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Hi, I’m John Green;

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this is Crash Course World History

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and today we’re going to discuss[br]the series of events

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that made it possible for you to watch

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Crash Course.

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And also made this studio possible.

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And made the warehouse containing the studio[br]possible.

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A warehouse, by the way,

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that houses stuff for warehouses.

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That’s right, it’s time to talk about

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the industrial revolution.

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Although it occurred around[br]the same time as

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the French, American, Latin American,[br]and Haitian Revolutions—

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between, say, 1750 and 1850—

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the industrial revolution was really

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the most revolutionary of the bunch.

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No way, dude.

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All those other revolutions resulted in,

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like,

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new borders and flags and stuff.

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We’ve studied 15,000 years[br]of history here at Crash Course,

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Me from the Past.

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And borders and flags[br]have changed plenty,

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and they’re going to keep changing.[br][that's a twofer: awesome + ominous]

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But in all that time,

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nothing much changed about

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the way we disposed of waste[br][g'luck with toilet teching, Bill Gates!]

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or located drinking water or[br]acquired clothing.

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Most people lived on or very close[br]to the land that provided their food.

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[like above an Eata Pita?]

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Except for a few exceptions,

0:00:51.250,0:00:55.670
life expectancy never rose[br]above 35 or below 25.

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Education was a privilege not a right.

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In all those millennia,

0:00:58.760,0:00:59.829
we never developed a weapon

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that could kill more than[br]a couple dozen people at once,

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or a way to travel faster[br]than horseback.

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For 15,000 years,

0:01:06.170,0:01:09.020
most humans never owned[br]or used a single item

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made outside of their communities.

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Simon Bolivar didn’t change that

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and neither did the American[br]Declaration of Independence.

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You have electricity?

0:01:17.080,0:01:17.860
Industrial revolution.

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Blueberries in February?

0:01:19.880,0:01:20.590
Industrial revolution.

0:01:20.590,0:01:23.030
You live somewhere other[br]than a farm?

0:01:23.030,0:01:23.750
Industrial revolution.

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You drive a car?

0:01:25.470,0:01:26.310
Industrial revolution.

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You get twelve years of free,[br]formal education?

0:01:29.560,0:01:30.510
[peep the creepy teacher in the back]

0:01:30.510,0:01:31.330
Industrial revolution.

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Your bed,

0:01:32.060,0:01:32.720
your antibiotics,

0:01:32.720,0:01:33.900
your toilet,

0:01:33.900,0:01:35.040
your contraception,

0:01:35.040,0:01:35.970
your tap water,

0:01:35.970,0:01:38.540
your every waking[br]and sleeping second:

0:01:38.540,0:01:39.540
[mongol-tage footage!]

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Industrial revolution.

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[Intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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[intro music]

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Here’s one simple statistic[br]that sums it up:

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Before the industrial revolution,

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about 80% of the world’s population[br]was engaged in farming

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to keep itself and the other[br]20% of people from starving.

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Today, in the United States,

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less than 1% of people[br]list their occupation as farming.

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I mean,

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we’ve come so far that we don’t[br]even have to farm flowers anymore.

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Stan,

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are these real, by the way?

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I can’t tell if they’re made[br]out of foam or digital.

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So what happened?

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TECHNOLOGY!

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Here’s my definition:

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The industrial revolution was[br]an increase in production

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brought about by the use of machines[br][get ready to man-suit up, Skynet]

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and characterized by[br]the use of new energy sources.

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Although this will soon[br]get more complicated,

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for our purposes today,

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industrialization is NOT capitalism—

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although, as we will see next week,

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it is connected to modern capitalism.

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And,

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the industrial revolution[br]began around 1750 and

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it occurred across most of the earth,

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but it started in Europe,[br]especially Britain.

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What happened?

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Well, let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

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The innovations of the[br]Industrial Revolution

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were intimately interconnected.

