0:00:01.568,0:00:03.297 Men will stop at nothing. 0:00:03.570,0:00:05.333 I'd rather die than lose I think. 0:00:06.806,0:00:08.205 You can't trust women. 0:00:08.541,0:00:12.739 Women can get away with everything[br]I think in life, just by smiling. 0:00:12.946,0:00:15.176 Men and women can't get along. 0:00:15.448,0:00:19.043 I don't feel Craig[br]understands me hardly at all. 0:00:20.120,0:00:22.054 Are we different species? 0:00:23.256,0:00:25.451 Five men, five women. 0:00:25.658,0:00:27.421 I found it really, really difficult. 0:00:27.594,0:00:29.255 Men have no empathy. 0:00:30.130,0:00:32.655 The world's biggest sex survey... 0:00:34.768,0:00:36.599 Secret experiments... 0:00:39.406,0:00:43.103 And in a world first,[br]brain changing drugs... 0:00:43.309,0:00:45.470 It's totally changed me life. 0:00:45.779,0:00:47.474 Mate? How're you doing? 0:00:47.981,0:00:52.077 Prepare to discover[br]what really separate the sexes. 0:01:01.694,0:01:06.654 We've invited five women and five men[br]to take part in a series of unique tests. 0:01:06.833,0:01:07.663 - Good morning.[br]- Morning. 0:01:07.834,0:01:08.596 Could you tell me your name please? 0:01:08.768,0:01:10.133 Yes. Jamie Hannah. 0:01:11.304,0:01:16.241 Our test group has been chosen to represent[br]as broad a range of people as possible. 0:01:16.476,0:01:17.465 And what is your occupation? 0:01:17.644,0:01:18.872 I'm a housewife. 0:01:19.412,0:01:20.436 Ah, investment banker. 0:01:20.613,0:01:21.170 Engineer. 0:01:21.347,0:01:22.837 I'm a teaching assistant. 0:01:23.183,0:01:25.208 And how many[br]sexual partners have you had? 0:01:25.418,0:01:26.908 Um... three. 0:01:27.287,0:01:28.948 I can count on both hands. 0:01:29.556,0:01:32.218 Hmm, God I can't answer that. 0:01:32.625,0:01:35.116 Um, a number less than my wife I think. 0:01:36.796,0:01:39.162 The volunteers know[br]they're taking part in a programme 0:01:39.332,0:01:41.960 about the differences[br]between men and women. 0:01:42.135,0:01:44.000 We need to take a saliva sample... 0:01:44.337,0:01:47.170 What they don't know is[br]that by the end of the programme 0:01:47.340,0:01:51.743 some of them will have totally changed[br]their view of who they really are. 0:01:57.517,0:01:58.745 First they need to complete 0:01:58.918,0:02:01.512 the BBC's online sex survey. 0:02:01.688,0:02:03.053 They" be tested on everything from 0:02:03.223,0:02:06.590 language to love, geometry to greed. 0:02:06.759,0:02:09.922 On your laptop computers[br]there are a series of programmes 0:02:10.096,0:02:13.361 that assess a whole range[br]of traits and abilities. 0:02:13.533,0:02:17.663 What we want to see is how[br]the brains of men and women differ. 0:02:20.006,0:02:21.633 Professor Richard Lippa and his colleagues 0:02:21.808,0:02:23.673 designed the survey for us, 0:02:23.843,0:02:29.679 and since it went online nearly half a[br]million people world-wide have taken part. 0:02:30.583,0:02:35.020 This is the single largest gender survey[br]that's ever been conducted. 0:02:36.556,0:02:41.687 We've never been able to assess such a[br]variety of people in so many different areas. 0:02:42.929,0:02:46.626 What we want to know is how[br]different our men and women are 0:02:46.833,0:02:49.301 and how they measure up to the nation. 0:02:56.976,0:02:58.910 I'd rather die than lose I think. 0:03:00.480,0:03:03.005 I'm more interested in engineering[br]than I am in people. 0:03:03.183,0:03:04.047 I'm a fighter. 0:03:04.217,0:03:07.243 I think that's a masculine quality[br]that I definitely have. 0:03:07.954,0:03:10.149 I'm a man in a traditionally female role. 0:03:10.423,0:03:12.983 I like to say how I feel. 0:03:13.159,0:03:14.786 If that gets me into trouble, so be it. 0:03:14.961,0:03:16.189 Well that's me. 0:03:16.429,0:03:19.762 He sees me a bit like[br]a Rottweiler or something. 0:03:19.933,0:03:23.699 And I always wear something[br]that's quite low cut, quite you know... 0:03:24.304,0:03:27.762 In my job we deal with um,[br]hundred and millions of pounds. 0:03:28.174,0:03:29.266 They're just numbers on screen. 0:03:29.442,0:03:30.340 They're just zeros. 0:03:31.411,0:03:34.073 I wouldn't really say[br]I was a girlie girl at all. 0:03:39.385,0:03:42.548 We'll be testing out[br]volunteers whatever they do. 0:03:42.922,0:03:44.321 Even the cab they arrived in 0:03:44.490,0:03:46.117 was rigged with hidden cameras. 0:03:46.292,0:03:48.089 - Hello.[br]- Alright, how are you doing. 0:03:48.261,0:03:49.353 And driven by an actor. 0:03:49.529,0:03:50.461 The BBC, eh? 0:03:50.630,0:03:52.757 - What a load of bollocks.[br]- Is it? 0:03:54.534,0:03:55.364 What's going on? 0:03:55.535,0:03:58.402 They're doing a science programme,[br]difference between men and women. 0:03:59.072,0:04:00.767 The way they think,[br]the way that we think differently, eh? 0:04:00.940,0:04:04.808 Yeah. As in, men do,[br]women don't. You know? 0:04:06.913,0:04:08.346 - I love documentaries.[br]- Yeah. 0:04:08.514,0:04:09.811 There's so much rubbish on telly. 0:04:09.983,0:04:14.113 The actor makes sure that all of our[br]passengers hear the same conversation. 0:04:14.354,0:04:16.015 Well they were saying[br]that the square mile down here, 0:04:16.189,0:04:17.747 if it-if it was an independent country 0:04:17.923,0:04:19.619 it would be the 20th richest in the world. 0:04:19.791,0:04:20.281 Yeah. 0:04:20.459,0:04:22.120 - That's what they were saying.[br]- Amazing. 0:04:23.930,0:04:25.591 Well you'd think[br]after 29 years of marriage 0:04:25.765,0:04:27.232 you'd know someone pretty well,[br]wouldn't you. 0:04:27.400,0:04:28.264 You would do, wouldn't you. 0:04:28.434,0:04:30.698 Not me. She's run off with another bloke. 0:04:31.137,0:04:32.297 Like obviously not. 0:04:32.472,0:04:33.962 Think that's why I'm on the show. 0:04:34.207,0:04:36.232 I'd fucking party mass[br]off round the world. 0:04:37.443,0:04:40.105 I just can't believe I was that stupid. 0:04:44.651,0:04:45.515 But will the men and women 0:04:45.685,0:04:48.483 remember different bits[br]of what they've heard? 0:04:50.623,0:04:52.386 Will the next person come in please? 0:04:54.060,0:04:56.028 Psychiatrist Doctor Sandra Scott 0:04:56.195,0:04:58.493 springs a surprise interrogation. 0:04:59.799,0:05:01.562 What kind of car did you come here in? 0:05:01.768,0:05:03.167 Er it was a silver Mercedes. 0:05:04.203,0:05:05.261 Anything else? 0:05:05.471,0:05:08.565 Er, silver, leather seats, 0:05:09.475,0:05:12.501 um, GPS system on the dashboard... 0:05:12.912,0:05:13.810 That it? 0:05:13.980,0:05:18.246 I noticed the central locking[br]switch had a chrome handle 0:05:18.418,0:05:21.410 for opening the door[br]after central locking. 0:05:21.587,0:05:23.020 Did you talk to the cab driver? 0:05:23.589,0:05:24.556 Er yeah we talked 0:05:24.724,0:05:27.625 er about um... 0:05:27.794,0:05:30.228 the sort of financial centre of er London. 0:05:30.863,0:05:32.387 Yeah they were going on[br]about the square mile which is, 0:05:32.565,0:05:34.931 you-you might have heard of it,[br]just down here? 0:05:35.101,0:05:37.467 It's where all the banks are in London.[br]Yeah. 0:05:38.438,0:05:41.100 They reckon that if it[br]was an independent country 0:05:41.474,0:05:44.739 it'd be the 20th richest[br]in the world. Unbelievable. 