43.249
and can be used to identify it.

0:03:44.279,0:03:46.729
Now some properties are common to

0:03:46.729,0:03:49.679
or found in all types of matter.

0:03:50.575,0:03:52.575
All matter has mass, which is the

0:03:52.575,0:03:54.615
amount of matter in an object.

0:03:55.764,0:03:58.214
For example, an object with a large

0:03:58.214,0:03:59.684
mass feels heavy.

0:04:00.723,0:04:02.493
While an object with a small mass

0:04:02.493,0:04:03.223
feels light.

0:04:04.800,0:04:06.740
So you simply can't tell how much

0:04:06.740,0:04:09.170
mass an object has just by looking at it.

0:04:09.734,0:04:11.414
But you can measure it.

0:04:13.020,0:04:15.510
Mrs.Mcqule: All matter also has volume

0:04:15.510,0:04:17.350
which is the amount of space an

0:04:17.350,0:04:19.740
object takes up. This ballon for example

0:04:19.740,0:04:21.810
has more volume than.. say a

0:04:21.810,0:04:24.820
golf ball. Because it takes up more space.

0:04:25.127,0:04:27.777
I mean kids, it's just bigger.

0:04:29.018,0:04:31.798
And all matter has density. Which is

0:04:31.798,0:04:34.228
the property of matter that compares

0:04:34.228,0:04:36.778
the mass, the amount of matter.

0:04:36.778,0:04:40.188
To volume, the space it takes up.

0:04:40.488,0:04:43.428
Kyle: So all matter has is physical properties.

0:04:43.428,0:04:45.588
Well what about changes in matter?

0:04:45.608,0:04:47.598
Mrs.Mcqule: Patience dear boy. Let's

0:04:47.598,0:04:49.018
take a look at physical properties

0:04:49.018,0:04:51.048
first and then we'll dive right in and

0:04:51.048,0:04:52.128
solve your problem, ok?

0:04:52.521,0:04:54.631
The atoms that come together to make

0:04:54.631,0:04:58.631
up that matter give it it's particular physical properties.

0:04:59.988,0:05:01.928
Computer voice: One physical property that's

0:05:01.928,0:05:03.818
found in most matter is that it is,

0:05:03.818,0:05:04.518
metallic.

0:05:05.594,0:05:09.017
84 out of 112 known elements are metallic.

0:05:09.545,0:05:10.675
That's 3/4's.

0:05:11.750,0:05:14.125
In fact all elements can be divided into

0:05:14.125,0:05:17.885
metallic and non-metallic elements.

0:05:19.075,0:05:27.365
Elements like copper, gold, silver, aluminum

0:05:27.365,0:05:31.375
iron, and nickel are metallic.

0:05:32.489,0:05:36.699
All metals except mercury are solid at room temperature.

0:05:37.019,0:05:39.469
Also, most metals look shiny and are

0:05:39.469,0:05:41.289
found in the Earths ground.

0:05:42.499,0:05:45.119
Most metals are said to be malleable

0:05:45.119,0:05:47.089
which means that they can be

0:05:47.089,0:05:48.699
hammered into thin sheets.

0:05:48.799,0:05:51.369
Or pulled into long thin wires.

0:05:52.457,0:05:55.157
Some metals are light, they are bendable

0:05:55.157,0:05:57.147
like copper and aluminum.

0:05:57.147,0:05:58.907
That are used to make wire.

0:05:59.755,0:06:02.725
Some metals like iron are heavy, hard

0:06:02.725,0:06:04.265
and very strong.

0:06:05.727,0:06:08.657
Kyle: So matter that is metallic is usually

0:06:08.657,0:06:11.727
shiny, solid at room temperature,

0:06:11.727,0:06:13.407
malleable and strong.

0:06:14.463,0:06:16.603
Mrs. Mcqule: You're a quick learner.

0:06:16.603,0:06:20.603
Now 28 or 1/4 of all elements are

0:06:20.603,0:06:23.973
classified as non-metals and their

0:06:23.973,0:06:26.003
properties are very different from the

0:06:26.003,0:06:27.083
properties of metals.

0:06:27.530,0:06:28.170
Amanda: Like what?

0:06:28.546,0:06:30.736
Mrs: Mcqule: Well, most non-metals are

0:06:30.736,0:06:32.856
not shiny and can not be hammered into

0:06:32.856,0:06:35.136
sheets or pulled into a wire. They are not

0:06:35.136,0:06:37.406
malleable they are brittle.

0:06:38.165,0:06:41.505
Oxygen and nitrogen are non-metals

0:06:41.505,0:06:43.905
that are in the air. (blows)

0:06:44.808,0:06:48.808
Carbon, a solid non-metal is dark.

0:06:49.637,0:06:52.097
Now that we've established metals and

0:06:52.097,0:06:53.897
non-metals. Let's say we take a look at

0:06:53.897,0:06:55.817
some of the more exciting physical

0:06:55.817,0:06:56.067
properties.

0:06:56.518,0:06:59.078
Matter has an physical property called

0:06:59.078,0:07:00.208
conductivity.