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Like,

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look, for instance,[br]at the British textile industry:

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The invention of the flying shuttle[br]by John Kay in 1733

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dramatically increased the[br]speed of weaving,

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which in turn[br]created demand for yarn,

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which led to inventions like the Spinning[br]Jenny

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and the waterframe.[br][& later, Princess Leia bun sock hats]

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Soon these processes were[br]mechanized using water power,

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until the steam engine came along[br]to make flying shuttles really fly

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in these huge cotton mills.

0:03:03.790,0:03:05.410
The most successful steam engine[br]was built by

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Thomas “They Didn’t Name[br]Anything After Me” Newcomen

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[is that Dutch?]

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to clear water out of mines.

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And because water was[br]cleared out of those mines,

0:03:12.310,0:03:14.930
there was more coal to[br]power more steam engines,

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which eventually led to

0:03:15.550,0:03:17.569
the fancying up of the Newcomen[br]Steam Engine by

0:03:17.569,0:03:20.930
James “I Got a Unit of Power and[br]a University Named After Me” Watt,

0:03:20.930,0:03:21.580
[Farnsworth's raw deal tops, even still]

0:03:21.580,0:03:25.020
whose engine made possible not[br]only railroads and steamboats but

0:03:25.020,0:03:27.790
also ever-more efficient cotton mills.[br][the touch, the feel… of technology]

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And, for the first time,

0:03:29.090,0:03:30.620
chemicals other than stale urine,[br][you must be kidding]

0:03:30.620,0:03:31.690
I wish I was kidding,

0:03:31.690,0:03:34.830
were being used to bleach[br]the cloth that people wore—

0:03:34.830,0:03:36.870
the first of which was sulfuric acid,[br][sounds super chafey]

0:03:36.870,0:03:40.890
which was created in large quantities[br]only thanks to lead-lined chambers,

0:03:40.890,0:03:43.090
which would’ve been impossible[br]without lead production

0:03:43.090,0:03:46.790
rising dramatically right[br]around 1750 in Britain,

0:03:46.790,0:03:49.380
thanks to lead foundries[br]powered by coal.

0:03:49.380,0:03:51.600
And all these factors came together[br]to make more yarn

0:03:51.600,0:03:55.560
that could be spun and bleached[br]faster and cheaper than ever before,

0:03:55.560,0:03:57.550
a process that would eventually[br]culminate in

0:03:57.550,0:03:59.610
$18 Crash Course Mongols shirts.

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[no exceptions!&$%# ] [ha]

0:04:00.140,0:04:01.630
Available now at DFTBA.com.

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Thanks, Thought Bubble,

0:04:03.480,0:04:06.780
for that shameless promotion of our[br]beautiful, high-quality t-shirts available

0:04:06.780,0:04:08.390
now at DFTBA.com.[br][TeamCrashCourse: lousy with subtlty]

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So, the problem here

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is that with industrialization[br]being so deeply interconnected,

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it’s really difficult to figure out why[br]it happened in Europe,

0:04:14.530,0:04:15.590
especially Britain.

0:04:15.590,0:04:16.620
And that question of why

0:04:16.620,0:04:18.720
turns out to be one of[br]the more contentious discussions

0:04:18.720,0:04:19.840
in world history today.

0:04:19.840,0:04:21.940
For instance, here are some Eurocentric reasons

0:04:21.940,0:04:24.669
why industrialization might have[br]happened first in Europe:

0:04:24.669,0:04:27.190
There’s the cultural superiority[br]argument that basically holds

0:04:27.190,0:04:29.919
that Europeans are just better[br]and smarter than other people.

0:04:29.919,0:04:30.440
[somebody explain Mr. Bean then]

0:04:30.440,0:04:32.470
Sometimes this is formulated as Europeans[br]possessing

0:04:32.470,0:04:34.090
superior rationality.

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By the way, you’ll never guess

0:04:35.030,0:04:38.000
where the people who make this[br]argument tend to come from—

0:04:38.000,0:04:39.580
unless you guessed that[br]they come from Europe.

