[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.91,0:00:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, I’m John Green;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.01,0:00:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is Crash Course World History
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.50,0:00:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today we’re going to discuss\Nthe series of events
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.16,0:00:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made it possible for you to watch
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.71,0:00:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crash Course.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.44,0:00:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also made this studio possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.34,0:00:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And made the warehouse containing the studio\Npossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.02,0:00:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A warehouse, by the way,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.17,0:00:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that houses stuff for warehouses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.24,0:00:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s right, it’s time to talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.05,0:00:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the industrial revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.52,0:00:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although it occurred around\Nthe same time as
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.93,0:00:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the French, American, Latin American,\Nand Haitian Revolutions—
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.06,0:00:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between, say, 1750 and 1850—
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.31,0:00:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the industrial revolution was really
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.64,0:00:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most revolutionary of the bunch.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.48,0:00:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No way, dude.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.38,0:00:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All those other revolutions resulted in,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.92,0:00:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.04,0:00:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new borders and flags and stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.69,0:00:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We’ve studied 15,000 years\Nof history here at Crash Course,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.08,0:00:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Me from the Past.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.60,0:00:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And borders and flags\Nhave changed plenty,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.71,0:00:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they’re going to keep changing.\N[that's a twofer: awesome + ominous]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.08,0:00:41.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in all that time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.73,0:00:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing much changed about
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.68,0:00:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way we disposed of waste\N[g'luck with toilet teching, Bill Gates!]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.22,0:00:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or located drinking water or\Nacquired clothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.08,0:00:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people lived on or very close\Nto the land that provided their food.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.90,0:00:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[like above an Eata Pita?]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.09,0:00:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except for a few exceptions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.25,0:00:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,life expectancy never rose\Nabove 35 or below 25.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.67,0:00:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education was a privilege not a right.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.53,0:00:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In all those millennia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.76,0:00:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we never developed a weapon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.83,0:01:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could kill more than\Na couple dozen people at once,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.26,0:01:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a way to travel faster\Nthan horseback.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.61,0:01:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For 15,000 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.17,0:01:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most humans never owned\Nor used a single item
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.02,0:01:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made outside of their communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.71,0:01:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon Bolivar didn’t change that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.62,0:01:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and neither did the American\NDeclaration of Independence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.54,0:01:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have electricity?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.08,0:01:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.86,0:01:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blueberries in February?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.88,0:01:20.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.59,0:01:23.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You live somewhere other\Nthan a farm?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.03,0:01:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.75,0:01:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You drive a car?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.47,0:01:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.31,0:01:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get twelve years of free,\Nformal education?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.56,0:01:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[peep the creepy teacher in the back]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.51,0:01:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.33,0:01:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your bed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.06,0:01:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your antibiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.72,0:01:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your toilet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.90,0:01:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your contraception,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.04,0:01:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your tap water,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.97,0:01:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your every waking\Nand sleeping second:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.54,0:01:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[mongol-tage footage!]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.54,0:01:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.19,0:01:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.48,0:01:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.77,0:01:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.06,0:01:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.36,0:01:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.65,0:01:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.94,0:01:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[intro music]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.23,0:01:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here’s one simple statistic\Nthat sums it up:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.79,0:01:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before the industrial revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.11,0:01:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 80% of the world’s population\Nwas engaged in farming
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.74,0:02:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep itself and the other\N20% of people from starving.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.57,0:02:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.12,0:02:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less than 1% of people\Nlist their occupation as farming.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.23,0:02:05.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.45,0:02:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we’ve come so far that we don’t\Neven have to farm flowers anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.17,0:02:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stan,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.39,0:02:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are these real, by the way?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.45,0:02:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can’t tell if they’re made\Nout of foam or digital.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.57,0:02:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.53,0:02:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TECHNOLOGY!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.13,0:02:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here’s my definition:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.47,0:02:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The industrial revolution was\Nan increase in production
