0:00:00.031,0:00:02.635
- In the 18th century you start to have

0:00:02.635,0:00:04.893
significant interaction between

0:00:04.893,0:00:06.033
the English and the Indians,

0:00:06.033,0:00:08.783
especially in the East Indian Company.

0:00:08.783,0:00:09.616
And as part of that,

0:00:09.616,0:00:11.381
you start to have Western scholars start

0:00:11.381,0:00:14.597
to really study Sanskrit and the Vedas.

0:00:14.597,0:00:16.389
And as they do these,

0:00:16.389,0:00:18.280
it starts to really open up their mind

0:00:18.280,0:00:20.735
not just to the roots of Sanskrit

0:00:20.735,0:00:23.685
but also many of the Western languages

0:00:23.685,0:00:25.779
including English itself.

0:00:25.779,0:00:28.822
So, this is a quote in 1786

0:00:28.822,0:00:30.647
by the English philologist,

0:00:30.647,0:00:32.331
someone who studies written languages

0:00:32.331,0:00:33.773
especially from historical sources,

0:00:33.773,0:00:35.287
Sir William Jones.

0:00:35.287,0:00:38.015
He wrote, “The Sanskrit language,

0:00:38.015,0:00:40.035
whatever be its antiquity,

0:00:40.035,0:00:41.450
is of wonderful structure.

0:00:41.450,0:00:42.539
More perfect than the Greek,

0:00:42.539,0:00:44.070
more copious than the Latin,

0:00:44.070,0:00:46.746
and more exquisitely refine than either,

0:00:46.746,0:00:50.368
yet bearing to both of[br]them a stronger affinity

0:00:50.368,0:00:51.849
both in the roots of the verbs

0:00:51.849,0:00:52.781
and in the forms of grammar,

0:00:52.781,0:00:56.462
than could not possibly have[br]been produced by accident...”

0:00:56.462,0:00:57.831
Let me underline that.

0:00:57.831,0:01:00.632
“…than could not possibly have[br]been produced by accident.”

0:01:00.632,0:01:02.418
So he says there’s a lot of commonality

0:01:02.418,0:01:04.520
between the Sanskrit and Latin and Greek,

0:01:04.520,0:01:06.251
and it’s a strong affinity,

0:01:06.251,0:01:07.239
a strong connectedness

0:01:07.239,0:01:09.522
that could not have produced by accident.

0:01:09.522,0:01:10.454
So strong indeed,

0:01:10.454,0:01:13.378
that no philologer could examine all three

0:01:13.378,0:01:15.476
without believing them to have sprung

0:01:15.476,0:01:17.497
from some common source."

0:01:17.497,0:01:18.868
Let me underline that.

0:01:18.868,0:01:20.647
“Without believing them to have sprung

0:01:20.647,0:01:22.616
from some common source which,

0:01:22.616,0:01:24.355
perhaps no longer exists;

0:01:24.355,0:01:27.954
there is a similar reason[br]though not quit so forcible

0:01:27.954,0:01:31.282
for supposing that both[br]the Gothic and the Celtic,

0:01:31.282,0:01:33.648
though blended with a very different idiom

0:01:33.648,0:01:35.882
had the same origin with the Sanskrit;

0:01:35.882,0:01:39.369
and the old Persian might be[br]added to the same family.”

0:01:39.369,0:01:41.774
And so when they started[br]to study the Vedas

0:01:41.774,0:01:42.607
and look at the Sanskrit,

0:01:42.607,0:01:43.647
they started to realize

0:01:43.647,0:01:46.159
well maybe all of these[br]languages are connected.

0:01:46.159,0:01:48.377
And now modern day philologists

0:01:48.377,0:01:51.779
believe this very strongly[br]the more they have studied it.

0:01:51.779,0:01:54.042
Based on the connections and the grammar

0:01:54.042,0:01:56.807
and even the vocabulary and[br]the word structure themselves,

0:01:56.807,0:02:00.334
they now theorize that a parent language

0:02:00.334,0:02:02.626
of Sanskrit, Latin,

0:02:02.626,0:02:04.801
and the Germanic languages

0:02:04.801,0:02:06.165
and the Celtic languages

0:02:06.165,0:02:08.925
recall a language today[br]called Proto-Indo–European,

0:02:08.925,0:02:10.848
which is a lost language.

0:02:10.848,0:02:14.236
But we think that Sanskrit[br]is one of the oldest…

0:02:14.236,0:02:17.026
Is one of the oldest[br]evidences that we have

0:02:17.026,0:02:20.109
of that Proto-Indo-European Language.