0:07:02.223,0:07:03.853
Computer voice: Conductivity is the

0:07:03.853,0:07:06.283
ability to pass energy along from one

0:07:06.283,0:07:07.683
particle to another.

0:07:08.548,0:07:10.618
There are three kinds of conductivity

0:07:10.618,0:07:16.268
electrical, heat and sound.

0:07:18.088,0:07:23.848
(background music)

0:07:25.466,0:07:27.536
When matter can move electrical energy

0:07:27.536,0:07:29.716
from one particle to another it is called

0:07:29.716,0:07:33.416
an electrical conductor, metals used to

0:07:33.416,0:07:36.306
make wire such as those made of copper

0:07:36.306,0:07:37.476
are electrical conductors.

0:07:38.520,0:07:40.510
The reason these metals are able to

0:07:40.510,0:07:42.470
conduct electricity, is that the electrons

0:07:42.470,0:07:44.770
fartest from the nucleus of a metal atom

0:07:44.770,0:07:47.870
are only held lightly by that atom

0:07:47.870,0:07:50.520
they are free to move to other metal atoms.

0:07:51.460,0:07:53.620
This freedom of electron movement,

0:07:53.620,0:07:55.590
allows metal to conduct electricity.

0:07:56.777,0:07:59.097
Matter that is unable to conduct much

0:07:59.097,0:08:01.127
electricity at all is called an

0:08:01.127,0:08:03.437
Electric Insulator.

0:08:04.183,0:08:05.913
This matter in non-metallic.

0:08:06.943,0:08:09.523
In electric insulators, the electrons are

0:08:09.523,0:08:11.163
bound tightly to their atoms.

0:08:12.916,0:08:15.286
Glass, plastic and rubber are good examples.

0:08:17.029,0:08:21.499
(background music)

0:08:23.394,0:08:25.574
Some materials can conduct heat very

0:08:25.574,0:08:25.884
well.

0:08:27.184,0:08:29.204
These materials allow heat to flow

0:08:29.204,0:08:30.144
through them easily.

0:08:31.694,0:08:34.184
Metals conduct or transfer heat very quickly.

0:08:37.345,0:08:39.315
For instance, have you ever noticed

0:08:39.315,0:08:41.135
that when a car has been sitting in the

0:08:41.135,0:08:44.115
sun, it's metal parts are much hotter than

0:08:44.115,0:08:45.425
its plastic parts.

0:08:46.746,0:08:48.596
That's because metal conducts heat

0:08:48.596,0:08:50.586
better than non-metal plastic.

0:08:50.842,0:08:57.922
(background music)

0:08:58.858,0:09:00.938
Cooking pots and pans are made of metal.

0:09:02.661,0:09:04.421
Because metal conducts heat well.

0:09:05.609,0:09:07.609
The heat from the stove is quickly passed

0:09:07.609,0:09:09.439
through the pan, into the food.

0:09:11.101,0:09:13.031
Voila! The food is cooked.

0:09:16.347,0:09:18.737
Other materials insulate against the

0:09:18.737,0:09:19.627
passage of heat.

0:09:19.627,0:09:20.834
Man: Ooh la la!

0:09:21.587,0:09:22.997
Mrs.Mqcule: Which means that they do

0:09:22.997,0:09:24.797
not readily permit heat to flow.

0:09:25.217,0:09:26.127
(Glass shatters)

0:09:26.127,0:09:27.857
Cooking pots should have wooden or

0:09:27.857,0:09:30.747
plastic handles to insulate against heat.

0:09:30.822,0:09:33.472
So you don't get burned when you touch them.

0:09:33.771,0:09:39.731
(background music)

0:09:40.800,0:09:43.400
This last kind of conduction is a bit

0:09:43.400,0:09:44.610
different.

0:09:44.872,0:09:47.302
This is the movement of sound energy.

0:09:48.188,0:09:49.428
(Bell rings)

0:09:49.708,0:09:52.168
Many metallic substances conduct sound

0:09:52.168,0:09:53.228
very well.

0:09:54.026,0:09:58.046
But a non-metallic substance, like glass

0:09:58.666,0:10:01.426
or even water conduct sound well too.

0:10:02.397,0:10:04.157
Matter with a poor ability to conduct

0:10:04.157,0:10:06.617
sound is used as sound insulation.

0:10:08.312,0:10:10.662
Special ceiling tiles are good examples

0:10:10.662,0:10:11.462
of this.

0:10:13.298,0:10:15.848
Mrs.Mcqule: Whether or not a substance is

0:10:15.848,0:10:19.128
magnetic, is another physical property of

0:10:19.338,0:10:20.008
matter.

0:10:20.722,0:10:22.982
Objects made from iron and steel are

0:10:24.752,0:10:25.782
magnetic.

0:10:26.682,0:10:27.472
Plastic is not.

0:10:28.643,0:10:30.793
Well we can't mention physical properties

0:10:30.793,0:10:32.823
of matter without mentioning chemical

0:10:32.823,0:10:33.533
properties as well.

0:10:33.869,0:10:35.449
Kyle: Yeah. I'm about to study that in

0:10:35.449,0:10:35.739
class.