0:05:44.911,0:05:45.935 Yeah. 0:05:48.014,0:05:51.347 Can you recall[br]three facts or possibly more 0:05:51.517,0:05:54.281 of what he told you[br]about the City of London? 0:05:55.321,0:06:00.190 Um... tch... er... 0:06:01.327,0:06:04.660 I can't remember. He was er, um... 0:06:06.899,0:06:09.766 Er... no. 0:06:10.670,0:06:12.661 Do you remember him[br]talking about his marriage? 0:06:12.839,0:06:13.828 Yes I do, yeah. 0:06:14.006,0:06:15.473 So that was another topic covered. 0:06:15.641,0:06:17.040 It was, yeah... 0:06:17.877,0:06:18.935 Car was automatic by the way. 0:06:19.112,0:06:19.669 Sorry? 0:06:19.846,0:06:21.313 The car was automatic, by the way. 0:06:21.481,0:06:22.038 Okay. 0:06:22.215,0:06:23.477 It had a walnut trim. 0:06:23.916,0:06:25.213 So were you actually listening to him? 0:06:25.385,0:06:28.616 I... yes! Er um er or connecting 0:06:28.788,0:06:33.225 but-rather than wishing[br]to store information, so... 0:06:33.760,0:06:34.988 What did interest you? 0:06:35.461,0:06:36.450 Talking about his marriage problems. 0:06:36.629,0:06:38.654 He was really quite open[br]which quite surprised me really 0:06:38.831,0:06:40.458 because men are quite,[br]normally hide their feelings 0:06:40.633,0:06:42.362 but he was quite forthcoming. 0:06:42.568,0:06:44.331 You know he's glad[br]that the kids are older 0:06:44.504,0:06:45.937 and they've moved out, 0:06:46.239,0:06:48.639 but it just means[br]that he's alone now really. 0:06:48.941,0:06:51.307 And he said,[br]if it had been the other way round, 0:06:51.544,0:06:53.273 um, she would have[br]found out really early on. 0:06:53.446,0:06:55.607 You know, sort of[br]woman's instinct and all that. 0:06:56.315,0:06:56.974 How did you catch her out? 0:06:57.150,0:06:59.482 You didn't find her at...[br]come home early, did you? 0:06:59.786,0:07:01.083 That'd be awful. 0:07:02.088,0:07:03.077 Generally speaking, 0:07:03.256,0:07:07.693 all of the women had a much be-better[br]memory for the emotional facts. 0:07:07.860,0:07:10.192 Men were more thing oriented... 0:07:10.430,0:07:12.660 And women were more people oriented. 0:07:16.402,0:07:20.236 Women like relationships, men like facts. 0:07:20.506,0:07:22.599 But according to Italian scientists 0:07:22.809,0:07:24.709 it's not quite so simple. 0:07:25.878,0:07:28.438 Okay guys, take a seat.[br]Make yourself comfortable. 0:07:29.182,0:07:31.241 I'm just going to get you[br]to watch a few minutes of TV. 0:07:32.151,0:07:33.550 If the Italians are right, 0:07:33.719,0:07:36.916 you're about to witness[br]something very revealing. 0:07:48.968,0:07:51.596 A High Street bank has warned[br]that the number of new buyers 0:07:51.771,0:07:55.867 has plunged to it's lowest level[br]for 20 years. The problem of... 0:07:56.042,0:07:58.909 When we asked our viewers[br]what they'd seen and heard 0:07:59.078,0:08:01.444 we discovered an extraordinary thing. 0:08:01.614,0:08:04.276 When 24-hour drinking[br]becomes legal in England 0:08:04.450,0:08:06.441 and Wales later this year pubs... 0:08:06.619,0:08:10.146 The men remembered some of what[br]our male newsreader had said... 0:08:10.356,0:08:12.586 Licenses had been applied[br]for six from London, 0:08:12.758,0:08:14.487 none from other places. 0:08:14.727,0:08:16.888 If they didn't er[br]curb it within eight weeks 0:08:17.063,0:08:18.587 they were gonna receive a fine. 0:08:18.865,0:08:21.857 Scientists are warning[br]that a recent outbreak of bird... 0:08:22.034,0:08:24.264 But when they were[br]watching his female colleague 0:08:24.437,0:08:26.598 they appeared to have gone deaf. 0:08:26.772,0:08:28.535 The scars outbreak in 2002... 0:08:30.376,0:08:31.843 ...She had two stories... 0:08:33.312,0:08:35.576 Er-er... she was quite[br]attractive for a start. 0:08:35.748,0:08:38.409 The girl had a pink top with black trim. 0:08:38.583,0:08:40.017 That's about all I can remember. 0:08:41.053,0:08:42.986 And she had nice breasts. 0:08:44.857,0:08:48.054 We found that men[br]are indeed interested in facts, 0:08:48.227,0:08:50.718 but one thing[br]they're more interested in... 0:08:50.997,0:08:52.055 is sex. 0:08:53.266,0:08:54.358 Which stands to reason. 0:08:54.534,0:08:57.867 Men are, after all,[br]much more promiscuous than women... 0:08:59.372,0:09:00.771 Aren't they? 0:09:04.443,0:09:08.072 How many partners have you had sexual[br]intercourse with in the past five years? 0:09:08.781,0:09:10.976 How old were you[br]when you lost your virginity? 0:09:12.351,0:09:13.750 We sent our researchers to find out 0:09:13.920,0:09:17.856 just how much more[br]promiscuous men really are... 0:09:19.559,0:09:21.584 Our street survey found that on average, 0:09:21.761,0:09:24.161 men reported 13 sexual partners, 0:09:24.330,0:09:26.662 while women only managed 7, 0:09:26.933,0:09:29.197 in line with other sex surveys. 0:09:30.703,0:09:33.763 But hold on,[br]who are all the men sleeping with? 0:09:33.940,0:09:36.500 And the survey's about[br]sexual behaviours and attitudes. 0:09:37.209,0:09:40.076 The trouble with asking[br]personal questions face to face 0:09:40.246,0:09:43.079 is that you rarely get honest answers. 0:09:44.450,0:09:46.145 How many sexual partners have you had? 0:09:46.319,0:09:49.811 I think... 25 or[br]something like that, 20-25. 0:09:50.456,0:09:51.650 I can count on both hands. 0:09:52.258,0:09:52.883 You can... 0:09:53.059,0:09:54.754 - So 10.[br]- Ten. 0:09:56.462,0:09:58.327 Either men are exaggerating or 0:09:58.497,0:10:01.489 women are being[br]economical with the truth. 0:10:02.702,0:10:04.101 To find out what's going on 0:10:04.837,0:10:08.364 we asked our volunteers[br]to take a lie detector test. 0:10:09.008,0:10:10.839 I'm gonna put wire round your stomach, 0:10:11.544,0:10:13.136 and I'm gonna put[br]one around your chest... 0:10:13.512,0:10:15.002 then take the reading from one of them. 0:10:16.015,0:10:19.542 Try to breathe normally without taking[br]in a deep breath or holding your breath. 0:10:19.719,0:10:20.413 Okay. 0:10:20.620,0:10:22.019 Try not to nod or shake your head, 0:10:22.188,0:10:22.950 just say yes and no. 0:10:23.122,0:10:24.020 Okay. 0:10:24.690,0:10:30.253 I am the owner of a financial[br]and accounting recruitment firm... 0:10:35.701,0:10:36.929 I'm very money driven. 0:10:37.103,0:10:40.630 Be Jack I want to have[br]nice holidays, you know, 0:10:40.840,0:10:43.934 I want to get my convertible sports car. 0:10:44.110,0:10:46.271 And in the next six months[br]they're my goals. 0:10:46.445,0:10:47.673 So I'm gonna achieve them. 0:10:47.847,0:10:49.337 Gonna make sure it happens. 0:10:50.850,0:10:53.318 - Well I am about to start the test.[br]- Okay. 0:10:53.886,0:10:55.649 What I wanna hear from you[br]is a yes or a no. 0:10:55.821,0:10:56.651 Okay. 0:10:57.390,0:10:59.585 - Is your first name Lucy?[br]- Yes. 0:11:03.362,0:11:06.763 Have you had around 10[br]sexual partners in your lifetime? 0:11:07.133,0:11:07.997 No. 0:11:09.969,0:11:12.995 Have you had more than 10[br]sexual partners in your lifetime? 0:11:13.806,0:11:14.966 Yes. 0:11:20.212,0:11:23.181 I have had more sexual partners[br]than I admitted to. 0:11:23.516,0:11:27.077 You know the reasons as to probably why[br]I didn't want to sort of announce it, 0:11:27.253,0:11:28.049 but yes I have. 0:11:28.220,0:11:29.050 Well what are the reasons? 