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.86,0:02:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brought about by the use of machines\N[get ready to man-suit up, Skynet]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.75,0:02:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and characterized by\Nthe use of new energy sources.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.48,0:02:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although this will soon\Nget more complicated,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.14,0:02:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our purposes today,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.55,0:02:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,industrialization is NOT capitalism—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.29,0:02:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although, as we will see next week,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.95,0:02:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is connected to modern capitalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.42,0:02:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.76,0:02:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the industrial revolution\Nbegan around 1750 and
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.64,0:02:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it occurred across most of the earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.36,0:02:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it started in Europe,\Nespecially Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.94,0:02:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.42,0:02:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let’s go to the Thought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.23,0:02:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The innovations of the\NIndustrial Revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.84,0:02:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were intimately interconnected.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.89,0:02:41.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.31,0:02:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look, for instance,\Nat the British textile industry:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.23,0:02:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The invention of the flying shuttle\Nby John Kay in 1733
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.62,0:02:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dramatically increased the\Nspeed of weaving,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.92,0:02:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn\Ncreated demand for yarn,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.14,0:02:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which led to inventions like the Spinning\NJenny
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.38,0:02:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the waterframe.\N[& later, Princess Leia bun sock hats]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.88,0:02:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon these processes were\Nmechanized using water power,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.43,0:03:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the steam engine came along\Nto make flying shuttles really fly
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.65,0:03:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these huge cotton mills.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.79,0:03:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most successful steam engine\Nwas built by
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.41,0:03:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thomas “They Didn’t Name\NAnything After Me” Newcomen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.09,0:03:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[is that Dutch?]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.48,0:03:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to clear water out of mines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.12,0:03:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because water was\Ncleared out of those mines,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.31,0:03:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was more coal to\Npower more steam engines,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.93,0:03:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which eventually led to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.55,0:03:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fancying up of the Newcomen\NSteam Engine by
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.57,0:03:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,James “I Got a Unit of Power and\Na University Named After Me” Watt,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.93,0:03:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Farnsworth's raw deal tops, even still]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.58,0:03:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose engine made possible not\Nonly railroads and steamboats but
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.02,0:03:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also ever-more efficient cotton mills.\N[the touch, the feel… of technology]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.79,0:03:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, for the first time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.09,0:03:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chemicals other than stale urine,\N[you must be kidding]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.62,0:03:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wish I was kidding,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.69,0:03:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were being used to bleach\Nthe cloth that people wore—
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.83,0:03:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first of which was sulfuric acid,\N[sounds super chafey]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.87,0:03:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was created in large quantities\Nonly thanks to lead-lined chambers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.89,0:03:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would’ve been impossible\Nwithout lead production
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.09,0:03:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rising dramatically right\Naround 1750 in Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.79,0:03:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to lead foundries\Npowered by coal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.38,0:03:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all these factors came together\Nto make more yarn
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.60,0:03:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could be spun and bleached\Nfaster and cheaper than ever before,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.56,0:03:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a process that would eventually\Nculminate in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.55,0:03:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,$18 Crash Course Mongols shirts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.61,0:04:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[no exceptions!&$%# ] [ha]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.14,0:04:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Available now at DFTBA.com.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.63,0:04:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks, Thought Bubble,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.48,0:04:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for that shameless promotion of our\Nbeautiful, high-quality t-shirts available
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.78,0:04:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now at DFTBA.com.\N[TeamCrashCourse: lousy with subtlty]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.39,0:04:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the problem here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.03,0:04:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that with industrialization\Nbeing so deeply interconnected,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.64,0:04:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s really difficult to figure out why\Nit happened in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.53,0:04:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.59,0:04:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that question of why
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.62,0:04:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turns out to be one of\Nthe more contentious discussions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.72,0:04:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in world history today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.84,0:04:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, here are some Eurocentric reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.94,0:04:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why industrialization might have\Nhappened first in Europe:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.67,0:04:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There’s the cultural superiority\Nargument that basically holds
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.19,0:04:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Europeans are just better\Nand smarter than other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.92,0:04:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[somebody explain Mr. Bean then]