0:10:36.264,0:10:37.764
Mrs.Mcqule: Mmmm, how about a head start?

0:10:38.932,0:10:41.132
Computer voice: Chemical properties

0:10:41.132,0:10:42.062
describe the ability of matter

0:10:42.062,0:10:43.582
to react or combine with

0:10:43.582,0:10:46.782
another matter to form a new substance,

0:10:46.782,0:10:48.002
a new kind of matter.

0:10:49.222,0:10:51.182
Although it's pretty hard to observe a

0:10:51.182,0:10:53.032
chemical property.

0:10:53.385,0:10:56.365
For example, pyrite and gold look a lot

0:10:56.365,0:10:59.335
alike, but pyrite is made of iron and

0:10:59.335,0:11:00.935
sulfur atoms.

0:11:01.376,0:11:03.606
It has some of the physical properties

0:11:03.606,0:11:06.096
of gold, but it's fools gold.

0:11:07.678,0:11:10.088
People sometimes use acid to tell gold

0:11:10.088,0:11:11.208
and pyrite apart.

0:11:12.940,0:11:15.200
The sulfur in pyrite reacts with the acid

0:11:15.200,0:11:19.170
to produce a gas gold does not.

0:11:21.193,0:11:23.103
Another chemical property is the ability

0:11:23.103,0:11:23.683
to burn.

0:11:24.490,0:11:25.830
This is called combustibility.

0:11:27.341,0:11:29.431
Flame tests can be used to identify

0:11:29.431,0:11:31.931
substances based on the color of the flame

0:11:31.931,0:11:33.221
they produce when burned.

0:11:34.676,0:11:36.746
Barium produces a green flame.

0:11:38.003,0:11:39.923
Sodium produces a yellow flame.

0:11:41.304,0:11:43.344
And potassium produces a violet flame.

0:11:44.653,0:11:49.573
(background music)

0:11:49.783,0:11:51.803
And now Kyle as for your request

0:11:51.803,0:11:54.473
the changes of matter physically and

0:11:54.473,0:11:55.963
chemically that is.

0:11:56.762,0:11:58.472
Why don't we start with physical change,

0:11:58.472,0:12:02.392
which is a change in state, shape or size

0:12:02.611,0:12:04.521
without forming a new substance.

0:12:05.755,0:12:07.665
A change in the state of matter is

0:12:07.665,0:12:08.445
a physical change.

0:12:10.187,0:12:12.527
For example, when water changes state

0:12:12.527,0:12:15.117
it looks and feels different, but it is

0:12:15.117,0:12:16.357
still water.

0:12:16.998,0:12:20.998
Whether it's ice, liquid or vapor.

0:12:21.652,0:12:23.382
Let's run with this, shall we?

0:12:24.433,0:12:31.093
When you grind peanuts.. you get peanut

0:12:31.093,0:12:31.793
butter.

0:12:32.534,0:12:34.754
The size and shape have changed, but

0:12:34.754,0:12:35.604
you still have peanuts.

0:12:37.322,0:12:40.662
Remember a change in size or shape

0:12:40.662,0:12:42.952
is a physical change, no new substances

0:12:42.952,0:12:43.252
formed.

0:12:44.525,0:12:46.845
Other physical changes include mixing

0:12:46.845,0:12:49.375
together two or more kinds of matter.

0:12:49.375,0:12:51.785
Or separating matter into the different

0:12:51.785,0:12:55.205
parts as long as no new substances formed

0:12:57.710,0:12:59.790
Most of the objects around us are not

0:12:59.790,0:13:02.670
pure substances, but mixtures.

0:13:02.670,0:13:05.590
A mixture is two or more parts blended

0:13:05.590,0:13:10.620
together, yet they keep their own properties

0:13:10.620,0:13:12.370
and do not turn into a new substance.

0:13:12.988,0:13:14.828
In some mixtures it's easy to tell

0:13:14.828,0:13:16.968
that each type of matter keeps its

0:13:16.968,0:13:19.208
physical properties, because you can still

0:13:19.208,0:13:21.728
see the individual parts of the mixture.

0:13:22.298,0:13:24.308
Examples of this could be salad,

0:13:25.178,0:13:32.198
spaghetti, tacos, and trail mix.

0:13:33.583,0:13:36.003
In other mixtures the parts are hard to see.

0:13:36.645,0:13:39.175
Like sugar or salt mixed with water.

0:13:40.873,0:13:43.053
Also, in a mixture you can put the

0:13:43.053,0:13:45.283
substances together in any amount.

0:13:46.313,0:13:48.963
For example, tea can be very strong

0:13:48.963,0:13:50.363
or very weak.

0:13:51.731,0:13:54.271
Mixtures can be made of solids, liquids

0:13:54.271,0:13:57.731
or gases and can be made with a

0:13:57.731,0:13:59.971
combination of different forms of matter.

0:13:59.971,0:14:02.401
Air is a mixture of different gases.

0:14:04.496,0:14:06.356
Mixtures can also be separated using

0:14:06.356,0:14:08.926
their physical properties like size, shape,

0:14:08.926,0:14:11.956
color, volume, density and state.