0:11:29.221,0:11:31.314 Well I think the main reasons[br]is-is sort of you know, 0:11:31.490,0:11:34.050 the reputation side of it um, you know. 0:11:34.260,0:11:35.158 I want to attract the... 0:11:35.327,0:11:38.421 and I think the-the man out there is[br]still old-fashioned in his views and points, 0:11:38.597,0:11:42.294 um, I think that you know, he still likes[br]a very sort of feminine type of girl who... 0:11:42.468,0:11:44.561 and the thought of him, er her sorry, 0:11:44.737,0:11:47.535 have slept with a lot of men,[br]you know, disgusts him. 0:11:50.476,0:11:53.411 When they filled in[br]our anonymous online survey, 0:11:53.679,0:11:58.139 men and women did admit to having[br]the same numbers of sexual partners. 0:11:59.485,0:12:02.579 And what's more,[br]nearly a quarter of both sexes 0:12:02.755,0:12:06.088 admitted to having been[br]unfaithful to a long-term partner. 0:12:06.959,0:12:10.326 We also found that[br]whatever their past experience, 0:12:10.496,0:12:12.191 men predicted more than twice as many 0:12:12.364,0:12:15.800 sexual partners in the future[br]than women did. 0:12:17.036,0:12:20.472 So even though men[br]are distracted by the idea of sex 0:12:20.706,0:12:24.142 they aren't more promiscuous[br]than women after all. 0:12:25.911,0:12:28.539 It's just that they'd like to be. 0:12:30.316,0:12:32.011 So one myth busted. 0:12:32.184,0:12:34.277 What about the other stereotypes? 0:12:34.453,0:12:35.920 Women are more emotional. 0:12:36.188,0:12:37.553 We're more understanding... 0:12:37.723,0:12:38.553 Friendlier... 0:12:38.724,0:12:39.554 Sensitive... 0:12:39.725,0:12:40.885 Caring... 0:12:44.530,0:12:46.760 But are women really more caring? 0:12:48.768,0:12:51.236 We hired an 8-year old actress, 0:12:52.004,0:12:54.029 fitted her with a secret camera, 0:12:55.107,0:12:57.575 and abandoned her on a London street. 0:13:00.279,0:13:02.713 This is what happened next... 0:13:19.665,0:13:22.361 This test is a measure of empathy, 0:13:22.535,0:13:26.232 the ability to put yourself[br]in someone else's shoes 0:13:26.438,0:13:28.963 and to act appropriately. 0:13:32.211,0:13:33.371 Hello darling. 0:13:33.546,0:13:35.207 - You alright, sweetheart?[br]- Yeah. 0:13:35.381,0:13:36.643 You're waiting for someone, pet? 0:13:36.816,0:13:40.183 Yeah my mummy's just gone in Simsbury's. 0:13:43.722,0:13:46.691 - How long's she been?[br]- Mm, don't know. 0:13:50.429,0:13:52.056 Do you want some company? 0:13:52.565,0:13:54.692 Well I think it was shock[br]to both of us to see 0:13:54.867,0:13:58.997 a little girl sitting all on her own[br]up against a cement wall. 0:13:59.171,0:14:02.470 Yes. And you just wanted to[br]go in and protect her and... 0:14:02.641,0:14:03.608 Yeah. And that's... 0:14:03.776,0:14:05.403 make sure that she was okay. 0:14:05.678,0:14:08.340 But it was just commonsense 0:14:08.514,0:14:11.847 when you see a little girl on her own[br]you don't walk past her. 0:14:12.084,0:14:15.850 I saw her twice actually,[br]going down and coming back up... 0:14:16.255,0:14:19.190 I thought she was probably waiting for[br]somebody in the hairdressers actually. 0:14:19.658,0:14:22.456 I noticed she actually did have[br]quite a brand new pair of shoes on. 0:14:22.628,0:14:26.758 So I thought she doesn't look as if[br]she's in a light amount of trouble. 0:14:29.869,0:14:31.803 I'm a man with me own, aren't I. 0:14:32.204,0:14:34.229 And if I'm seen talking[br]to little girls like that, 0:14:34.406,0:14:35.634 what's the reaction? 0:14:37.943,0:14:40.468 Of all the excuses given[br]for doing nothing, 0:14:40.679,0:14:42.647 concern about being seen as a paedophile 0:14:42.815,0:14:44.612 seems the most plausible. 0:14:45.317,0:14:48.684 But note that none of[br]the men alerted the authorities 0:14:48.888,0:14:51.186 or asked a women to help on their behalf. 0:14:52.391,0:14:53.358 What you doing there, poppet? 0:14:53.525,0:14:55.186 During the hour we filmed, 0:14:55.427,0:14:57.861 41 women stopped to help. 0:14:58.430,0:15:02.526 Some of them were so concerned[br]that they came back several times. 0:15:04.904,0:15:07.168 But only two men stopped. 0:15:07.406,0:15:08.896 And one of them was with a woman. 0:15:09.074,0:15:10.837 - Are you alright, darlin'?[br]- Yeah... 0:15:11.076,0:15:13.476 Twenty two percent of women offered help 0:15:13.646,0:15:16.444 as opposed tojust one percent of men. 0:15:20.352,0:15:21.819 But this is just one test, 0:15:21.987,0:15:24.615 and one way of measuring empathy. 0:15:27.326,0:15:30.352 Our volunteers are about to try another. 0:15:39.405,0:15:43.068 Former para Paddy Doyle[br]runs a boxing gym. 0:15:43.242,0:15:46.109 If it wasn't for fitness[br]I'd be... be-be in prison. 0:15:46.278,0:15:47.472 You know. I would be. 0:15:47.713,0:15:50.375 Paddy holds 130 world records 0:15:50.549,0:15:52.380 for fitness and endurance. 0:15:53.886,0:15:57.515 He is officially[br]the world's fittest athlete. 0:15:58.624,0:16:02.185 I've-I've had to be selfish[br]er while doing my sport. 0:16:03.963,0:16:04.987 And it's affected my relationships 0:16:05.164,0:16:06.859 because women couldn't take that. 0:16:07.032,0:16:09.000 It was either the world records or them. 0:16:09.168,0:16:11.568 And unfortunately I went[br]for the world records. 0:16:13.806,0:16:14.738 Like the others, 0:16:14.907,0:16:20.470 Paddy has filled in a detailed psychological[br]questionnaire designed to measure empathy. 0:16:25.250,0:16:29.016 Of the half a million people[br]who took part in our online survey, 0:16:29.188,0:16:32.715 over 90%% % of the top scorers were women. 0:16:32.891,0:16:35.325 Men were very much in second place. 0:16:39.999,0:16:41.432 How do you think[br]your husband would do on this? 0:16:41.600,0:16:42.464 How do-what do you think his score... 0:16:42.634,0:16:43.896 Oh this guy, you'd be having a laugh, 0:16:44.069,0:16:45.297 right at bottom. 0:16:45.537,0:16:46.834 Men have no empathy. 0:16:47.006,0:16:47.700 No. 0:16:47.873,0:16:50.774 Okay. Well let's to a man to see[br]how he feels about that. 0:16:51.477,0:16:53.638 For empathising I got 12 out of 20. 0:16:53.879,0:16:55.141 Oh, are we surprised? 0:16:55.314,0:16:56.372 Yes. 0:16:57.583,0:17:00.711 Thought it would have been um...[br]a bit less. 0:17:00.953,0:17:03.319 Yeah. So that has surprised me. 0:17:05.891,0:17:07.188 In the empathy test 0:17:07.358,0:17:10.556 Paddy actually outscored[br]all the other men, 0:17:10.729,0:17:12.856 and all but two of the women. 0:17:14.233,0:17:14.926 Paddy's breaking the mould 0:17:15.099,0:17:16.896 and shown that some men[br]can be very empathic. 0:17:17.069,0:17:17.898 What about you? 0:17:18.069,0:17:21.767 Um, definitely not.[br]A case, apparently, according to this test. 0:17:22.040,0:17:23.372 I got 3 out of 20. 0:17:23.642,0:17:25.940 Apparently I've been told[br]I do lack a bit of empathy. 0:17:26.111,0:17:29.603 And er I-I have tried using it[br]in a sentence before like saying, 0:17:29.782,0:17:31.113 I empathise with you. 0:17:31.283,0:17:32.910 But apparently that's not empathy. 0:17:33.519,0:17:35.282 Can I suggest you go to[br]Paddy for some lessons? 0:17:35.454,0:17:36.443 I will. 0:17:41.093,0:17:45.189 Liz and Craig Watson have[br]a personal interest in empathy. 0:17:45.464,0:17:47.295 Everyone looks so happy, don't they. 0:17:48.100,0:17:50.694 It seemed very idyllic really. 0:17:50.936,0:17:55.032 I rememberjust feeling[br]very comfortable with you. Then. 0:17:57.042,0:17:59.101 Craig is very calculating. 