[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.61,0:00:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was another warning \Nabout cocaine today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.84,0:00:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crack now has spread through \Nalmost every American city.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.86,0:00:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a problem in Houston, Philadelphia, \NKansas City, Tucson, and Sacramento.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.68,0:00:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 1980s, the media sounded the alarm
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.81,0:00:24.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a new drug, crack cocaine, \Nwas taking over American cities
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.100,0:00:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that it had an especially devastating \Neffect
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.43,0:00:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on pregnant women and their newborns.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.82,0:00:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A new study says that babies born to women\Nwho use cocaine during pregnancy
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.10,0:00:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are three times as likely to be born \Nwith birth defects.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.75,0:00:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tend to be, what we call jittery.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.30,0:00:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are very very high risk \Nfor Cerebral Palsy... Mental retardation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.86,0:00:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are prone to hypertension, strokes, \Nand Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.93,0:00:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These children were the most expensive \Nbabies ever born in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.74,0:00:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to overwhelm every social \Nservice delivery system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.51,0:00:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they come in contact with\Nthroughout the rest of their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.73,0:01:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drugs take away the dream from \Nevery child's heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.76,0:01:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and replaces it with a nightmare.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.91,0:01:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But were these infants really doomed?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.93,0:01:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nearly three decades later, what is \Nthe true legacy of the crack baby era?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.52,0:01:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.84,0:01:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the early 1980s, Dr. Ira Chaznoff, \Na young researcher
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.90,0:01:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at North Western Memorial Hospital\Nin Chicago
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.65,0:01:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided to study what \Nhe saw as a worrisome trend
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.20,0:01:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among his pregnant patients, \Nwho had used cocaine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.77,0:01:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women were coming in and their babies \Nwere looking different when they were born
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.14,0:01:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had higher rates of pre-maturity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.76,0:01:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, they had higher rates of newborn \Nseizures and other complications.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.15,0:01:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of the babies exposed to the cocaine\Nare quite small.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.24,0:01:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think that that's related to the use \Nof this drug during pregnancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.20,0:02:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd seen effects of alcohol and other \Nsubstances on children
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.33,0:02:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we were certainly open to the idea \Nthat this was a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.52,0:02:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cocaine was an epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.07,0:02:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that it was something \Nthat the media --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.92,0:02:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became an exciting thing to talk about.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.92,0:02:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you got? What you need? What you got?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.65,0:02:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call our broadcast, "48 Hours \Non Crack Street".
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.29,0:02:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon after our paper was published, within\Ndays we were getting calls from media
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.93,0:02:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the country
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.41,0:02:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and started hearing the term \N"crack babies".
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.52,0:02:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spotlight tonight, our investigative \Nseries on cocaine kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.88,0:02:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite all the warnings a growing number \Nof babies are being born
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.84,0:02:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already addicted to cocaine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.76,0:02:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it got out into the world, \Nit became this phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.90,0:02:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty three babies were born \Nto the cocaine using women in this study.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.24,0:02:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the problem has appeared \Nso suddenly,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.45,0:02:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are few reliable statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.74,0:02:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number of so called cocaine babies, \Nis growing at an astonishing rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.56,0:03:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The number of babies born addicted \Nhas risen more than 500%.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.32,0:03:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had lots of people interviewing me.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.51,0:03:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Ira Chaznoff, of Chicago's \NNorth Western Memorial Hospital
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.16,0:03:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,runs the oldest program researching \Ncocaine and the newborn.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.71,0:03:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It appears that cocaine has just \Nas devastating effect on pregnancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.77,0:03:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the new born, as heroin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.41,0:03:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chaznoff told reporters that cocaine \Nexposure was causing some babies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.16,0:03:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be born with brain damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.07,0:03:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that others were overwhelmed by even \Nsimple eye contact with the mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.14,0:03:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These children are not normal \Nin the sense that
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.20,0:03:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are going to be able\Nto enter the classic school room\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.46,0:03:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and function in large groups of children.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.45,0:03:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other researchers and doctors echo \NChaznoff's conclusions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.63,0:03:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a host of seemingly recognizable\Nsymptoms took hold.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.12,0:03:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the things that we see about \Nbabies who have been exposed to cocaine
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.91,0:03:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is they tend to be very tremulous \Nand shaky.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.05,0:03:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very fine kinds of tremors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.08,0:04:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look to see if we would find \Nthe effects that were reported.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.43,0:04:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were saying, \N"Well...we aren't seeing this."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.52,0:04:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Chaznoff's star rose, Dr. Clair Kholes \Nwas reaching a different
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.76,0:04:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though equally startling conclusion \Nabout crack babies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.94,0:04:15.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on her study of infant behavior \Nat Emory University.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.37,0:04:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The effects didn't seem consistent \Nwith the action of the drug itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.67,0:04:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the children, who are \Nthe so-called classic cocaine babies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.05,0:04:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were premature babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.98,0:04:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the symptoms that were seen \Non the videos, on television.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.85,0:04:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the tremoring arms and all of that, \Nthat was prematurity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.94,0:04:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could have taken any premature baby \Nand gotten the same image.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.19,0:04:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that people got very focused \Non cocaine is the cause of this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.14,0:04:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than thinking, substance abuse \Nis the cause of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.28,0:04:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maternal lifestyle is the cause of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.61,0:04:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social issues are the cause of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.93,0:04:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Khole's findings didn't fit within \Nthe narrative of what had become
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.35,0:04:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a national scare.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.41,0:04:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cocaine.. Crack.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.34,0:05:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you use drugs while you are pregnant, \Nyour baby can die.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.63,0:05:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a whole lot of people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.63,0:05:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who feel that if you can just scare people\Nsufficiently about something