0:02:21.343,0:02:24.040
Sanskrit as of course the parent language

0:02:24.040,0:02:25.909
has evolved in different parts of Indian

0:02:25.909,0:02:29.157
to languages like Hindi,[br]Bengali, and Punjabi.

0:02:29.157,0:02:32.291
Latin, which is also a dead language now,

0:02:32.291,0:02:34.521
has evolved into languages like

0:02:34.521,0:02:36.796
Spanish, Italian, and French.

0:02:36.796,0:02:38.090
And English

0:02:38.090,0:02:40.947
which is considered a Germanic[br]language structurally,

0:02:40.947,0:02:44.092
but has significant influence[br]from Latin and French,

0:02:44.092,0:02:49.004
they all come from that same[br]Proto-Indo-European root.

0:02:49.004,0:02:51.092
And just to get an appreciation

0:02:51.092,0:02:53.498
for why these philologist believe this,

0:02:53.498,0:02:55.451
and this is something when I first saw it,

0:02:55.451,0:02:57.777
really blew my mind a little bit.

0:02:57.777,0:03:00.776
I’ll show you some connections[br]between Sanskrit words,

0:03:00.776,0:03:01.890
and those of you who might be

0:03:01.890,0:03:04.013
Hindi, Bengali or Punjabi speakers,

0:03:04.013,0:03:06.315
or any of these North[br]Indian languages in India,

0:03:06.315,0:03:08.173
will see the connection to Sanskrit.

0:03:08.173,0:03:09.464
But what’s amazing is

0:03:09.464,0:03:12.480
how these words are connected to Latin

0:03:12.480,0:03:15.080
and many of the languages[br]derived from Latin.

0:03:15.080,0:03:16.289
Some of your Persian speakers

0:03:16.289,0:03:17.756
might recognize some,

0:03:17.756,0:03:19.148
some commonalities

0:03:19.148,0:03:20.382
and, most importantly,

0:03:20.382,0:03:21.517
the language that we[br]are speaking right now,

0:03:21.517,0:03:23.513
how to relate it to English.

0:03:23.513,0:03:27.440
And here is just a sample[br]of some Sanskrit words

0:03:27.440,0:03:29.516
that have an eerie resemblance

0:03:29.516,0:03:32.241
to both English and in[br]some cases Latin words.

0:03:32.241,0:03:33.433
Or many cases Latin words.

0:03:33.433,0:03:35.333
I’ve just given Latin in a few of them.

0:03:35.333,0:03:37.891
So the Sanskrit matr,

0:03:37.891,0:03:39.673
well in English we have mother

0:03:39.673,0:03:41.325
and in Latin we have mater.

0:03:41.325,0:03:43.887
And we also from Latin[br]in English via Latin,

0:03:43.887,0:03:46.539
we have words like maternity and maternal

0:03:46.539,0:03:49.546
all referring to the[br]same idea of motherhood.

0:03:49.546,0:03:51.072
And this general trend,

0:03:51.072,0:03:53.712
this t sound, matr or mater

0:03:53.712,0:03:56.324
becoming of more of a tha sound in English

0:03:56.324,0:03:57.281
and the Germanic languages

0:03:57.281,0:03:59.340
is a trend you’ll see over and over again.

0:03:59.340,0:04:01.645
In Sanskrit you have pithr,

0:04:01.645,0:04:04.308
in Latin you have pater,

0:04:04.308,0:04:06.782
and by way of Latin in modern English

0:04:06.782,0:04:09.753
we have words like paternity and paternal.

0:04:09.753,0:04:11.951
But going through the Germanic languages

0:04:11.951,0:04:14.314
you have once again that tha sound

0:04:14.314,0:04:16.055
becoming more of a tha sound.

0:04:16.055,0:04:18.748
And you also see this[br]pattern as you go from

0:04:18.748,0:04:20.569
this Proto-Indo-European,

0:04:20.569,0:04:21.402
this theoretical language,

0:04:21.402,0:04:24.599
and especially if you think[br]about relative to Sanskrit,

0:04:24.599,0:04:26.816
that you have the sound going from

0:04:26.816,0:04:29.730
a pa to a fa as you go to[br]the Germanic languages.

0:04:29.730,0:04:33.412
So pithr becomes, you[br]could say it father.

0:04:33.412,0:04:34.379
And other words.

0:04:34.379,0:04:37.870
Na in Sanskrit…and those of you who speak

0:04:37.870,0:04:40.663
Hindi or Bengali would[br]recognize that of course,

0:04:40.663,0:04:42.980
and in English it is no.