0:04:39.580,0:04:40.200
And then, others argue

0:04:40.200,0:04:42.750
that only Europe had the culture of[br]science and invention

0:04:42.750,0:04:45.980
that made the creation of these[br]revolutionary technologies possible.

0:04:45.980,0:04:49.180
Another argument is that freer political[br]institutions encouraged innovation

0:04:49.180,0:04:52.030
and strong property rights[br]created incentives for inventors.

0:04:52.030,0:04:54.830
And, finally, people often cite[br]Europe’s small population

0:04:54.830,0:04:57.450
because small populations[br]require labor-saving inventions.

0:04:57.450,0:04:57.720
Oh,

0:04:57.720,0:04:59.070
it’s time for the Open Letter?

0:04:59.070,0:05:03.940
[it's not the yellow chair he's rolling[br]over to so I just can't bear to look.]

0:05:03.940,0:05:05.880
An Open Letter to the Steam Engine.

0:05:05.880,0:05:06.110
But first,

0:05:06.110,0:05:07.770
let’s see what’s in[br]the secret compartment today.

0:05:07.770,0:05:10.400
Oh, it’s a Tardis.[br][you're welcome, Whovians]

0:05:10.400,0:05:12.690
Truly the apex of[br]British industrialization.

0:05:12.690,0:05:13.740
Dear Steam Engine,

0:05:13.740,0:05:14.560
You know what’s crazy?

0:05:14.560,0:05:17.410
You’ve really never been[br]improved upon.

0:05:17.410,0:05:18.120
Like this thing,

0:05:18.120,0:05:20.070
which facilitates time travel,

0:05:20.070,0:05:21.500
probably runs on a steam engine.[br][Eye of Harmony > steam engine, ftr]

0:05:21.500,0:05:23.160
Almost all electricity around the world,

0:05:23.160,0:05:25.490
whether it’s from coal[br]or nuclear power,

0:05:25.490,0:05:26.830
is just a steam engine.

0:05:26.830,0:05:28.180
It’s all still just water and heat,

0:05:28.180,0:05:30.280
and it speaks to how truly revolutionary

0:05:30.280,0:05:32.600
the Industrial Revolution[br]was that since then,

0:05:32.600,0:05:34.530
it’s really just been evolution.

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Best Wishes,[br]John Green

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So, you may have heard any of[br]those rationales for

0:05:37.610,0:05:38.910
European industrialization,

0:05:38.910,0:05:39.940
or you may have heard others.

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The problem with all of them,

0:05:41.150,0:05:43.919
is that each time you think[br]you’re at the root cause

0:05:43.919,0:05:45.770
it turns out there’s a cause[br]of the root cause.

0:05:45.770,0:05:46.320
[not unlike the show LOST]

0:05:46.320,0:05:47.699
To quote[br]Leonardo diCaprio, James Cameron,

0:05:47.699,0:05:49.370
and coal mine operators,

0:05:49.370,0:05:51.000
“We have to go deeper.”[br]["Context is everything." -John Green]

0:05:51.000,0:05:53.260
But, anyway, the problem[br]with these Eurocentric why answers,

0:05:53.260,0:05:56.630
is that they all apply to either[br]China or India or both.

0:05:56.630,0:05:58.729
And it’s really important[br]to note that in 1800,

0:05:58.729,0:06:00.639
it was not clear that Europe[br]was going to become

0:06:00.639,0:06:03.669
the world’s dominant manufacturing[br]power in the next hundred years.

0:06:03.669,0:06:04.500
At the time,

0:06:04.500,0:06:06.940
China, India, and Europe were[br]all roughly at the same place

0:06:06.940,0:06:08.370
in terms of industrial production.

0:06:08.370,0:06:09.419
First, let’s look at China.

0:06:09.419,0:06:12.040
It’s hard to make the European[br]cultural superiority argument

0:06:12.040,0:06:15.260
because China had been recording[br]its history since before Confucius,

0:06:15.260,0:06:18.060
and plus there was all that[br]bronze and painting and poetry.