0:14:14.170,0:14:16.350
This is called a physical separation.

0:14:17.971,0:14:20.081
It's important to remember that subsatnces

0:14:20.081,0:14:21.751
that make up mixtures; keep their

0:14:21.751,0:14:24.331
physical properties as well as their

0:14:24.331,0:14:25.621
chemical properties.

0:14:26.765,0:14:29.095
Some mixtures are not as easily separated.

0:14:29.095,0:14:31.525
These "hard-to-separate" mixtures are

0:14:31.525,0:14:32.645
called solutions.

0:14:34.522,0:14:36.932
A solution is a mixture in which

0:14:36.932,0:14:39.021
substances are completely blended,

0:14:39.021,0:14:40.591
so that the properties are the same

0:14:40.591,0:14:40.921
throughout.

0:14:42.673,0:14:44.613
The substances are mixed evenly, so they

0:14:44.613,0:14:46.353
stay blended.

0:14:47.464,0:14:49.604
If you put a spoonful of sugar into a

0:14:49.604,0:14:52.744
glass of liquid water and stir; the sugar

0:14:52.744,0:14:54.934
seems to disappear and the glass still

0:14:54.934,0:14:56.394
contains a clear liquid.

0:14:57.450,0:14:59.380
The sugar and the water form a kind

0:14:59.380,0:15:01.520
of mixture called a solution.

0:15:02.774,0:15:04.974
Although you can't see it, you can tell

0:15:05.163,0:15:07.503
the sugar's in the water, because it tastes

0:15:07.503,0:15:07.763
sweet.

0:15:09.110,0:15:11.410
When the water evaporates, the sugar

0:15:11.410,0:15:13.610
will be left behind and you can see it

0:15:13.610,0:15:14.190
again.

0:15:15.423,0:15:17.433
People drink a lot of types of solutions,

0:15:17.553,0:15:20.933
like tea, coffee, fruit juices, and soft

0:15:20.933,0:15:21.193
drinks.

0:15:22.544,0:15:24.674
When one material forms a solution

0:15:24.674,0:15:28.494
with another material; we say it dissolves.

0:15:28.568,0:15:31.078
The substance in a solution dissolve or

0:15:31.467,0:15:33.397
separate into their most basic particles.

0:15:34.759,0:15:36.989
Molecules that are too small to be seen.

0:15:38.197,0:15:40.627
As sugar dissolves in water, molecules of

0:15:40.627,0:15:42.617
solid sugar are pulled away from

0:15:42.617,0:15:44.477
eachother by water molecules.

0:15:45.726,0:15:47.456
Very quickly the sugar molecules

0:15:47.456,0:15:49.496
spread to all parts of the solution.

0:15:50.599,0:15:52.369
You can no longer see the sugar,

0:15:52.379,0:15:54.719
because the very small sugar particles

0:15:54.719,0:15:57.219
are mixed evenly with the water particles.

0:15:58.329,0:16:00.729
Unlike the mixture of granola, that might

0:16:00.729,0:16:02.859
have six raisins in one spoonful

0:16:03.059,0:16:04.419
and three in the next.

0:16:05.504,0:16:07.854
Any part of the solution is identical to

0:16:07.854,0:16:09.664
any other part of the solution.

0:16:10.771,0:16:12.921
Some solids dissolve in water and some

0:16:12.921,0:16:13.341
do not.

0:16:14.463,0:16:16.753
Solubility is the measure of the amount

0:16:16.753,0:16:18.623
of a material that will dissolve

0:16:18.623,0:16:19.763
in another material.

0:16:20.521,0:16:23.181
For example, sugar is soluble in water,

0:16:24.153,0:16:26.353
but ground black pepper is not.

0:16:27.925,0:16:31.195
Try stirring sand into water, while you're

0:16:31.195,0:16:33.225
stirring the sand mixes with the water

0:16:33.506,0:16:35.116
but does not dissolve.

0:16:35.613,0:16:37.813
When you stop stirring the sand falls

0:16:37.933,0:16:39.283
to the bottom of the jar.

0:16:40.159,0:16:42.979
The solubility of sand in water is zero.

0:16:43.682,0:16:46.032
No amount of sand dissolves in water.

0:16:47.028,0:16:49.328
Liquid solutions are usually transparent,

0:16:49.852,0:16:52.172
they're evenly colored, and they can

0:16:52.172,0:16:53.892
never separate into layers.

0:16:55.163,0:16:57.503
Compare the mixture of oil and vinegar,

0:16:57.503,0:17:00.003
as in salad dressing to a solution; like

0:17:00.003,0:17:01.283
this drink mix.

0:17:02.489,0:17:04.849
Also, solutions don't have to be liquid.

0:17:06.061,0:17:07.821
They can be solids and gases too.

0:17:08.980,0:17:10.760
In the sugar and water solution;

0:17:10.760,0:17:13.420
a solid, sugar was mixed with a liquid,

0:17:13.420,0:17:13.830
water.

0:17:15.314,0:17:18.054
In a bottle of soda, the gas carbon dioxide

0:17:18.884,0:17:21.184
is dissolved in or spread evenly

0:17:21.184,0:17:22.374
throughout the liquid.

