I want to talk a little bit about the idea of pressure
and volume.
And we're actually a clear up some
misconceptions I think I may have caused.
I apologize for them.
But I think this is a good chance for us
to reflect on the things that we've learned
and also build up a couple of new ideas.
So let's draw volume going that way and pressure going up.
And one of things I want to start with
was the end systolic pressure volume relationship.
We drew it something like this.
So we said this is the relationship
at the end of systole between the two,
between pressure and volume.
And one thing that I wanted to bring up immediately
was the idea of increasing volume.
So as I go up to this yellow line, I'm increasing volume.
And sometimes the way I've drawn that-- actually maybe I'll
make a little bit of space on this canvas.
And sometimes the way I draw an increase in volume
can be a little bit misleading.
So I've drawn, for example, in the past,
I've drawn a left ventricle like this.
And I said well as blood goes into my left ventricle,
it basically does this.
You have more and more blood filling up the heart.
And I've drawn this sort of a picture,
and it really does tell you about a couple things.
It tells you that you have filling happening.
And that part, I'm OK with.
But the part that I'm not OK with
is the idea that it basically seems
like you have a fixed volume.
It looks like a fixed volume on the heart,
or the left ventricle anyway.
And it almost makes it look like you're
filling up a glass of water.
Basically, that's kind of what it looks like a glass.
And really the correct way to think about left ventricular
filling is a little bit more like this.
You should be thinking of it more along the lines
of a picture like this where you basically
have a smaller volumed the left ventricle filling up
with blood.
And over time it kind of feels in completely.
So it starts out like that.
And then you add more blood and it becomes like that.
And then you finally fill it up like that.
So that would be the more accurate way
of showing what's going on in the left ventricle.
And, of course, all three of these,
then, are the left ventricle at different points in time.
So this second picture also tells you about filling,
so you get the idea that blood is filling in the heart.
But it does a better job of showing you
that the volume changes.
The volume of the left ventricle changes, so it's not fixed.
And that's correct.
This is the better way of looking at it.
And kind of an analogy might be a balloon,
you might think of a balloon for this filling process.
So I want to be very clear that the left ventricle is not
like a glass.
It's like a balloon.
And that it's not a fixed volume.
It actually changes.
So this is probably the more accurate way of thinking about.
And I apologize for doing this sort of a drawing.
Truthfully, I didn't mean to confuse anyone,
but I just want to demonstrate filling.
And I probably just do it in a quick and hurried way.
And so I want to clarify that point now.
So this is what it would look like.
And actually I could take this a step further
and say well what if I was to do this?
What if I was to take a cross section like that,
cut it with a blade at these three points in time?
Wouldn't you agree that you would actually
get an interesting cross section view of it,
if I was to take it like that and I
was to erase these top bits out.
And you were to now look down at the heart,
you'd basically see kind of an interesting view.
And I'll actually try to draw that view out for you.
And it's helpful actually to do it that way.
And I'll tell you why So this one would basically
look like this.
And this one would look like this.
And this one might look much larger
than the other two something like this.
And again this is just looking at a cross section,
so it's nothing different at all.
It's just looking at the cut surface of it.
And all three you'd expect to be full.
So this is how I'm going to use our diagram.
I'm actually going to use these kinds of images
now to show what filling of the left ventricle looks like,
so we can actually get a real sense for it.
And you'll see an interesting problem that comes up.
So let's do that.
Let's draw a couple of circles here.
I'm going to draw, let's say, a big circle here
where it's really large.
And then let's say the volume is little small at this point.
So let's draw something like that.
And the volume is really, really tiny.
Let's draw something like that over here.
Now if you have these three volumes, you might say,
well, OK you've colored them in.
Well, one thing you'd have to admit
and you'd realize pretty soon is that at the bottom
of this curve, you have a small volume,
but it does take a little bit of blood to fill that volume in.
When you have zero volume-- like right
here there's zero blood in there--
it would be an empty left ventricle.
And then you'd actually add a little bit of blood to it.
Let's say you fill it up.
Let's say halfway.
And now you've got a half full ventricle.
And then you keep doing it and you have a full ventricle.
So you basically are going this way along the curve.
But until you have a full ventricle,
and this is the point, until you have a full ventricle
you actually don't have any increase in pressure.
So previously when I drew out the end systolic pressure
volume relationship with that yellow line,
I drew it the way you see it now.
But now I'm telling you that the truth is that it actually
looks a little bit different, especially
at the bottom end of this curve.
So I'm going to erase this and draw it in properly.
And this is the more accurate way of drawing it in.
You basically have almost no-- or really no
increase in pressure.
I shouldn't say almost no.
And then once you get to a full ventricle,
now you start seeing an increase in pressure.
And really the way that an increase in pressure looks
is that you have a larger volume.
And that's what you're starting to see.
You're start to see that larger volume.
So even a tiny bit of pressure is
going to push out on the left ventricle.
And you'd actually notice that because now it gets larger.