0:06:18.060,0:06:20.540
It’s also kind of difficult to make a[br]blanket statement that

0:06:20.540,0:06:22.740
China was economically[br]inferior to Europe,

0:06:22.740,0:06:24.240
since they invented paper money

0:06:24.240,0:06:27.570
and led the world in exports of[br]everything from silk to china.

0:06:27.570,0:06:29.930
I mean, pre-Industrial Revolution,

0:06:29.930,0:06:32.290
population growth was the[br]surest sign of economic success,

0:06:32.290,0:06:34.310
and China had the[br]biggest population in the world.

0:06:34.310,0:06:34.660
[were my flowers just assaulted by educational[br]exuberance?]

0:06:34.660,0:06:36.560
I guess that answers the question[br]of whether they’re digital.

0:06:36.560,0:06:37.000
[better be in stock at thinkgeek.com, mr.[br]green. just saying...]

0:06:37.000,0:06:39.310
It’s also difficult to say that China[br]lacked a culture of invention

0:06:39.310,0:06:42.750
when they invented[br]gunpowder, and printing, and paper,

0:06:42.750,0:06:44.010
and arguably compasses.

0:06:44.010,0:06:46.150
And China had more free enterprise[br]during the Song dynasty

0:06:46.150,0:06:47.580
than anywhere in the world.

0:06:47.580,0:06:49.250
Some argue that China[br]couldn’t have free enterprise

0:06:49.250,0:06:51.680
because they had a long history[br]of trying to impose monopolies

0:06:51.680,0:06:53.630
on items like salt and iron.

0:06:53.630,0:06:54.340
And that’s true,

0:06:54.340,0:06:56.370
but when it comes to[br]enforcing those monopolies,

0:06:56.370,0:06:58.180
they also had a long history of failure.

0:06:58.180,0:06:59.050
So really, in a lot of ways,

0:06:59.050,0:07:02.229
China was at least as primed for an[br]Industrial Revolution as Britain was.

0:07:02.229,0:07:03.910
So, why didn’t it happen?

0:07:03.910,0:07:04.550
Well, Europeans—

0:07:04.550,0:07:05.710
specifically the British—

0:07:05.710,0:07:07.630
had two huge advantages:

0:07:07.630,0:07:08.750
First, Coal.

0:07:08.750,0:07:11.940
When you trace the story of improved[br]transportation, or communication,

0:07:11.940,0:07:13.220
or industrial efficiency,

0:07:13.220,0:07:14.840
or better chemical manufacturing,

0:07:14.840,0:07:17.210
it always comes back to coal,

0:07:17.210,0:07:20.360
because the Industrial Revolution[br]was all about using different forms

0:07:20.360,0:07:22.070
of energy to automate production.

0:07:22.070,0:07:22.460
And,

0:07:22.460,0:07:24.900
England had large supplies of coal[br]that were near the surface,

0:07:24.900,0:07:26.419
which meant that[br]it was cheap to mine,

0:07:26.419,0:07:29.889
so it quickly replaced wood[br]for heating and cooking and stuff.

0:07:29.889,0:07:31.800
So, that encouraged the British[br]to look for more coal.

0:07:31.800,0:07:33.190
The only problem with coal mining,

0:07:33.190,0:07:33.889
aside from it being,

0:07:33.889,0:07:34.350
you know, like,

0:07:34.350,0:07:35.050
deadly and everything,

0:07:35.050,0:07:37.040
is that the coal mines flooded[br]all the time.

0:07:37.040,0:07:39.000
I guess coal mining is also[br]a little problematic for, like,

0:07:39.000,0:07:39.340
the health of,

0:07:39.340,0:07:39.750
you know, like, the planet.

0:07:39.750,0:07:41.080
["Nudge, nudge, wink, wink.[br]Know what I mean?"]

0:07:41.080,0:07:41.250
But,

0:07:41.250,0:07:43.699
because there was all this incentive[br]to get more coal out of the ground,

0:07:43.699,0:07:46.800
steam engines were invented[br]to pump water out of the mines.