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.44,0:04:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes this is formulated as Europeans\Npossessing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.47,0:04:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,superior rationality.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.09,0:04:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, you’ll never guess
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.03,0:04:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the people who make this\Nargument tend to come from—
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.00,0:04:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless you guessed that\Nthey come from Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.58,0:04:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, others argue
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.20,0:04:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only Europe had the culture of\Nscience and invention
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.75,0:04:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made the creation of these\Nrevolutionary technologies possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.98,0:04:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another argument is that freer political\Ninstitutions encouraged innovation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.18,0:04:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and strong property rights\Ncreated incentives for inventors.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.03,0:04:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, finally, people often cite\NEurope’s small population
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.83,0:04:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because small populations\Nrequire labor-saving inventions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.45,0:04:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.72,0:04:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s time for the Open Letter?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.07,0:05:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[it's not the yellow chair he's rolling\Nover to so I just can't bear to look.]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.94,0:05:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An Open Letter to the Steam Engine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.88,0:05:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.11,0:05:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let’s see what’s in\Nthe secret compartment today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.77,0:05:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, it’s a Tardis.\N[you're welcome, Whovians]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.40,0:05:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Truly the apex of\NBritish industrialization.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.69,0:05:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dear Steam Engine,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.74,0:05:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know what’s crazy?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.56,0:05:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You’ve really never been\Nimproved upon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.41,0:05:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like this thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.12,0:05:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which facilitates time travel,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.07,0:05:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably runs on a steam engine.\N[Eye of Harmony > steam engine, ftr]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.50,0:05:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost all electricity around the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.16,0:05:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it’s from coal\Nor nuclear power,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.49,0:05:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just a steam engine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.83,0:05:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s all still just water and heat,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.18,0:05:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it speaks to how truly revolutionary
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.28,0:05:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Industrial Revolution\Nwas that since then,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.60,0:05:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it’s really just been evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.53,0:05:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Best Wishes,\NJohn Green
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.91,0:05:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you may have heard any of\Nthose rationales for
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.61,0:05:38.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,European industrialization,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.91,0:05:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you may have heard others.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.94,0:05:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem with all of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.15,0:05:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that each time you think\Nyou’re at the root cause
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.92,0:05:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out there’s a cause\Nof the root cause.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.77,0:05:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[not unlike the show LOST]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.32,0:05:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To quote\NLeonardo diCaprio, James Cameron,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.70,0:05:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and coal mine operators,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.37,0:05:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“We have to go deeper.”\N["Context is everything." -John Green]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.00,0:05:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, anyway, the problem\Nwith these Eurocentric why answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.26,0:05:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they all apply to either\NChina or India or both.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.63,0:05:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it’s really important\Nto note that in 1800,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.73,0:06:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was not clear that Europe\Nwas going to become
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.64,0:06:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world’s dominant manufacturing\Npower in the next hundred years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.67,0:06:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.50,0:06:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China, India, and Europe were\Nall roughly at the same place
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.94,0:06:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of industrial production.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.37,0:06:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, let’s look at China.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.42,0:06:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s hard to make the European\Ncultural superiority argument
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.04,0:06:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because China had been recording\Nits history since before Confucius,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.26,0:06:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plus there was all that\Nbronze and painting and poetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.06,0:06:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s also kind of difficult to make a\Nblanket statement that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.54,0:06:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China was economically\Ninferior to Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.74,0:06:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since they invented paper money
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.24,0:06:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and led the world in exports of\Neverything from silk to china.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.57,0:06:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, pre-Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.93,0:06:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,population growth was the\Nsurest sign of economic success,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.29,0:06:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and China had the\Nbiggest population in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.31,0:06:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[were my flowers just assaulted by educational\Nexuberance?]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.66,0:06:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess that answers the question\Nof whether they’re digital.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.56,0:06:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[better be in stock at thinkgeek.com, mr.\Ngreen. just saying...]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.00,0:06:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s also difficult to say that China\Nlacked a culture of invention
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.31,0:06:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they invented\Ngunpowder, and printing, and paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.75,0:06:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and arguably compasses.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.01,0:06:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And China had more free enterprise\Nduring the Song dynasty