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.57,0:05:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that that's better than actually telling \Nthem the truth about something
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.98,0:05:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that'll prevent them \Nfrom doing bad things.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.19,0:05:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music playing) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.38,0:05:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(door crashing) Police!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.79,0:05:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The American Agenda tonight \Nposes this question:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.80,0:05:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would you do about pregnant women \Nwho use drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.68,0:05:26.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pass those drugs on to their babies?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.33,0:05:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the late 1980s, Chaznoff's findings \Nwere being used to justify cases
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.04,0:05:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,charging pregnant cocaine users as child\Nabusers, drug dealers, and killers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.85,0:05:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was at first stunned.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.69,0:05:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then angry, that they would \Ndistort the information.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.80,0:05:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when I started realizing how \Na lot of this can be taken out of context
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.01,0:05:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used to bolster any kind of argument.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.81,0:05:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People may have felt that \Nthey were doing the right thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.43,0:05:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I mean the idea that one \Nwould prosecute a pregnant women
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.35,0:06:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use this kind of, \Nnot very accurate research,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.73,0:06:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do so is very disturbing.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.79,0:06:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music playing) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.55,0:06:11.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the prosecutions continued, \Ncrack babies grew to toddlers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.65,0:06:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one knows how many there are,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.87,0:06:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even how to best identify them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.41,0:06:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But educators suspect that tens \Nof thousands of crack kids
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.59,0:06:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in kindergartens in inner cities \Nin suburbia, even in small town America.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.64,0:06:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It now threatens to create an entirely \Nnew underclass of children,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.98,0:06:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unable to care for themselves, \Nof infants born to suffer.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.73,0:06:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music playing) ♪
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.97,0:06:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the United States this year, \Nat least a hundred thousand crack babies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.44,0:06:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be born.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.45,0:06:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today the government said it will cost \N5 billion dollars a year
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.62,0:06:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to care for such babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.62,0:06:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And money doesn't begin \Nto tell the whole story.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.49,0:06:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm supposed to be a victim \Nof that crack era.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.35,0:06:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was supposed to be disruptive,\Nmentally unstable.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.52,0:06:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wasn't supposed to reach the point \Nwhere I am now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.01,0:07:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The initial hypothesis was \Nthat drug abuse\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.58,0:07:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will lead to huge physical deformities,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.100,0:07:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,huge mental deformities in children.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.75,0:07:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, you know, in myself, I didn't see \Nany of those things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.65,0:07:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it would be easy for me to believe \Nthat, that science doesn't hold true.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.91,0:07:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost three decades since Chaznoff's \Ninitial research,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.18,0:07:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which focused on just twenty three babies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.71,0:07:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long term studies have found only subtle \Nchanges
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.55,0:07:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the brains of cocaine exposed\Nresearch subjects like Stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.48,0:07:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no particular evidence of \Nthis social, emotional deficit.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.41,0:07:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're not seeing really broad scale \Nsevere developmental problems
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.30,0:07:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as was predicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.85,0:07:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The schools have not been overwhelmed \Nby the flood of cocaine exposed children.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.09,0:07:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, Stone became the first in her \Nfamily to graduate from college.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.47,0:07:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In learning that I had been exposed, \NI kinda told myself
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.95,0:08:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not going to make this an issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.24,0:08:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever I have to do to get around \Nwhat the effects may be, I'll do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.11,0:08:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The paper was a very preliminary\Nkind of finding.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.18,0:08:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it really shouldn't have been \Ngeneralized, to the extent it was.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.48,0:08:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which I believe Dr. Chaznoff eventually \Ncame to himself and said
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.43,0:08:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he felt that this didn't really \Nrepresent the whole of the situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.72,0:08:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doctor let's go to you on this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.79,0:08:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've studied this, perhaps \None of the first people to study this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.60,0:08:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does cocaine use effect newborns?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.22,0:08:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well there's no questions that cocaine \Nuse during pregnancy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.10,0:08:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has some real effects on the unborn, \Nand on the newborn child.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.12,0:08:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, these effects are not devastating,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.53,0:08:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can be addressed through treatment \Nfor the pregnant woman and for the child.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.59,0:08:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over time, Chaznoff did distance himself
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.35,0:08:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from some of the extreme pronouncements \Nhe was quoted as making in the early days.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.72,0:09:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I probably talked too much, \Nor gave long winded explanations.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.97,0:09:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which were completely cut out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.08,0:09:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was one of those feelings where \Nyou just feel completely out of control.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.75,0:09:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the hysteria that followed his initial\Nresearch had already taken its toll.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.81,0:09:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't even a natural \Ndisaster or a war.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.64,0:09:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a drug that caused so much harm
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.100,0:09:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among my generation and my parent's\Ngeneration.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.65,0:09:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certainly cocaine was contributing \Nto this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.33,0:09:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, they got very focused on it \Nas the only sole cause of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.29,0:09:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think people still believe \Nthe cocaine story,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.71,0:09:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but alcohol is much more \Nof a problem than cocaine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.03,0:09:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there is much more alcohol used \Nand it has much more severe effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.68,0:09:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think if you'd say something three times\Nout loud, people take it as fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.88,0:09:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, I think there are certain \Nideas that people want to believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.73,0:09:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That really fit in with \Ncultural stereotypes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.26,0:09:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is hard to get rid of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.48,0:09:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♪ (music playing) ♪