0:07:46.800,0:07:48.990
And because those early steam[br]engines were super inefficient,

0:07:48.990,0:07:52.560
they needed a cheap and abundant[br]source of fuel in order to work—

0:07:52.560,0:07:53.380
namely, coal,

0:07:53.380,0:07:56.310
which meant they were much more[br]useful to the British than anyone else.

0:07:56.310,0:07:59.800
So steam engines used cheap British[br]coal to keep British coal cheap,

0:07:59.800,0:08:01.650
and cheap British coal[br]created the opportunity

0:08:01.650,0:08:04.270
for everything from railroads to steel,

0:08:04.270,0:08:06.620
which like so much else in[br]the Industrial Revolution,

0:08:06.620,0:08:08.509
created a positive feedback loop.

0:08:08.509,0:08:10.979
Because they run on rails,[br]railroads need steel.

0:08:10.979,0:08:12.910
And because it is rather heavy,

0:08:12.910,0:08:13.789
steel needs railroads.

0:08:13.789,0:08:15.620
Secondly, there were Wages.

0:08:15.620,0:08:17.380
Britain (and to a lesser extent[br]the Low Countries)

0:08:17.380,0:08:20.830
had the highest wages in the world[br]at the beginning of the 18th century.

0:08:20.830,0:08:23.639
In 1725, wages in London were the equivalent[br]of 11 grams

0:08:23.639,0:08:24.669
of silver per day.

0:08:24.669,0:08:26.000
In Amsterdam, they were 9 grams.

0:08:26.000,0:08:29.360
In Beijing, Venice, and Florence,[br]they were under 4.

0:08:29.360,0:08:30.840
And in Delhi, they were under 2.

0:08:30.840,0:08:33.149
It’s not totally clear why[br]wages were so high in Britain.

0:08:33.149,0:08:33.409
Like,

0:08:33.409,0:08:35.769
one argument is that the Black Death[br]lowered population so much

0:08:35.769,0:08:37.169
that it tightened labor markets,

0:08:37.169,0:08:39.759
but that doesn’t explain why[br]wages remained low in, like,

0:08:39.759,0:08:40.709
plague-ravaged Italy.

0:08:40.709,0:08:43.349
Mainly, high wages combined[br]with cheap fuel costs meant

0:08:43.349,0:08:46.600
that it was economically efficient for[br]manufacturers to look to machines

0:08:46.600,0:08:48.399
as a way of lowering their[br]production costs.

0:08:48.399,0:08:49.970
To quote the historian Robert Allen:

0:08:49.970,0:08:54.779
“Wages were high and energy was cheap. These[br]prices led directly to the industrial revolution

0:08:54.779,0:08:59.860
by giving firms strong incentives to invent[br]technologies that substituted capital and

0:08:59.860,0:09:01.439
coal for labor.”

0:09:01.439,0:09:01.670
Stan,

0:09:01.670,0:09:04.949
I’m a little worried that people are still[br]going to accuse me of Eurocentrism.

0:09:04.949,0:09:05.379
Of course,

0:09:05.379,0:09:07.740
other people will accuse me[br]of an anti-European bias.

0:09:07.740,0:09:09.269
I don’t have a bias against Europe.

0:09:09.269,0:09:10.399
I love Europe.

0:09:10.399,0:09:12.420
Europe gave me many of[br]my favorite cheeses

0:09:12.420,0:09:13.839
and cross-country skiing

0:09:13.839,0:09:15.429
and Charlie Chaplin,

0:09:15.429,0:09:17.529
who inspired today’s Danica drawing.[br][big ups, Modern Times. you endure]

0:09:17.529,0:09:19.889
Like, the fact of coal being[br]near the surface in Britain

0:09:19.889,0:09:22.410
can’t be chalked up to[br]British cultural superiority.

0:09:22.410,0:09:24.110
But the wages question is a little different[br]because

0:09:24.110,0:09:27.040
it makes it sound like only Europeans were[br]smart enough to pay high wages.