0:17:23.165,0:17:24.975
When you lift the top off the bottle,

0:17:25.025,0:17:26.735
you can see thousands of bubbles of

0:17:26.735,0:17:29.085
carbon dioxide gas start to rise through

0:17:29.095,0:17:30.735
the liquid an into the air.

0:17:31.997,0:17:33.827
Mixtures of metals are solid solutions.

0:17:35.093,0:17:37.453
Brass is a solution of zinc and copper.

0:17:38.797,0:17:40.897
It is made by melting two metals

0:17:40.897,0:17:41.327
together.

0:17:42.291,0:17:43.791
Gases can form solutions too.

0:17:44.817,0:17:46.767
Air is a solution of several gases.

0:17:47.947,0:17:50.097
Physical changes can sometimes be easily

0:17:50.097,0:17:52.217
reversed, but not always.

0:17:53.615,0:17:56.105
Melting an ice cube can easily be reversed

0:17:56.105,0:17:58.285
by cooling until it freezes again.

0:17:59.482,0:18:01.702
Stirring sugar into water can be reversed

0:18:02.102,0:18:04.062
by letting the water evaporate.

0:18:05.425,0:18:07.795
On the other hand, it would not be

0:18:07.795,0:18:10.645
so easy to get peanuts back once they

0:18:10.645,0:18:12.095
were all ground up.

0:18:13.943,0:18:15.933
Kyle: So if a change seems easy

0:18:15.933,0:18:17.903
to reverse, it is more likely to be a

0:18:17.903,0:18:18.453
physical change.

0:18:20.817,0:18:22.747
Amanda: But not all combinations of

0:18:22.747,0:18:24.917
matter can be separated physically into

0:18:24.917,0:18:25.527
their parts.

0:18:27.135,0:18:28.535
Mrs.Mcqule: Well done.

0:18:28.535,0:18:30.275
Now for something really thrilling

0:18:30.425,0:18:31.295
chemical changes.

0:18:32.978,0:18:37.778
(background music)

0:18:38.988,0:18:40.968
Mrs.Mcqule: Unlike the often "easy-to

0:18:40.968,0:18:43.038
-reverse" physical changes, chemical

0:18:43.038,0:18:45.718
changes don't turn around so easily.

0:18:46.228,0:18:48.408
These changes occur when atoms link

0:18:48.408,0:18:49.798
together in new ways.

0:18:50.875,0:18:52.765
This is called a chemical reaction.

0:18:54.180,0:18:56.450
During chemical reactions the atoms in

0:18:56.450,0:18:58.300
the substances that were put together,

0:18:58.300,0:19:01.190
rearranged to form a new substance with

0:19:01.190,0:19:02.520
different properties.

0:19:02.520,0:19:04.740
The changes in the linking patterns of the

0:19:04.740,0:19:06.550
atoms create the new substances.

0:19:07.808,0:19:09.948
These new substances have properties

0:19:09.948,0:19:12.178
different from the original substances

0:19:12.178,0:19:13.871
from which they were formed.

0:19:15.115,0:19:16.875
Sugar is made when the right amounts

0:19:16.875,0:19:19.715
of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms

0:19:19.715,0:19:20.875
are mixed.

0:19:22.566,0:19:24.546
A chemical reaction can cause sugar to

0:19:24.546,0:19:26.356
break apart into it's original elements

0:19:27.065,0:19:29.815
or atoms; carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

0:19:31.388,0:19:33.938
There are signals that a chemical change

0:19:33.938,0:19:35.198
is happening.

0:19:35.198,0:19:36.958
They include a formation of a gas,

0:19:36.958,0:19:39.848
a color change, or light and heat changes

0:19:39.848,0:19:41.178
caused by the release of energy.

0:19:42.660,0:19:45.000
The reaction between baking soda and

0:19:45.000,0:19:47.500
vinegar is an example of a chemical change.

0:19:49.039,0:19:51.029
When these two materials are mixed gas

0:19:51.029,0:19:52.279
bubbles form.

0:19:53.288,0:19:55.248
A change in the linking pattern of the

0:19:55.248,0:19:57.388
atoms in the liquid vinegar and solid

0:19:57.388,0:19:59.598
baking soda, cause a new substance,

0:19:59.598,0:20:02.518
carbon dioxide, a gas, to form.

0:20:03.862,0:20:04.592
Kyle: Ahh.

0:20:04.592,0:20:06.852
One of the signals, a gas was formed.

0:20:08.807,0:20:10.587
Computer voice: With a burning candle,

0:20:10.587,0:20:12.227
many changes are happening.

0:20:12.227,0:20:15.247
Wax melts, runs down the side and turns

0:20:15.247,0:20:17.957
solid again, this is a physical change.

0:20:19.121,0:20:21.661
However, some of the wax turns into

0:20:21.661,0:20:25.221
carbon dioxide gas and steam when it

0:20:25.221,0:20:27.041
combines with oxygen in the air.

0:20:28.069,0:20:30.949
This chemical change releases enough heat

0:20:30.979,0:20:32.349
to make a flame.