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.15,0:06:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than anywhere in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.58,0:06:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some argue that China\Ncouldn’t have free enterprise
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.25,0:06:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they had a long history\Nof trying to impose monopolies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.68,0:06:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on items like salt and iron.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.63,0:06:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that’s true,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.34,0:06:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when it comes to\Nenforcing those monopolies,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.37,0:06:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they also had a long history of failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.18,0:06:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So really, in a lot of ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.05,0:07:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China was at least as primed for an\NIndustrial Revolution as Britain was.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.23,0:07:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, why didn’t it happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.91,0:07:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Europeans—
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.55,0:07:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically the British—
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.71,0:07:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had two huge advantages:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.63,0:07:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, Coal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.75,0:07:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you trace the story of improved\Ntransportation, or communication,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.94,0:07:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or industrial efficiency,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.22,0:07:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or better chemical manufacturing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.84,0:07:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it always comes back to coal,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.21,0:07:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the Industrial Revolution\Nwas all about using different forms
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.36,0:07:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of energy to automate production.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.07,0:07:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.46,0:07:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,England had large supplies of coal\Nthat were near the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.90,0:07:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant that\Nit was cheap to mine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.42,0:07:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it quickly replaced wood\Nfor heating and cooking and stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.89,0:07:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that encouraged the British\Nto look for more coal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.80,0:07:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only problem with coal mining,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.19,0:07:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aside from it being,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.89,0:07:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, like,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.35,0:07:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deadly and everything,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.05,0:07:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the coal mines flooded\Nall the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.04,0:07:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess coal mining is also\Na little problematic for, like,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the health of,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.34,0:07:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, like, the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.75,0:07:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,["Nudge, nudge, wink, wink.\NKnow what I mean?"]
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.08,0:07:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.25,0:07:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there was all this incentive\Nto get more coal out of the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.70,0:07:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,steam engines were invented\Nto pump water out of the mines.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.80,0:07:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because those early steam\Nengines were super inefficient,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.99,0:07:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they needed a cheap and abundant\Nsource of fuel in order to work—
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.56,0:07:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,namely, coal,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.38,0:07:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which meant they were much more\Nuseful to the British than anyone else.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.31,0:07:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So steam engines used cheap British\Ncoal to keep British coal cheap,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.80,0:08:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cheap British coal\Ncreated the opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.65,0:08:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for everything from railroads to steel,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.27,0:08:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which like so much else in\Nthe Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.62,0:08:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created a positive feedback loop.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.51,0:08:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they run on rails,\Nrailroads need steel.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.98,0:08:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because it is rather heavy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.91,0:08:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,steel needs railroads.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.79,0:08:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, there were Wages.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.62,0:08:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain (and to a lesser extent\Nthe Low Countries)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.38,0:08:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had the highest wages in the world\Nat the beginning of the 18th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.83,0:08:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1725, wages in London were the equivalent\Nof 11 grams
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.64,0:08:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of silver per day.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.67,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Amsterdam, they were 9 grams.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Beijing, Venice, and Florence,\Nthey were under 4.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.36,0:08:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Delhi, they were under 2.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.84,0:08:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s not totally clear why\Nwages were so high in Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.15,0:08:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.41,0:08:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one argument is that the Black Death\Nlowered population so much
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.77,0:08:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it tightened labor markets,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.17,0:08:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that doesn’t explain why\Nwages remained low in, like,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.76,0:08:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plague-ravaged Italy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.71,0:08:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mainly, high wages combined\Nwith cheap fuel costs meant
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.35,0:08:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was economically efficient for\Nmanufacturers to look to machines
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.60,0:08:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a way of lowering their\Nproduction costs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.40,0:08:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To quote the historian Robert Allen:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.97,0:08:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“Wages were high and energy was cheap. These\Nprices led directly to the industrial revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.78,0:08:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by giving firms strong incentives to invent\Ntechnologies that substituted capital and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.86,0:09:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coal for labor.”