0:04:42.980,0:04:44.498
Gau which is still,

0:04:44.498,0:04:46.716
it’s a Hindi word for cow,

0:04:46.716,0:04:48.162
in English it’s cow.

0:04:48.162,0:04:49.454
Gau , cow.

0:04:49.454,0:04:51.098
Naama,name.

0:04:51.098,0:04:52.915
In Latin nomen.

0:04:52.915,0:04:54.476
Dwar, door.

0:04:54.476,0:04:56.210
This one I thought was really interesting.

0:04:56.210,0:04:57.073
I didn’t know this until I started

0:04:57.073,0:04:59.044
looking it up a little bit.

0:04:59.044,0:05:02.711
Anamika is Sanskrit,[br]and it means anonymous.

0:05:04.003,0:05:06.995
Kaal, which is referring[br]to time in Sanskrit

0:05:06.995,0:05:09.965
and in modern Sanskrit drive languages

0:05:09.965,0:05:11.365
like Hindi and Bengali

0:05:11.365,0:05:14.052
it’s referring to references in time;

0:05:14.052,0:05:15.209
tomorrow, yesterday.

0:05:15.209,0:05:17.789
And in English you have calendar.

0:05:17.789,0:05:20.140
Naas and in something like,

0:05:20.140,0:05:24.145
in modern languages in the[br]sub-continent and you have naas,

0:05:24.145,0:05:26.167
and in English you have nose.

0:05:26.167,0:05:27.750
Loc in...in English

0:05:28.940,0:05:30.926
you have the prefix loc,

0:05:30.926,0:05:33.498
as in location or locate.

0:05:33.498,0:05:35.361
And then this is of[br]course a very nice one,

0:05:35.361,0:05:38.437
Sanskrit lubh, which means desire,

0:05:38.437,0:05:41.867
well in English we have the word love.

0:05:41.867,0:05:43.266
And this is just a sample,

0:05:43.266,0:05:44.561
I encourage you to look it up more,

0:05:44.561,0:05:46.757
you’ll be amazed by the connections

0:05:46.757,0:05:48.771
between Sanskrit and English.

0:05:48.771,0:05:50.137
And now I'm going to show you

0:05:50.137,0:05:51.235
what I think is one of the coolest,

0:05:51.235,0:05:53.643
because it isn’t just a[br]linguistic connection,

0:05:53.643,0:05:55.087
but it is also a,

0:05:55.087,0:05:57.974
I guess you could say[br]spiritual connection.

0:05:57.974,0:05:59.724
And this is the names

0:06:00.633,0:06:04.716
for the sky god from[br]several different traditions

0:06:05.579,0:06:09.951
So in the Vedas they[br]make reference to a god,

0:06:09.951,0:06:14.342
Dyauspithr, and it’s[br]literally referring to

0:06:14.342,0:06:15.352
Dyaus,

0:06:15.352,0:06:16.769
referring to sky.

0:06:17.847,0:06:19.715
And we already talked about Pithr

0:06:19.715,0:06:21.172
been the word for father.

0:06:21.172,0:06:25.590
So it’s referring to[br]this idea of sky father.

0:06:25.590,0:06:27.421
And some of you might be[br]getting goosebumps now

0:06:27.421,0:06:29.516
when you see where this is going.

0:06:29.516,0:06:32.415
Well, in Greek we have[br]a very similar word,

0:06:32.415,0:06:34.055
instead of Dyaus we have Zeus

0:06:34.055,0:06:35.506
and those are very similar words.

0:06:35.506,0:06:36.423
The spelling might be different,

0:06:36.423,0:06:38.036
but with the way it[br]comes out of your mouth

0:06:38.036,0:06:39.555
is very similar.

0:06:39.555,0:06:41.369
Dyaus, Dyaus,

0:06:41.369,0:06:42.340
Zeus,

0:06:42.340,0:06:44.117
instead of Pithr you have Pater,

0:06:44.117,0:06:46.117
once again you have sky,

0:06:47.685,0:06:49.352
you have sky father,

0:06:50.762,0:06:52.907
sky father right over here.

0:06:52.907,0:06:54.315
And this is another connection

0:06:54.315,0:06:55.148
that blew my mind.

0:06:55.148,0:06:56.873
It wasn’t obvious when I first saw it,

0:06:56.873,0:06:58.611
but Jupiter from Latin,

0:06:58.611,0:06:59.809
the Roman god,

0:06:59.809,0:07:01.414
you could use Jupiter.

0:07:01.414,0:07:04.293
This is once again instead[br]of Zeus you have Dyau,

0:07:04.293,0:07:06.933
instead of Pater you have Pitr.