0:17:59.278,0:18:00.506 He's very stubborn. 0:18:00.712,0:18:01.838 Incredibly stubborn. 0:18:02.014,0:18:04.608 Liz is... is the opposite of myself. 0:18:04.783,0:18:06.876 Um, she's almost too fiery, 0:18:07.052,0:18:09.953 too almost out of control at times. 0:18:10.122,0:18:13.614 I don't feel Craig[br]understands me hardly at all. 0:18:13.959,0:18:16.223 And we've gone out sometimes[br]and Craig's had a book, 0:18:16.395,0:18:17.794 and he's reading the book when we're out. 0:18:17.963,0:18:18.622 You know and that-that... 0:18:18.797,0:18:20.424 that really upsets me actually. 0:18:20.599,0:18:22.089 You see, I haven't done[br]that for several years. 0:18:22.267,0:18:24.030 Oh you've done it recently. 0:18:24.570,0:18:27.437 Craig is living the life[br]of a bachelor, actually. 0:18:27.873,0:18:29.636 And he, you know,[br]he's a great bachelor. 0:18:34.246,0:18:35.873 Liz and Craig blame each other 0:18:36.048,0:18:37.913 for their failure to communicate. 0:18:38.717,0:18:42.448 So in an unusual move[br]we've asked neurologist Reuben Gerr 0:18:42.621,0:18:44.555 to examine their brains. 0:18:44.823,0:18:47.485 So um here is er the scanner, 0:18:47.659,0:18:51.925 and er what we will get[br]is an image of your brain anatomy, 0:18:52.097,0:18:53.928 but more importantly we'll get images of 0:18:54.099,0:18:56.192 what parts of the brain become active 0:18:56.368,0:18:59.269 when you have to solve[br]specific kinds of problems. 0:19:01.106,0:19:02.505 A key part of empathy 0:19:02.674,0:19:05.507 is recognising how other people feel. 0:19:06.345,0:19:07.334 We'll start doing the tests, 0:19:07.513,0:19:12.382 and the first test is the test[br]er of emotion recognition. 0:19:12.951,0:19:16.352 And you have to answer whether the face er 0:19:16.522,0:19:20.014 looks to you like a positive[br]or a negative emotion. 0:19:20.759,0:19:23.057 To me communication is[br]mostly about the non-verbal, 0:19:23.228,0:19:25.423 not what you actually say[br]but what you're feeling. 0:19:25.597,0:19:28.532 And I think Craig's not that in touch[br]with his feelings enough. 0:19:28.767,0:19:31.167 Actually maybe I've got perhaps[br]more sensitivity in that area 0:19:31.336,0:19:34.237 than I'm given credit for,[br]and-and vice versa that Lizzie 0:19:34.406,0:19:37.603 hasn't got quite as much strength in that area[br]that she gives herself credit for. 0:19:39.011,0:19:40.171 Well that's interesting. 0:19:40.345,0:19:41.937 I just learned something else. 0:19:44.616,0:19:46.641 If the scan reveals that Liz and Craig 0:19:46.818,0:19:48.911 read other people's emotion differently 0:19:49.087,0:19:53.353 then some of their misunderstandings[br]might be instantly explained. 0:19:55.427,0:20:00.490 The part of the brain that deals with emotions[br]is right in the centre of the brain, right here. 0:20:00.766,0:20:03.564 Liz shows er a hefty activation, 0:20:03.735,0:20:07.034 whereas Craig's brain[br]shows no activation at all 0:20:07.206,0:20:09.333 in this emotional part of the brain... 0:20:09.508,0:20:10.133 I'm not locking on. 0:20:10.309,0:20:14.143 ...whereas you went straight to[br]the emotional part and you say, 0:20:14.313,0:20:17.146 how would I have felt[br]if I were looking like that. 0:20:17.316,0:20:19.079 You-you-you immediately invoke the... 0:20:19.251,0:20:21.685 the-the emotional part of your brain. 0:20:22.654,0:20:27.114 Liz is 40%% % more accurate than Craig[br]at reading emotion in others 0:20:27.292,0:20:30.989 because she is using the[br]emotional part of her own brain. 0:20:31.663,0:20:33.563 And the scans reveal that in this test 0:20:33.732,0:20:38.032 Craig shows no emotional response at all. 0:20:38.303,0:20:40.498 Liz, are you surprised at Craig's result? 0:20:40.672,0:20:42.401 What surprised me most was the fact 0:20:42.574,0:20:48.376 that it was completely devoid of any emotional[br]response in the centre part of the brain. 0:20:48.547,0:20:51.516 I mean that actually[br]has given me a big insight into 0:20:51.683,0:20:56.814 why um I've often felt I wish[br]he would show some emotion... 0:20:56.989,0:20:58.047 Yeah but-but also switching back, 0:20:58.223,0:21:00.555 in terms of our relationship and[br]in terms ofjust our understanding, 0:21:00.726,0:21:02.921 I sometimes need things to be spelt out more.[br]Yeah. 0:21:03.095,0:21:06.826 Yeah that-just don't think I'm going[br]to take it on telepathically or sojust, 0:21:06.999,0:21:08.626 you've actually got to tell me. 0:21:08.800,0:21:12.361 And also I mean in situations where[br]there's plenty of conflict and so on, 0:21:12.537,0:21:14.061 I'm trying to calm things down actually. 0:21:14.239,0:21:15.831 I guess I just want to avoid conflict, 0:21:16.008,0:21:18.977 whereas you're more able to...[br]or more willing to fort of embrace... 0:21:19.144,0:21:22.875 Yeah. Well I just think it's-it's a much[br]more interesting level to operate on 0:21:23.048,0:21:26.108 if you can get into[br]your emotional response a bit more. 0:21:26.318,0:21:29.219 If women assume that men[br]are just like them, and vice versa, 0:21:29.388,0:21:30.878 that's when you get into difficulties. 0:21:31.089,0:21:31.680 As far as you're concerned 0:21:31.857,0:21:33.188 you're sending out all these signals. 0:21:33.358,0:21:35.656 It's entirely obvious that you are upset, 0:21:35.827,0:21:37.351 so then when the bloke doesn't respond 0:21:37.529,0:21:38.587 you up the anti some more 0:21:38.764,0:21:40.493 because you're determined[br]to get an emotional response, 0:21:40.666,0:21:42.429 you introduce emotive s-you know, 0:21:42.601,0:21:44.466 emotive topics so he has to respond, 0:21:44.636,0:21:45.933 he can't ignore it. 0:21:46.104,0:21:47.196 And then what do you do? 0:21:47.372,0:21:48.703 You end up having a ding-dong. 0:21:48.907,0:21:51.171 It's a shame for it[br]to have to degenerate into a row... 0:21:51.343,0:21:54.039 just in order to activate[br]the emotional response... 0:21:54.346,0:21:57.008 The only real way forward[br]is to realise we are different, 0:21:57.182,0:21:59.150 we process this sort[br]of information differently, 0:21:59.318,0:22:00.876 and how are we gonna make that work. 0:22:07.392,0:22:10.259 Until recently scientists[br]were reluctant to acknowledge 0:22:10.429,0:22:12.294 any sex differences. 0:22:12.531,0:22:14.294 Partly because of history. 0:22:15.867,0:22:21.066 In 1879 Gustav LeBon,[br]the founding father of psychology 0:22:21.273,0:22:24.606 announced that[br]intelligent women are so rare 0:22:24.776,0:22:28.303 that they are as exceptional as[br]the birth of any monstrosity, 0:22:28.480,0:22:31.881 as for example, a gorilla with two heads. 0:22:32.050,0:22:35.349 Consequently we men[br]neglect them entirely. 0:22:38.090,0:22:42.891 And that, 125 years ago, was medical fact. 0:22:47.566,0:22:51.332 If I bring out a male brain[br]and put it next to a female brain 0:22:51.503,0:22:53.494 you can see er[br]there's very little differences 0:22:53.672,0:22:56.163 in any of the structures[br]on the surface of the brain. 0:22:56.341,0:22:59.367 The only difference really[br]between these two is their size. 0:22:59.644,0:23:03.842 And, ah, in general female brains[br]are a little bit smaller. 0:23:04.049,0:23:07.644 So the er explanation for this is[br]that men tend to be bigger. 