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.44,0:09:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stan,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.67,0:09:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I’m a little worried that people are still\Ngoing to accuse me of Eurocentrism.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.95,0:09:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.38,0:09:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other people will accuse me\Nof an anti-European bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.74,0:09:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don’t have a bias against Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.27,0:09:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.40,0:09:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe gave me many of\Nmy favorite cheeses
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.42,0:09:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cross-country skiing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.84,0:09:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Charlie Chaplin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.43,0:09:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who inspired today’s Danica drawing.\N[big ups, Modern Times. you endure]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.53,0:09:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, the fact of coal being\Nnear the surface in Britain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.89,0:09:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can’t be chalked up to\NBritish cultural superiority.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.41,0:09:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the wages question is a little different\Nbecause
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.11,0:09:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes it sound like only Europeans were\Nsmart enough to pay high wages.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.04,0:09:29.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here’s one last thing to consider:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.17,0:09:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,India was the world’s largest\Nproducer of cotton textiles,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.93,0:09:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite paying basically\Nthe lowest wages in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.49,0:09:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indian agriculture was so productive\Nthat laborers could be supported
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.20,0:09:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a very low cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.37,0:09:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that,\Ncoupled with a large population
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.19,0:09:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meant that Indian textile manufacturing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.85,0:09:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be very productive\Nwithout using machines,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.11,0:09:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they didn’t need to industrialize.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.64,0:09:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But more importantly from\Nour perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.90,0:09:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there’s a strong argument to be made
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.34,0:09:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Indian cotton production\Nhelped spur British industrialization.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.53,0:09:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was cotton textiles that drove\Nthe early Industrial Revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.61,0:09:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the main reason that Britain\Nwas so eager to produce cottons
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.60,0:09:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that demand was incredibly high.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.94,0:10:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were more comfortable than\Nwoolens,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.06,0:10:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were also cheaper,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.42,0:10:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because cottons could be imported\Nfrom India at such a low cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.14,0:10:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.60,0:10:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indian cottons created the market
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.33,0:10:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then British manufacturers\Ninvested in machines
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.21,0:10:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(and imported Indian know-how)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.97,0:10:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to increase production so that\Nthey could compete with India.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.96,0:10:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that’s at least one way\Nin which European industrialization
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.44,0:10:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was truly a world phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.33,0:10:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For those of you who enjoy\Nsuch highly contentious and thorny,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.30,0:10:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cultural historical debates, good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.07,0:10:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next week,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.28,0:10:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we’ll be talking about capitalism.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.33,0:10:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[can't wait to read the comments\Nsection for that one. yes i can]
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.34,0:10:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching, I’ll see you then.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.08,0:10:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Crash Course is
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.62,0:10:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,produced and directed\Nby Stan Muller.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.04,0:10:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our script supervisor\Nis Danica Johnson.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.76,0:10:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The show is written by my\Nhigh school history teacher,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.87,0:10:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Raoul Meyer, and myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.16,0:10:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are ably interned\Nby Meredith Danko.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.36,0:10:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our graphics team is\NThought Bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.60,0:10:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last week’s phrase of the week was
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.60,0:10:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"New England Revolution"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.88,0:10:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to suggest\Nfuture phrases of the week,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.85,0:10:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can do so in comments
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.14,0:10:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can also guess\Nat this week’s phrase of the week
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.81,0:10:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or ask questions about today’s video
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.09,0:10:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be answered by\Nour team of historians.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.76,0:10:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching Crash Course.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.33,0:10:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Special shout out to our only known platinum-selling\Nartist viewer,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.56,0:10:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lupe Fiasco.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.60,0:10:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we say in my hometown,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.48,0:10:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don’t forget My philosophy, like color\NTV, is all there in black and white.