0:09:27.040,0:09:29.170
But here’s one last thing to consider:

0:09:29.170,0:09:31.929
India was the world’s largest[br]producer of cotton textiles,

0:09:31.929,0:09:34.490
despite paying basically[br]the lowest wages in the world.

0:09:34.490,0:09:37.199
Indian agriculture was so productive[br]that laborers could be supported

0:09:37.199,0:09:38.369
at a very low cost.

0:09:38.369,0:09:40.189
And that,[br]coupled with a large population

0:09:40.189,0:09:41.850
meant that Indian textile manufacturing

0:09:41.850,0:09:44.110
could be very productive[br]without using machines,

0:09:44.110,0:09:45.639
so they didn’t need to industrialize.

0:09:45.639,0:09:46.899
But more importantly from[br]our perspective,

0:09:46.899,0:09:48.339
there’s a strong argument to be made

0:09:48.339,0:09:51.529
that Indian cotton production[br]helped spur British industrialization.

0:09:51.529,0:09:54.610
It was cotton textiles that drove[br]the early Industrial Revolution,

0:09:54.610,0:09:57.600
and the main reason that Britain[br]was so eager to produce cottons

0:09:57.600,0:09:59.939
was that demand was incredibly high.

0:09:59.939,0:10:01.059
They were more comfortable than[br]woolens,

0:10:01.059,0:10:02.420
but they were also cheaper,

0:10:02.420,0:10:05.139
because cottons could be imported[br]from India at such a low cost.

0:10:05.139,0:10:05.600
So,

0:10:05.600,0:10:07.329
Indian cottons created the market

0:10:07.329,0:10:10.209
and then British manufacturers[br]invested in machines

0:10:10.209,0:10:11.970
(and imported Indian know-how)

0:10:11.970,0:10:14.959
to increase production so that[br]they could compete with India.

0:10:14.959,0:10:17.439
And that’s at least one way[br]in which European industrialization

0:10:17.439,0:10:19.329
was truly a world phenomenon.

0:10:19.329,0:10:22.300
For those of you who enjoy[br]such highly contentious and thorny,

0:10:22.300,0:10:25.069
cultural historical debates, good news.

0:10:25.069,0:10:25.279
Next week,

0:10:25.279,0:10:26.329
we’ll be talking about capitalism.

0:10:26.329,0:10:27.339
[can't wait to read the comments[br]section for that one. yes i can]

0:10:27.339,0:10:29.079
Thanks for watching, I’ll see you then.

0:10:29.079,0:10:29.619
Crash Course is

0:10:29.619,0:10:31.040
produced and directed[br]by Stan Muller.

0:10:31.040,0:10:32.759
Our script supervisor[br]is Danica Johnson.

0:10:32.759,0:10:34.869
The show is written by my[br]high school history teacher,

0:10:34.869,0:10:36.160
Raoul Meyer, and myself.

0:10:36.160,0:10:38.360
We are ably interned[br]by Meredith Danko.

0:10:38.360,0:10:40.600
And our graphics team is[br]Thought Bubble.

0:10:40.600,0:10:41.600
Last week’s phrase of the week was

0:10:41.600,0:10:42.879
"New England Revolution"

0:10:42.879,0:10:46.850
If you want to suggest[br]future phrases of the week,

0:10:46.850,0:10:48.139
you can do so in comments

0:10:48.139,0:10:48.809
where you can also guess[br]at this week’s phrase of the week

0:10:48.809,0:10:50.089
or ask questions about today’s video

0:10:50.089,0:10:52.759
that will be answered by[br]our team of historians.

0:10:52.759,0:10:53.329
Thanks for watching Crash Course.

0:10:53.329,0:10:53.559
Special shout out to our only known platinum-selling[br]artist viewer,

0:10:53.559,0:10:53.600
Lupe Fiasco.

0:10:53.600,0:10:54.480
And as we say in my hometown,

0:10:54.480,0:10:58.480
don’t forget My philosophy, like color[br]TV, is all there in black and white.