0:07:06.933,0:07:09.860
So, instead of Dyauspitr you have Jupiter.

0:07:09.860,0:07:12.010
Dyauspitr, Jupiter.

0:07:12.010,0:07:13.794
These are very very similar words

0:07:13.794,0:07:15.519
even though the spelling seems different,

0:07:15.519,0:07:17.527
the way it comes out of your mouth

0:07:17.527,0:07:20.334
is very very very very very close.

0:07:20.334,0:07:23.465
And this is further[br]evidence for the closeness

0:07:23.465,0:07:26.132
between Sanskrit, between Greek,

0:07:27.014,0:07:29.181
and between Latin.

0:07:29.181,0:07:32.040
So once again, we have sky father.

0:07:32.040,0:07:33.478
And this of course an image of…

0:07:33.478,0:07:35.745
well it’s hard to tell whether[br]that’s Jupiter or Zeus.

0:07:35.745,0:07:37.406
I believe that is a picture of Jupiter.

0:07:37.406,0:07:39.567
And what’s also interesting is,

0:07:39.567,0:07:41.260
the Vedas sight

0:07:41.260,0:07:42.093
Dyauspitr

0:07:43.309,0:07:45.436
as the father of Indra.

0:07:45.436,0:07:47.485
Who’s considered the King of the gods.

0:07:47.485,0:07:48.925
One of the most significant,

0:07:48.925,0:07:51.190
if not the most significant[br]god in Hinduism.

0:07:51.190,0:07:52.675
And Indra is now in,

0:07:52.675,0:07:54.326
especially in the Vedas,

0:07:54.326,0:07:57.275
and this is the most spoken[br]about god in the Vedas,

0:07:57.275,0:07:59.112
Has many of the of the qualities

0:07:59.112,0:08:02.537
that we now in Greek and Roman traditions

0:08:02.537,0:08:05.286
associate with Zeus and Jupiter.

0:08:05.286,0:08:06.892
Indra is a sky god,

0:08:06.892,0:08:08.175
throws bolts of lightning.

0:08:08.175,0:08:12.152
Actually eerie similarity[br]with the Nordic god of Thor.

0:08:12.152,0:08:16.367
Where Nordic people were[br]also Indo-European people.

0:08:16.367,0:08:18.433
Where Indra he throws a hammer

0:08:18.433,0:08:20.028
and he defeats these monsters.

0:08:20.028,0:08:22.540
And all of these things,[br]very similar to Thor.

0:08:22.540,0:08:23.781
So hopefully these…

0:08:23.781,0:08:24.838
You know when I first learn this,

0:08:24.838,0:08:27.618
it just kind of made me realize[br]how connected the world is,

0:08:27.618,0:08:29.734
and it started to make me[br]start to look for patterns

0:08:29.734,0:08:31.215
where I hadn’t seen them before.

0:08:31.215,0:08:35.007
And it really shows[br]how these civilizations

0:08:35.007,0:08:37.340
that seemed very unconnected

0:08:38.637,0:08:39.511
might have,

0:08:39.511,0:08:41.165
and probably we do believe

0:08:41.165,0:08:44.088
emerged and (mumbles)

0:08:44.088,0:08:46.393
emerged from the same place.

0:08:46.393,0:08:49.524
Modern philologists and historian

0:08:49.524,0:08:51.704
believe that this Proto-Indo-European

0:08:51.704,0:08:54.547
might have been spoken by[br]people in the Caucuses.

0:08:54.547,0:08:57.828
The word Caucasian is referring[br]really to these people

0:08:57.828,0:08:59.864
from that Caucuses area there,

0:08:59.864,0:09:01.028
but we don’t know for sure.

0:09:01.028,0:09:03.595
And we believe that they migrated out.

0:09:03.595,0:09:06.602
And so when we talk[br]about the Germanic tribes

0:09:06.602,0:09:07.671
going into Northern Europe.

0:09:07.671,0:09:09.463
The Celtic tribes going into,

0:09:09.463,0:09:12.886
I guess you could say[br]North South Central Europe.

0:09:12.886,0:09:14.918
You could talk about the Italic,

0:09:14.918,0:09:16.094
the Latin tribes,

0:09:16.094,0:09:18.076
you could talk about the Greek tribes,

0:09:18.076,0:09:19.649
and you could also talk about the In…

0:09:19.649,0:09:22.022
you could also talk[br]about Indo-Aryan tribes

0:09:22.022,0:09:24.298
which eventually would settle into Persia

0:09:24.298,0:09:25.662
and into Northern India.

0:09:25.662,0:09:28.579
These we believe are all connected.