0:23:07.953,0:23:11.650 And so this is in proportion[br]to that difference in body size. 0:23:11.857,0:23:12.983 I don't think anyone's going to suggest 0:23:13.158,0:23:16.218 that a small man is any[br]less intelligent than a large man. 0:23:16.528,0:23:18.962 Having said that,[br]there have been a number of er studies 0:23:19.131,0:23:23.033 to suggest that certain areas of the brain[br]might be slightly different in size. 0:23:23.402,0:23:28.772 And the biggest areas of difference[br]appear to be in language processing, 0:23:29.040,0:23:29.802 and also in this part 0:23:29.975,0:23:35.038 of the frontal lobe which is important[br]in visio-spacial processing. 0:23:35.414,0:23:38.076 And this might be[br]the basis for some of the er 0:23:38.250,0:23:41.048 functional differences we see[br]between men and women. 0:23:41.219,0:23:43.517 Ah, they may just be wired up differently. 0:23:44.823,0:23:45.653 Dub. 0:23:46.291,0:23:47.315 In this test 0:23:47.559,0:23:50.289 Tim is listening to made-up words. 0:23:51.029,0:23:51.859 Bok. 0:23:52.330,0:23:55.561 Different sounds are played[br]to each ear at the same time... 0:23:55.734,0:23:56.598 Bub. 0:23:56.768,0:23:59.601 ...but Tim only hears one of them. 0:24:00.138,0:24:01.036 Gab. 0:24:01.640,0:24:03.870 When Clare listens to the same test, 0:24:04.042,0:24:05.907 this is what she hears... 0:24:06.344,0:24:07.902 Gab and gat. 0:24:08.180,0:24:11.672 Because women use both sides[br]of the brain to process speech 0:24:11.850,0:24:13.613 Clare can hear both sounds. 0:24:13.785,0:24:15.047 Tod and top. 0:24:16.188,0:24:17.155 Dot. 0:24:17.322,0:24:21.418 But Tim, who as a man,[br]only uses the right side of his brain... 0:24:21.860,0:24:22.554 Get. 0:24:22.761,0:24:24.490 ...can only hear one. 0:24:25.430,0:24:26.488 Bok. 0:24:28.233,0:24:30.167 I found it really, really difficult. 0:24:30.335,0:24:32.565 It-it almost came over as one word... 0:24:32.737,0:24:34.432 ...in both ears at the same time. 0:24:38.877,0:24:41.675 Things aren't looking very good for men. 0:24:41.847,0:24:43.542 Yeah it was automatic by the way. 0:24:43.982,0:24:46.212 Object-centred, partially deaf, 0:24:46.384,0:24:49.717 unempathic, sex-obsessed fantasists 0:24:49.955,0:24:52.947 is not how most of them[br]would like to be remembered. 0:24:54.092,0:24:58.927 Men are supposed to be[br]go-getting, thrusting, successful. 0:24:59.431,0:25:02.093 So we're giving them a chance to shine. 0:25:03.101,0:25:07.561 After all, men love competition[br]and they're great at driving. 0:25:09.541,0:25:10.803 Aren't they? 0:25:11.443,0:25:13.308 I want women to win. Badly. 0:25:13.478,0:25:15.241 I'm gonna really try and win this. 0:25:16.882,0:25:17.849 I'm in! 0:25:18.083,0:25:19.710 I almost feel it[br]in the pit of me stomach... 0:25:20.018,0:25:22.851 that I just wanna be better[br]than everybody else. 0:25:25.757,0:25:28.590 The hormone testosterone[br]plays an important part 0:25:28.760,0:25:30.250 in competitiveness. 0:25:30.829,0:25:33.559 Testosterone, the so-called male hormone, 0:25:33.732,0:25:36.997 is actually produced by[br]both men and women. 0:25:50.916,0:25:53.111 We're analysing our[br]volunteers' hormone levels 0:25:53.285,0:25:54.775 throughout the competition 0:25:54.953,0:25:57.547 to see how their testosterone responds. 0:26:07.098,0:26:10.431 It seems that men, um,[br]the kind of biological response 0:26:10.602,0:26:13.435 to competition is very different[br]than that in women. 0:26:15.140,0:26:16.698 In the men we see large fluctuations 0:26:16.875,0:26:20.868 which is consistent with what one expects[br]in response to competition, 0:26:21.613,0:26:24.343 but we see virtually zero fluctuation 0:26:24.516,0:26:25.778 in the women. 0:26:28.453,0:26:33.186 Men are more likely, um, as a result of[br]this increase in testosterone to take risks, 0:26:33.358,0:26:34.950 and risks might end in encounter 0:26:35.126,0:26:37.117 and competitive encounter[br]may be beneficial. 0:26:38.697,0:26:42.394 The testosterone powered[br]men quickly take the lead. 0:26:44.302,0:26:46.998 Lucy in cart 6,[br]the woman who wanted to win, 0:26:47.172,0:26:49.936 is languishing in 7th place. 0:26:51.843,0:26:54.539 But right at the very front is Lloyd 0:26:54.913,0:26:58.405 hotly pursued by Jamie[br]driving cart number 8. 0:27:00.318,0:27:03.810 Ah there's an individual who's very[br]much worth, ah, pointing out to you, 0:27:03.989,0:27:05.684 and that is number 2. 0:27:05.957,0:27:07.481 Ah if we look at his T-levels um 0:27:07.659,0:27:10.457 and compare them with his pre-race levels, 0:27:10.629,0:27:12.790 there's a substantial increase. 0:27:13.665,0:27:15.860 He's ah likely to be a very competitive, 0:27:16.034,0:27:20.733 highly... highly strung individual[br]who takes it very seriously. 0:27:24.009,0:27:26.603 I'm more interested in[br]engineering than in people. 0:27:26.945,0:27:30.312 If it-if it came a choice between[br]separating me from me lathe, 0:27:30.482,0:27:32.143 and separating me from Oliver, 0:27:32.317,0:27:34.285 I would let go of the lathe. 0:27:34.719,0:27:36.983 But I wouldn't give it up easily. 0:27:40.625,0:27:41.990 Want me to go first? 0:27:42.560,0:27:43.652 I can't just secretly let him win 0:27:43.828,0:27:45.420 like his mum can. 0:27:46.364,0:27:48.093 I just don't feel it's honest. 0:27:48.733,0:27:50.166 Right are you ready? Ready for this? 0:27:50.335,0:27:51.267 No. 0:27:51.436,0:27:52.562 Jump, jump. 0:27:56.107,0:27:56.664 To be honest I don't really feel bad 0:27:56.841,0:27:58.536 that he's crying. 0:27:59.878,0:28:01.345 To me he's just displaying 0:28:01.513,0:28:03.413 what I would feel if I lost 0:28:03.581,0:28:05.674 and want to be doing[br]the same thing really. 0:28:09.220,0:28:11.211 - How old is he?[br]- Six. 0:28:14.893,0:28:16.520 I'm not a monster. 0:28:20.465,0:28:23.195 But monstrous things[br]are happening to Lloyd. 0:28:23.568,0:28:24.728 Jamie's taken the lead 0:28:24.903,0:28:27.895 and he's not showing[br]any signs of giving it back. 0:28:29.874,0:28:31.603 But as Lloyd tries to regain the lead 0:28:31.776,0:28:33.539 his testosterone sky-rockets 0:28:33.712,0:28:37.148 and things go from bad to worse. 0:28:40.985,0:28:44.512 Yet more testosterone,[br]and more stupid risks. 0:28:45.490,0:28:48.220 Lloyd's race position is in free-fall. 0:28:50.228,0:28:53.026 As Jamie strolls past the chequered flag, 0:28:54.265,0:28:56.927 Lloyd's world has disintegrated. 0:28:58.536,0:29:01.869 The former race leader finishes fifth. 0:29:03.374,0:29:04.898 But I have an extraordinary finding here 0:29:05.076,0:29:12.847 where number 2's testosterone levels decline[br]rapidly to nearly that of his pre-race levels 0:29:13.017,0:29:15.918 which suggests to me[br]that something unusual has happened, 0:29:16.087,0:29:17.782 that something has,[br]something's gone wrong here 0:29:17.956,0:29:20.424 and I suspect[br]he's not very happy about it. 0:29:24.162,0:29:26.460 I feel absolutely enraged. 0:29:26.631,0:29:28.929 Not with anybody else but with myself. 0:29:30.902,0:29:33.097 Five minutes ago, when you were up there, 0:29:33.338,0:29:35.863 I could have got out, smashed something, 0:29:36.040,0:29:36.665 hit somebody. 0:29:36.841,0:29:37.808 That's how I felt. 0:29:37.976,0:29:38.840 I wouldn't have done, 0:29:39.010,0:29:41.171 because you know[br]you can't do that in public but... 0:29:41.379,0:29:41.970 I feel good. 0:29:42.147,0:29:44.911 But I mean I wanted...