0:20:33.262,0:20:34.452
Amanda: A heat change!

0:20:35.507,0:20:37.417
Computer voice: Rust forms when iron

0:20:37.417,0:20:39.717
atoms in steel, react with oxygen from

0:20:39.717,0:20:40.107
the air.

0:20:42.088,0:20:44.368
The reaction is very complex and needs

0:20:44.368,0:20:46.188
moisture to occur.

0:20:47.222,0:20:49.452
When iron rusts it turns red or brown.

0:20:51.026,0:20:52.146
Kyle: A color change.

0:20:52.521,0:20:54.391
Mrs.Mcqule:Yes, but are you sure this

0:20:54.391,0:20:56.681
is a chemical reaction? Or a physical

0:20:56.681,0:20:57.261
change?

0:20:58.168,0:20:59.158
Let's find out.

0:21:00.629,0:21:03.179
Rust is powdery and no longer shiny

0:21:03.179,0:21:06.629
like iron, it also does not bend like iron,

0:21:07.432,0:21:13.482
iron can conduct electricity while rust

0:21:13.482,0:21:17.692
does not, rust melts at a much higher

0:21:17.692,0:21:21.692
temperature than iron, the density

0:21:21.692,0:21:23.932
of rust is much less than the density

0:21:23.932,0:21:27.252
of iron and rust does not react with

0:21:27.252,0:21:28.742
oxygen as iron does.

0:21:30.333,0:21:32.853
So is this a physical or chemical change?

0:21:33.295,0:21:35.035
Both: Chemical change.

0:21:35.622,0:21:37.692
Mrs.Mcqule: Right, we can see that a

0:21:37.692,0:21:39.932
new substance is definitely been formed

0:21:39.932,0:21:42.592
and a chemical reaction, has taken place.

0:21:43.139,0:21:47.159
Now, rocketships use chemical reactions

0:21:47.159,0:21:48.789
that produce lots of heat.

0:21:49.155,0:21:54.855
(Rocket launches)

0:21:54.855,0:21:58.425
(Astronaut talks)

0:21:58.425,0:22:00.365
Mrs.Mcqule; This space shuttles main engines are

0:22:00.365,0:22:02.185
powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid

0:22:02.185,0:22:03.005
oxygen.

0:22:04.370,0:22:06.420
When the oxygen and hydrogen come

0:22:06.420,0:22:09.510
together, they make water vapor and

0:22:09.510,0:22:11.300
release the energy the shuttle needs to

0:22:11.300,0:22:12.140
take off.

0:22:13.512,0:22:15.602
A chemical change has happened

0:22:15.602,0:22:17.582
because the two substances hydrogen

0:22:17.582,0:22:19.692
and oxygen came together to make a

0:22:19.692,0:22:22.332
third new substance, water vapor.

0:22:23.262,0:22:25.332
Burning is another chemical change.

0:22:26.295,0:22:28.275
When wood burns, it turns into or

0:22:28.275,0:22:29.985
becomes something else.

0:22:31.162,0:22:34.947
It turns to smoke, heat and ash, it isn't

0:22:34.947,0:22:36.268
wood anymore.

0:22:37.030,0:22:39.260
That's because during burning, particles

0:22:39.260,0:22:42.010
that make up the wood, react with oxygen

0:22:42.010,0:22:43.700
in the air and change into other

0:22:43.700,0:22:46.780
substances such as; carbon dioxide, ash

0:22:46.780,0:22:48.020
and water vapor.

0:22:49.428,0:22:51.988
Electricity can also cause chemical changes.

0:22:53.698,0:22:55.748
If an electric current is sent through

0:22:55.748,0:22:58.388
water, a different kind of change takes

0:22:58.388,0:22:58.708
place.

0:22:59.783,0:23:03.033
Gases are produced, but the gases are not

0:23:03.033,0:23:06.573
water vapor, they are oxygen and hydrogen.

0:23:06.713,0:23:09.013
The substances that make up water.

0:23:09.773,0:23:12.353
When you eat food, chemical changes

0:23:12.353,0:23:14.173
take place as you digest it.

0:23:15.554,0:23:18.264
Digestion is a series of complex chemical

0:23:18.264,0:23:20.354
changes, each consisting of many

0:23:20.354,0:23:21.594
chemical reactions.

0:23:22.878,0:23:24.818
When you ate breakfast, your teeth will

0:23:24.818,0:23:26.948
make no physical change, breaking

0:23:26.948,0:23:28.808
the food into smaller pieces

0:23:30.038,0:23:32.238
and your saliva was chemically breaking

0:23:32.238,0:23:35.058
down the food molecules into smaller

0:23:35.058,0:23:37.128
and smaller particles.

0:23:38.159,0:23:40.489
In your stomach acids reacted with the

0:23:40.489,0:23:42.999
food to further change and make even

0:23:42.999,0:23:44.389
smaller molecules.