[br]I-I did actually aim to win. 0:29:45.116,0:29:45.844 I wasn't going in the... 0:29:46.017,0:29:48.281 well, I wanted to have a good time[br]but I wanted to win as well. 0:29:51.222,0:29:53.019 Jamie's testosterone levels[br]during the race 0:29:53.191,0:29:55.819 revealed the secret of his success. 0:29:57.495,0:29:59.690 While Lloyd's levels went through the roof 0:29:59.864,0:30:01.661 Jamie's were much more subtle, 0:30:01.833,0:30:03.858 allowing him to become more competitive 0:30:04.035,0:30:06.026 and take informed risks. 0:30:07.839,0:30:10.399 His modest rises were useful 0:30:10.575,0:30:13.339 where Lloyd's were catastrophic. 0:30:14.979,0:30:16.446 But if we look at the women, 0:30:16.614,0:30:19.640 there's no rise in[br]testosterone levels at all. 0:30:19.884,0:30:22.114 There's no doubt[br]that women can be competitive 0:30:22.287,0:30:26.280 but they don't have the edge[br]that testosterone can give men. 0:30:26.891,0:30:28.222 I am a very competitive person 0:30:28.393,0:30:29.883 and I was trying to do my best. 0:30:30.061,0:30:31.892 Um, I think I just, you know, break... 0:30:32.063,0:30:33.963 and then when I see[br]somebody in front of me, 0:30:34.132,0:30:36.600 instead of trying to[br]swerve round them I hesitate. 0:30:38.469,0:30:40.460 The men's' rise in testosterone 0:30:40.638,0:30:43.300 turbo-charges their competitive instinct, 0:30:43.474,0:30:46.375 though it can be a very mixed blessing. 0:30:48.913,0:30:50.141 It's not by chance 0:30:50.315,0:30:52.545 that women are less prone to road-rage. 0:30:56.654,0:30:59.714 Testosterone is an[br]incredibly powerful hormone. 0:30:59.891,0:31:01.188 It affects us all - 0:31:01.359,0:31:03.054 men and women. 0:31:03.695,0:31:07.096 And it affects us[br]well before we're even born. 0:31:11.569,0:31:13.560 For the first few weeks of development 0:31:13.738,0:31:19.836 it's impossible to tell if the tiny embryo[br]floating in its amniotic fluid is a boy or a girl. 0:31:20.778,0:31:22.939 They all appear to be female. 0:31:24.749,0:31:25.773 But in week 8 0:31:25.950,0:31:29.750 the males start to produce[br]testosterone in huge quantities, 0:31:29.921,0:31:31.821 and their bodies change. 0:31:34.259,0:31:35.521 And it's recently been discovered 0:31:35.693,0:31:40.494 that from the very start[br]they seem to behave differently as well. 0:31:43.434,0:31:45.265 At just a few hours old 0:31:45.436,0:31:48.428 girls prefer to look at a human face 0:31:48.973,0:31:52.909 while boys will look at,[br]well, anything really. 0:31:56.414,0:31:59.815 Barely born, and yet girls like people. 0:32:00.451,0:32:03.113 And boys like things. 0:32:13.097,0:32:17.158 Professor Simon Baron-Cohen had a hunch[br]that the differences in behaviour 0:32:17.335,0:32:19.326 were down to testosterone. 0:32:20.471,0:32:22.302 He just needed proof. 0:32:23.107,0:32:24.301 I was very surprised to discover 0:32:24.475,0:32:31.404 that hospitals routinely store the amniotic fluid[br]after they carry out an amniocentesis... 0:32:33.451,0:32:36.011 This was the opportunity[br]that we were looking for. 0:32:36.187,0:32:37.176 Here was the fluid 0:32:37.355,0:32:39.550 that if you like allowed us[br]to go back in time 0:32:39.724,0:32:43.785 to make any link between[br]the hormone levels in the womb 0:32:43.962,0:32:46.157 and the child's current behaviour. 0:32:48.499,0:32:52.162 Well finding the amniocentesis test[br]was tremendously exciting 0:32:52.337,0:32:55.966 because never before were you[br]able to measure testosterone levels 0:32:56.140,0:32:57.664 produced by the child 0:32:57.842,0:33:00.936 and look at later[br]behaviour in relation to that. 0:33:01.245,0:33:02.542 Oh look at that there. 0:33:02.714,0:33:03.738 Why do you think the big triangle's 0:33:03.915,0:33:05.610 pushing the little one? 0:33:06.718,0:33:07.377 Don't know. 0:33:07.552,0:33:08.541 You don't know? 0:33:08.720,0:33:14.420 Well all the cartoons are designed to make[br]people think about the two triangles as people. 0:33:14.792,0:33:18.057 And what we want to look at is[br]whether there is any difference between 0:33:18.229,0:33:20.993 the one with high testosterone[br]and low testosterone... 0:33:21.165,0:33:22.496 very boring 0:33:23.334,0:33:27.737 The kids with high testosterone are more[br]likely to behave in a masculine way 0:33:27.905,0:33:29.998 than the kids with low testosterone. 0:33:30.408,0:33:31.705 The mummy and a baby, 0:33:31.876,0:33:34.174 and the mummy's pushing the baby out, 0:33:34.345,0:33:37.246 so she could watch telly, 0:33:37.415,0:33:39.315 missed baby too noisy. 0:33:39.484,0:33:40.917 Yeah? That's great... 0:33:41.352,0:33:43.479 If the big triangle was a person, 0:33:43.654,0:33:45.588 what kind of person would it be? 0:33:46.657,0:33:49.023 - A triangle person.[br]- A triangle person. 0:33:49.193,0:33:50.751 What about the little triangle? 0:33:51.062,0:33:52.620 What kind of person would they be? 0:33:53.331,0:33:56.425 Yeah but they're not,[br]'cos they haven't got any legs. 0:33:57.135,0:34:00.536 And we've been able to show[br]that the testosterone levels, 0:34:00.705,0:34:05.972 week 16 of your life,[br]are related to the eye contact you make, 0:34:06.144,0:34:09.306 the social relationships that you have,[br]the interests you have, 0:34:09.480,0:34:11.380 how fast you learn to talk. 0:34:11.649,0:34:16.449 All these things that could be very, very[br]important in the long term, for who you are. 0:34:22.527,0:34:27.464 Most of us will never have the opportunity[br]to have our amniotic fluid analysed. 0:34:28.699,0:34:32.190 But there is a scientist whose[br]controversial theory could mean 0:34:32.370,0:34:37.967 that we can all tell how much testosterone[br]we've been exposed to in the womb right now. 0:34:40.344,0:34:43.507 Our fingers have information[br]about how much testosterone 0:34:43.681,0:34:46.478 and how much oestrogen[br]we've been exposed to in the womb. 0:34:46.650,0:34:50.485 So the longer one's ring finger[br]relative to one's index finger, 0:34:50.655,0:34:52.282 the more testosterone you've had. 0:34:52.456,0:34:55.688 And that testosterone[br]has an effect on the brain, 0:34:55.860,0:34:57.225 and on the body. 0:34:58.196,0:34:59.458 If a boy has a large amount 0:34:59.630,0:35:01.393 of testosterone before birth 0:35:01.566,0:35:02.555 he's likely to be born 0:35:02.733,0:35:06.635 with a very efficient heart[br]and vascular system. 0:35:08.206,0:35:11.835 So the longer one's ring finger[br]relative to one's index finger, 0:35:12.009,0:35:14.034 the faster one can run. 0:35:14.779,0:35:18.044 These athletes are five[br]thousand meter specialists. 0:35:18.316,0:35:20.250 Professor Manning has never met them, 0:35:20.418,0:35:21.942 or seen them race. 0:35:22.220,0:35:23.710 But if his theory is correct 0:35:23.888,0:35:26.652 he'll be able to tell us all about them. 0:35:26.958,0:35:29.290 What I should be able to do[br]is look at the differences 0:35:29.460,0:35:31.223 between the ring finger[br]and the index finger, 0:35:31.395,0:35:34.853 and on that basis rank[br]these runners first, second, 0:35:35.032,0:35:36.693 third, fourth and so on. 0:35:38.669,0:35:40.364 In theory that should work. 0:35:41.973,0:35:44.032 In practice,[br]we're providing Professor Manning 0:35:44.208,0:35:46.472 with photocopies of the athletes' hands 0:35:46.644,0:35:48.874 and in return he's risking his reputation 0:35:49.046,0:35:53.483 by providing us with the results of a race[br]that has yet to be run. 0:35:55.353,0:35:58.345 I'm-I'm looking at a kind[br]of living fossil in the fingers, 0:35:58.523,0:36:02.653 something which tells us about[br]an event a long time ago 0:36:02.827,0:36:05.591 in the development of[br]this particular individual. 