0:23:45.667,0:23:48.347
Finally, in the intestines, more digestive

0:23:48.347,0:23:51.427
juices chemically reacted with what used

0:23:51.427,0:23:53.627
to be oatmeal to produce the many

0:23:53.627,0:23:56.307
different molecules of sugar, protein, and

0:23:56.307,0:23:59.787
minerals your body uses to live and grow.

0:24:00.602,0:24:03.182
All during digestion chemical reactions

0:24:03.182,0:24:06.072
produce new substances with the atoms

0:24:06.072,0:24:07.402
of the old substances.

0:24:09.320,0:24:11.510
In general, chemical changes are difficult

0:24:11.510,0:24:12.930
to reverse.

0:24:13.134,0:24:14.804
(driver slams on brakes)

0:24:14.914,0:24:17.544
Turning carbon dioxide gas, water,

0:24:18.050,0:24:21.620
and sodium acetate back into baking soda

0:24:21.620,0:24:23.920
and vinegar would be difficult.

0:24:25.200,0:24:26.610
Kyle: And how about changing that

0:24:26.610,0:24:28.520
oatmeal back into what my dad poured

0:24:28.520,0:24:30.050
into my bowl this morning.

0:24:30.730,0:24:32.950
Amanda: Imagine trying to "unburn" toast

0:24:32.950,0:24:34.800
or "unspoil" milk.

0:24:35.770,0:24:37.120
(bells ring)

0:24:37.706,0:24:39.156
Mrs.Mcqule: We've seen and talked about

0:24:39.156,0:24:41.486
physical and chemical changes in matter.

0:24:41.486,0:24:43.486
But, sometimes it's hard to tell the

0:24:43.486,0:24:44.146
difference.

0:24:45.449,0:24:48.259
Physical changes are often easy to reverse

0:24:48.259,0:24:51.639
but because matter can be changed in size

0:24:51.799,0:24:55.569
and shape by being cut, folded, stretched

0:24:55.569,0:24:58.329
,rearranged and crumpled without

0:24:58.329,0:25:00.659
changing its original properties

0:25:00.659,0:25:03.319
it can look very different

0:25:03.481,0:25:06.141
Matter can even be melted, frozen or

0:25:06.141,0:25:07.951
heated to change its physical state.

0:25:08.697,0:25:10.467
And although it looks different, it is

0:25:10.467,0:25:11.777
still the same substance.

0:25:13.364,0:25:14.974
Let's look at some examples.

0:25:16.254,0:25:18.654
Cherry flavored drink powder is pale pink

0:25:19.001,0:25:20.951
but turns bright red when you mix it

0:25:20.951,0:25:23.881
with water, but the powder has only

0:25:23.881,0:25:24.591
dissolved.

0:25:25.351,0:25:26.831
It has gone through a physical change

0:25:27.194,0:25:28.044
not a chemical change.

0:25:29.967,0:25:31.587
Kyle: Oh, I would've thought that the

0:25:31.587,0:25:33.587
color change, was a sign of a chemical

0:25:33.587,0:25:33.937
change.

0:25:35.141,0:25:36.871
Mrs.Mcqule: When you open a cold soft

0:25:36.871,0:25:39.411
drink bubbles are produced but a chemical

0:25:39.411,0:25:41.121
reaction is not taken place.

0:25:42.428,0:25:44.618
The carbon dioxide has simply.. come

0:25:44.618,0:25:45.248
out of solution.

0:25:47.187,0:25:48.407
Amanda: Another sign of a chemical

0:25:48.407,0:25:50.137
change that didn't plan out.

0:25:50.422,0:25:52.042
Mrs.Mcqule: If you rub your hands quickly

0:25:52.042,0:25:53.982
back and forth across the surface they

0:25:53.982,0:25:56.062
become hot, but the heat is due to the

0:25:56.062,0:25:58.312
friction, not a chemical reaction.

0:25:58.312,0:26:00.182
Kyle: So a heat change sign doesn't

0:26:00.182,0:26:01.202
always work either.

0:26:01.202,0:26:02.472
Mrs.Mcqule: Cheer up Kyle.

0:26:02.472,0:26:04.312
You know the basics about matter and

0:26:04.312,0:26:05.592
if you know that.. you can figure out

0:26:05.592,0:26:06.682
those tough spots.

0:26:07.919,0:26:10.379
You now know the facts of matter.

0:26:10.735,0:26:11.895
Kyle: I think I do.

0:26:12.135,0:26:14.495
Mrs.Mcqule: So, tell us first what is

0:26:14.565,0:26:15.305
matter.

0:26:16.988,0:26:18.648
Kyle: Matter is anything that takes

0:26:18.648,0:26:21.408
up space, has mass and has properties

0:26:21.408,0:26:23.608
that you can observe and describe.

0:26:25.325,0:26:26.535
Mrs.Mcqule: There are two kinds of

0:26:26.535,0:26:28.795
properties, physical and chemical.

0:26:29.495,0:26:30.655
How are they different?

0:26:31.861,0:26:34.011
Kyle: Physical properties can be seen

0:26:34.011,0:26:35.321
and measured without changing the

0:26:35.321,0:26:37.201
matter into something else.

0:26:37.703,0:26:39.483
Amanda: Chemical properties are harder

0:26:39.483,0:26:41.403
to see because they describe the

0:26:41.403,0:26:43.963
ability of matter to react with other matter

0:26:44.423,0:26:46.483
to form some.. different matter.

0:26:47.682,0:26:49.582
Mrs.Mcqule: What are the three physical

0:26:49.582,0:26:52.292
properties that ALL matter has?

0:26:52.785,0:26:55.055
Amanda: There are lots of physical

0:26:55.055,0:26:56.895
properties, but three of them belong to

0:26:56.895,0:26:59.815
all matter; mass (the amount of matter)

0:26:59.815,0:27:02.685
that has volume (how much space it takes

0:27:02.685,0:27:05.475
up) and density (mass compared to it's

0:27:05.475,0:27:06.195
volume).

0:27:06.777,0:27:08.907
Mrs.Mcqule: Hmm.. Do you know any other

0:27:08.907,0:27:09.777
properties?

0:27:10.515,0:27:11.585
Amanda: Sure.

0:27:11.585,0:27:14.095
Most matter that is metallic is shiny,

0:27:14.095,0:27:17.185
malleable, strong and a good

0:27:17.185,0:27:20.665
conductor of heat, electricity and sound.

0:27:20.795,0:27:23.185
Some metals like iron are magnetic.

0:27:23.683,0:27:26.003
Most matter that is not metallic is

0:27:26.003,0:27:30.003
not shiny, malleable, strong and is not a

0:27:30.003,0:27:31.123
good conductor.

0:27:32.532,0:27:34.962
Mrs.Mcqule: Now, what about changes?

0:27:35.072,0:27:37.384
How can you tell a change is physical

0:27:37.444,0:27:38.244
or chemical?

0:27:39.533,0:27:41.293
Kyle: Physical changes don't make a

0:27:41.293,0:27:43.533
new kind of matter, the matter keeps it's

0:27:43.533,0:27:46.593
properties, when one kind of matter is

0:27:46.593,0:27:48.543
physically mixed with another kind of

0:27:48.653,0:27:51.193
matter.. it might look like something new

0:27:51.193,0:27:53.923
but the parts can usually be separated.

0:27:54.899,0:27:56.279
Amanda: But when there is a chemical

0:27:56.279,0:27:59.219
change, the atoms in the matters that

0:27:59.219,0:28:02.709
are mixed up together, hook up in new ways

0:28:02.709,0:28:05.230
;they change to form a new kind of matter.

0:28:06.551,0:28:08.011
Kyle: Sometimes we can see the signs

0:28:08.011,0:28:09.311
of a chemical change.

0:28:09.826,0:28:12.626
There might be a color change, sometimes

0:28:12.626,0:28:16.976
a gas forms, or energy can be released

0:28:16.976,0:28:18.426
as light or heat.

0:28:19.538,0:28:21.678
But.. you can't always count on those

0:28:21.678,0:28:22.308
signals.

0:28:24.012,0:28:26.032
Mrs.Mcqule: So, do you feel a little

0:28:26.032,0:28:28.212
better on the properties of matter?

0:28:28.479,0:28:29.889
And the changes that matter can go

0:28:29.889,0:28:30.709
through?

0:28:30.709,0:28:31.759
I know I do.

0:28:31.759,0:28:33.629
Kyle: (Jokes around) as a MATTER of FACT

0:28:33.829,0:28:34.329
I do.

0:28:35.766,0:28:39.766
(background music)

0:28:44.882,0:28:46.402
Kyle: Where's Mrs.Bailey?

0:28:46.834,0:28:48.594
Woman: Oh, she's out today, I'm

0:28:48.594,0:28:49.134
substituting.

0:28:49.880,0:28:50.750
You're here early.

0:28:51.228,0:28:53.258
Kyle: Yes I'm just.. excited about

0:28:53.258,0:28:54.288
the test, I guess.

0:28:54.811,0:28:57.391
Woman: Ahh the test.. physical and

0:28:57.391,0:28:59.501
chemical changes in matter.

0:29:00.085,0:29:02.865
Kyle: Yeah.. I hope I do ok.. (gasps)

0:29:04.244,0:29:05.944
Mrs.Mcqule: I think you'll do fine.

0:29:05.944,0:29:06.414
Just fine.

0:29:08.647,0:29:09.587
(♫ Sings ♫)

0:29:09.587,0:29:12.367
Both: M is for metric, conversion to a cup

0:29:12.367,0:29:14.497
A is for astronaut cause they go to the

0:29:14.497,0:29:14.927
moon.

0:29:16.181,0:29:18.241
T is for tattertot cause they are really

0:29:18.241,0:29:18.591
good.

0:29:18.967,0:29:20.757
T is for toddlers cause they go "room

0:29:20.757,0:29:22.397
room room".

0:29:22.738,0:29:24.608
E is for elephant cause they take up

0:29:24.608,0:29:25.198
much space.

0:29:25.994,0:29:28.634
R is for radical cause matter's really cool

0:29:29.317,0:29:33.067
M-a-t-t-e-r (shouts) Matter!!

0:29:38.704,0:29:40.334
Amanda: For more great videos call