0:36:09.033,0:36:10.898 Each of these cards has got a number on. 0:36:11.068,0:36:13.536 The numbers are obscured[br]so don't take the front off, 0:36:13.704,0:36:15.228 er and the number is my prediction 0:36:15.406,0:36:18.864 as to where you're going to[br]end up at the end of the race. 0:36:19.977,0:36:21.774 On your marks... 0:36:22.446,0:36:23.140 There are other variables 0:36:23.314,0:36:25.248 that I ha-just have[br]no knowledge of whatsoever. 0:36:25.416,0:36:28.510 How many times do[br]these runners train, for example. 0:36:28.686,0:36:30.153 Er are they feeling okay today. 0:36:30.321,0:36:31.754 Have they had a row with their girlfriend. 0:36:31.923,0:36:33.447 You know, I don't know these men, 0:36:33.624,0:36:36.058 and all I've seen are their hands. 0:36:37.929,0:36:39.055 You know I'm quite nervous about this. 0:36:39.230,0:36:41.494 Um, I hope I'm right and er, 0:36:41.666,0:36:43.099 I'm willing to give it a go. 0:36:54.946,0:36:59.508 In most people the difference between[br]ring and index fingers is small. 0:36:59.684,0:37:01.709 But the ring finger of one of our runners 0:37:01.886,0:37:05.913 is a whopping six millimetres[br]longer than his index finger, 0:37:06.324,0:37:10.055 and Professor Manning is certain[br]that he's found his winner. 0:37:22.006,0:37:23.735 That was absolutely magnificent. 0:37:24.375,0:37:28.368 What I'd like you to do is to line up[br]in your finishing order, 0:37:28.546,0:37:32.573 and we'll work down line[br]and I'll rip your numbers off. 0:37:32.750,0:37:34.479 Starting with Russell... 0:37:35.119,0:37:37.883 Oh my god. That is amazing. 0:37:38.322,0:37:39.152 Pot luck so far. 0:37:40.858,0:37:42.723 No way! 0:37:51.636,0:37:52.534 Six. 0:37:52.903,0:37:54.530 We got four out of six right 0:37:54.705,0:37:57.765 but er the two that were wrong[br]were kinda quite close. 0:37:57.942,0:38:00.308 Yeah I thought that[br]the finger thing was bollocks 0:38:00.478,0:38:01.968 because there's so many variables. 0:38:02.513,0:38:03.810 I'm very impressed. 0:38:06.017,0:38:09.976 Professor Manning has agreed to[br]do one further, more radical test... 0:38:11.522,0:38:13.956 to see if finger length[br]can be used to determine 0:38:14.125,0:38:16.184 our volunteers' brain sex - 0:38:16.827,0:38:19.489 how male or female their brains are. 0:38:20.298,0:38:25.600 If I arrange you[br]along this line in terms of 0:38:25.770,0:38:28.136 the amount of testosterone[br]you've had before birth, 0:38:28.306,0:38:31.070 that has no implications for sexuality, 0:38:31.676,0:38:37.012 but is has some implications about[br]your very, very early brain organisation. 0:38:39.317,0:38:43.185 Our fingers may provide a record[br]of testosterone in the womb 0:38:43.387,0:38:45.446 because the genes[br]that trigger its production 0:38:45.623,0:38:48.251 also determine finger growth. 0:38:52.229,0:38:55.323 In general the men and[br]women performed to type. 0:38:56.067,0:38:57.728 The men are at the male end 0:38:58.102,0:39:00.366 and the women are at the female end. 0:39:01.072,0:39:04.439 Liz and Craig are at opposite ends. 0:39:07.678,0:39:09.441 But there's one exception. 0:39:10.581,0:39:14.415 Grace's fingers put her[br]well into the male domain. 0:39:15.753,0:39:18.517 In our survey of half a million people, 0:39:18.689,0:39:23.786 the biggest difference between men[br]and women was in visuo-spacial tasks. 0:39:25.563,0:39:29.932 On average men scored[br]40%% % higher than women. 0:39:33.804,0:39:36.500 But some women did outstandingly well 0:39:37.375,0:39:41.573 and Professor Manning thinks[br]that's partly down to testosterone. 0:39:48.652,0:39:50.279 If Professor Manning is right 0:39:50.454,0:39:52.046 Grace should do rather well 0:39:52.223,0:39:55.249 at our very own visuo-spacial task. 0:39:55.926,0:39:57.018 - Hi everybody.[br]- Hi. 0:39:57.194,0:39:58.456 - Morning Tony.[br]- Good morning. 0:39:58.629,0:40:03.794 I'm here today to teach you[br]on the cut 432 backhoe loader. 0:40:05.903,0:40:09.669 Operating a digger requires[br]a lot of hand-eye co-ordination. 0:40:10.408,0:40:12.342 And visuo-spacial skills. 0:40:12.510,0:40:14.944 Okay? As if you're holding a fine lady. 0:40:15.980,0:40:17.504 And according to our survey 0:40:17.715,0:40:21.879 most women aren't that great[br]at visuo-spacial skills. 0:40:22.686,0:40:23.448 Put the bucket flat. 0:40:23.621,0:40:25.486 Right, the bucket's...[br]which one's the bucket? 0:40:25.656,0:40:26.645 Don't, don't dig it in though. 0:40:26.824,0:40:28.553 Right. Ooh. 0:40:29.293,0:40:30.851 You've just got to be gentle. 0:40:31.028,0:40:32.928 So you will win because we're gentle. 0:40:33.097,0:40:34.291 These lot are like... 0:40:38.202,0:40:39.430 That's brilliant. 0:40:40.638,0:40:44.096 All our volunteers[br]have to do is copy Tony. 0:40:44.909,0:40:47.173 Oh you've gotta be kidding me. 0:40:47.978,0:40:50.173 And try not to break too many eggs. 0:40:53.384,0:40:55.113 According to Professor Manning... 0:40:56.554,0:40:57.714 Grace is the only woman 0:40:57.888,0:40:59.617 who'll be any good at this. 0:41:02.092,0:41:03.320 Good luck. 0:41:10.868,0:41:12.028 Oh shit. 0:41:13.070,0:41:14.401 Oh no! 0:41:20.311,0:41:24.509 As expected, the women were[br]comprehensively outclassed by the men. 0:41:24.682,0:41:26.377 I've broken my bucket. 0:41:34.692,0:41:36.557 But there was one exception. 0:41:37.061,0:41:39.928 Grace was joint winner with Lloyd, 0:41:40.698,0:41:43.724 scoring three times higher[br]than the rest of the women. 0:41:48.272,0:41:49.796 I think most of the... the girls, 0:41:49.974,0:41:50.998 the other four girls are living up 0:41:51.175,0:41:53.803 to the social expectations[br]of being woman-like, 0:41:53.978,0:41:56.469 whereas Grace hasn't[br]fallen into that trap. 0:42:01.852,0:42:04.753 I'm a flight test engineer[br]on the eurofire to typhoo. 0:42:05.856,0:42:07.517 I assess the aircraft systems 0:42:07.691,0:42:11.149 whilest it's being flown[br]by one of our test pilots. 0:42:12.997,0:42:15.727 I wouldn't really say[br]I was a girlie-girl at all. 0:42:16.400,0:42:19.858 I've always found boys' toys[br]far more interesting than girls'. 0:42:22.006,0:42:24.907 You might think that Grace[br]has simply acquired 3-D skills 0:42:25.075,0:42:27.066 by becoming an engineer 0:42:27.778,0:42:30.679 but her fingers tell a different story. 0:42:33.284,0:42:34.842 Even before she was born, 0:42:35.085,0:42:36.575 testosterone gave Grace 0:42:36.754,0:42:37.880 an all-male brain 0:42:38.055,0:42:40.853 with better visuo-spacial skills. 0:42:46.096,0:42:48.826 Testosterone is an[br]incredibly powerful hormone 0:42:48.999,0:42:52.093 that affects us all, men and women. 0:42:52.269,0:42:55.238 - A triangle person.[br]- A triangle person. 0:42:56.473,0:42:58.202 It shapes our bodies... 0:42:59.843,0:43:01.367 and affects our minds... 0:43:04.048,0:43:06.039 and it even seems to be[br]at the heart of why 0:43:06.216,0:43:10.550 on average women are better at[br]language and emotional skills 0:43:11.255,0:43:14.622 while men are better[br]at visuo-spacial skills. 0:43:15.926,0:43:19.020 But of course it's not quite that simple. 0:43:20.264,0:43:23.256 Averages conceal individual differences. 0:43:24.401,0:43:27.165 We've got nine months[br]in the womb to consider 0:43:27.338,0:43:31.104 and testosterone is not produced[br]in the same amounts 0:43:31.275,0:43:32.902 throughout those nine months. 0:43:33.677,0:43:38.444 So that it's possible to have[br]a kind of mosaic brain. 0:43:40.050,0:43:41.881 Different levels of testosterone 0:43:42.052,0:43:43.781 at different times in development 0:43:43.954,0:43:45.945 might explain apparently contradictory 0:43:46.123,0:43:48.819 brain skills in the same person. 0:43:51.128,0:43:52.686 So although Paddy's verbal skills 0:43:52.863,0:43:55.093 put him firmly in the male camp, 0:43:56.066,0:43:58.000 he was as sensitive as most women 0:43:58.168,0:44:00.659 when it came to some tests of empathy. 0:44:02.439,0:44:06.432 Previously, um,[br]I perceived it as a weakness 0:44:06.677,0:44:09.805 but as the days have gone by[br]and going through all the tests, 0:44:10.014,0:44:13.472 I'm quite happy that[br]I've got another side to me. 0:44:14.618,0:44:16.347 But I was also happy[br]that most of the times 0:44:16.520,0:44:20.183 I was standing on the 100 m...[br]100%% % male brain size. 0:44:24.928,0:44:27.294 Time for one last test. 0:44:30.067,0:44:32.934 This task is gonna be[br]about changing nappies. 0:44:33.203,0:44:35.068 And each one of you lucky ladies 0:44:35.239,0:44:38.402 is gonna have to be with this,[br]well crying baby. 0:44:40.744,0:44:44.771 On the face of it, simply a question[br]of who's best at child care. 0:44:45.783,0:44:48.513 But in fact it has a deeper purpose. 0:44:48.686,0:44:50.449 You're a good boy for[br]Auntie Lulu weren't you, 0:44:50.621,0:44:54.648 'cos you didn't do any, any,[br]any naughtiness for Lulu. 0:44:57.428,0:45:01.455 As we might expect,[br]most of the women do the task well... 0:45:07.171,0:45:09.105 There you go you right mate?[br]Howya doing? 0:45:10.307,0:45:13.674 While most of the men... struggle. 0:45:17.347,0:45:21.306 Let's see how this thing works. Okay. 0:45:22.352,0:45:27.051 Oh I got that wrong already.[br]Try again. Okay mate. 0:45:28.025,0:45:29.458 This will be interesting. 0:45:30.928,0:45:32.589 And you might expect testosterone 0:45:32.763,0:45:35.596 fuelled ultra-male-brained Lloyd 0:45:35.799,0:45:37.733 to struggle more than most. 0:45:40.137,0:45:44.130 I don't think I did a... a particularly[br]good job of connecting with the child. 0:45:45.275,0:45:46.333 But there was a task to do, wasn't there, 0:45:46.510,0:45:48.501 and I just had to get[br]on with it and do it. 0:45:49.580,0:45:51.571 You know I could be[br]changing a tyre on a car. 0:45:51.782,0:45:53.249 It's a little bit to one side. 0:45:55.052,0:45:55.780 Even me own son, 0:45:55.953,0:45:57.682 I found it quite alien[br]to connect with him. 0:45:57.855,0:46:00.085 I only made a connection grew older 0:46:00.257,0:46:02.020 and the connection[br]got stronger and stronger. 0:46:02.192,0:46:05.286 Wasn't instinctive, immediate bond. 0:46:05.763,0:46:08.789 It was something that grew very,[br]very gradually with my son... 0:46:16.373,0:46:17.397 I don't connect too easily with people. 0:46:17.574,0:46:19.337 That's actually making[br]me quite emotional. 0:46:19.510,0:46:20.772 I actually wanna cry. 0:46:29.853,0:46:32.117 If you like, there's something missing... 0:46:41.999,0:46:45.799 Many men find making[br]emotional connections difficult. 0:46:47.171,0:46:51.039 Once the women had changed[br]the nappy they picked the baby up. 0:46:51.909,0:46:53.069 In stark contrast, 0:46:53.243,0:46:56.041 most of the men simply stepped away. 0:47:00.617,0:47:02.608 Do you want me to return her? Or... 0:47:02.786,0:47:03.810 Everything's fine? 0:47:04.121,0:47:10.082 Nappy-changed, baby spoken to, task done. 0:47:11.495,0:47:16.023 Good boy.[br]Are you going to be a footballer? 0:47:16.533,0:47:19.832 Yet despite Lloyd's fear[br]that he doesn't readily connect, 0:47:20.037,0:47:22.232 when it came to the end of the baby test 0:47:22.406,0:47:23.998 he surprised everyone. 0:47:24.174,0:47:27.075 Ooooh! There's a real,[br]a real connection there. 0:47:27.244,0:47:28.541 Yeah. He's enjoying that. 0:47:28.712,0:47:32.614 Feels, it looks natural to him,[br]it feels natural. 0:47:32.783,0:47:33.772 I could kiss you. 0:47:33.951,0:47:37.819 I ooooh, I see,[br]we're talking now aren't we. Eh? 0:47:38.288,0:47:41.587 Lloyd is aware that[br]he's not naturally empathic. 0:47:42.593,0:47:46.757 So he's made more of an effort,[br]working his brain harder. 0:47:47.531,0:47:51.695 The result is that his behaviour is[br]indistinguishable from the women's. 0:47:51.869,0:47:54.895 Ooooh yes. Look. 0:47:55.606,0:47:57.972 I feel really quite[br]emotional watching that. 0:47:58.141,0:48:00.336 That's lovely... 0:48:01.712,0:48:03.441 It's almost like he does[br]all these empathic things 0:48:03.614,0:48:07.550 but in his mind these things don't add er[br]add-add up to empathy for some reason. 0:48:07.818,0:48:08.512 I'm not quite sure what ha... 0:48:08.685,0:48:11.051 I'm not quite sure how[br]he would describe these things. 0:48:15.659,0:48:17.889 The sex of our brain is not as clear cut 0:48:18.061,0:48:19.790 as the sex of our body. 0:48:20.330,0:48:22.161 I'm much more feminine than I realised. 0:48:23.834,0:48:26.268 While women tend to[br]have female brain sex, 0:48:26.436,0:48:28.904 and men usually have male brain sex, 0:48:29.072,0:48:31.472 as individuals we are a mosaic, 0:48:31.642,0:48:33.303 a unique mixture of both. 0:48:33.477,0:48:35.570 As a child-minder looking after kids, 0:48:35.746,0:48:38.772 I'd have hoped my empathy score[br]would be a bit better. 0:48:41.251,0:48:45.312 Though I have got a hard exterior[br]but it's nice I've got a soft interior. 0:48:45.489,0:48:46.547 I can learn a lot from Paddy. 0:48:46.723,0:48:49.021 Er P-er and Paddy has-has[br]learned me a lot already. 0:48:50.427,0:48:52.657 They're saying that guys have[br]these skills and girls have these, 0:48:52.829,0:48:53.921 but I think you'd be more successful 0:48:54.097,0:48:56.065 if you were a guy who[br]had all these female skills. 0:48:56.233,0:48:56.699 Do you. 0:48:56.867,0:48:58.459 'Cos then you'd have[br]something different to offer. 0:48:58.702,0:49:03.071 I've perhaps assumed I had more[br]of a male brain than a female brain 0:49:03.240,0:49:07.267 but there are things that I have got[br]quite a lot of my female aspects as well 0:49:07.444,0:49:10.607 and then totally become[br]a better person for it. 0:49:11.181,0:49:15.083 And knowing about our brain-sex[br]and where our strengths and weaknesses lie 0:49:15.252,0:49:16.617 has to mean a better understanding 0:49:16.787,0:49:19.347 of ourselves and each other. 0:49:19.523,0:49:21.388 I-I think it's a two-way street 0:49:21.558,0:49:24.459 and actually that we both actually[br]have to take a little bit more time 0:49:24.628,0:49:27.859 and effort to understand where[br]the other person is coming from. 0:49:30.033,0:49:30.931 Yeah...