So the left ventricle actually doesn't change in size
initially.
And, finally, when the pressure starts actually mounting up
it starts changing in size.
So you can start appreciating why
I am saying that this first yellow line is incorrect.
Let me erase it completely so it doesn't distract you.
So I've drawn out the end systolic pressure volume
relationship, but what I want to do is now add to it
our end diastolic pressure volume relationship.
We know it goes something like that.
And let me just label it in a yellow color
just to be parallel.
So this is our end diastolic pressure volume relationship.
Now if I was to say, well, what would the cross section look
like?
Now let's just kind of choose a couple points
to say this is this point.
This is this point like that.
And if I said what would the same volume look like
on the other curve, I would have to actually
just draw a line down and say, OK.
This is this volume right here.
And this is this volume down here.
And along those points-- let me ask
you just mark it on my other curve.
Those points would be right there.
And I actually could just similarly draw them out.
I could say well this is about that.
And then the other one looks maybe a little bit larger.
It would be something like that.
So these are my two curves.
Right?
Now I'm trying to make them look as similar as possible
to the other ones.
And I'll fill them in.
So that's what the volumes would look like at these points.
So really when you look at the volumes,
they look about the same.
They don't look any different at all.
And so you're left wondering well how in the world is it--
and this is actually very, very confusing to think
about for folks-- how in the world is it
that the pressure is so darn high on the end systolic curve
whereas it's low on the end diastolic curve, when they look
the same?
They don't look any different.
And to figure this out-- I think one easy trick I've been using
is to just imagine what's happening at the muscle level.
So the muscle cells are kind of contracting and pulling
in those z-disks.
At the end of systole, we've got tons of contraction happening.
And it's happening here too.
In fact, it's happening at every part of this curve.
And if I was to try to simplify this, instead of drawing
hundreds of arrows like this, I could
do this for every single point.
So instead of drawing hundreds of arrows,
you could imagine that I can actually
connect all these arrows like this
and that I would have a similar effect if I just
drew it like this.
I could simply draw almost like a rope or a band--
imagine a band or rope that's pulling and tugging
this way and this way.
If I was actually to draw the band like that,
you could imagine then, it would be the same effect
as the hundreds of little muscles that are contracting.
And to take it a step further, you
could actually even imagine people yanking on that band.
So this is how I picture it, just
people yanking on that band.
These are like two little workers,
let's say, yanking on the band and pulling it
in opposite directions.
And if they were pulling it in opposite directions,
you basically have what we think of as contraction.
You could have little workers that
are basically yanking on all these things, yanking away.
And by yanking away, what you basically end up with
is a force of contraction.
So this is basically how I imagine contraction,
having workers yanking in two different directions.
And if you had them going all around the heart
in every direction you could possibly imagine,
that is what a contracted ventricle is like.
And because they're yanking so darn hard,
because they're pulling so hard on this thing,
you basically have a lot of increase
in pressure building up on the inside of these ventricles.
And you really don't have that happening on the other side
because on the end diastolic curve--
I guess the question is do we have any workers?
Are they yanking?
And the answer is no.
The muscle cells are completely relaxed.
They're relaxed.
They're just hanging out and taking a nap.
You can imagine your workers are really not yanking at all.
And as a result, you don't have any
of that increase in pressure.
You have just a very, very low pressure.
And so that's the reason you can imagine
there's a difference, even though the volumes are
the same, that there's a difference in pressure.
So final question that plagues a lot of people-- and I'm
actually going to make a little bit of space
to answer it-- is so why is their blood in the ventricles
at the end of systole?
I mean isn't that the point where all of the blood
has exited the ventricles and gone into the aorta?
Why is there any blood in there anyway?
Shouldn't it be empty?
And to answer this-- to think about this,
we can actually draw a pressure volume loop.
I'm just going to draw it in purple just
to create a little difference in color.
And let's say that I have contraction
right here where I have a big purple dot.
That's where I begin my contraction.
So I'm going to draw going up from there like that.
And let's say now my ejection is happening.
And let's say, just rides over my picture of the worker
like that.
Let me actually draw one final volume piece,
and that would be what is the volume here.
Because we know that the volume is not changing there,
it's constant volume.
And at this point, you begin ejections.
So this is all ejection.
I'm going to write ejection on the curvy part of the curve.
So this is ejection happening right here
over the hump like that.
So ejection is happening between my two white lines.
And here in the vertical part, I could draw a picture like this.
I could say, well, my heart will be really full.
So it'll look-- in fact, let me make it bigger.
My heart is going to be really, really full.
Let me try to illustrate that nicely.
So I could have something like this.
I could have something like that.
And if my ventricle is that big, if it's that large-- let
me actually just color it in now.
Then what's actually happening when I have ejection?
Well, I'm going to cut and paste this little guy,
and show you on the top what it would look like.
So let me just drag this little fella over here.
And now this, if this is how I start out,
then when I eject blood, you're basically
going to have something like this.
You're going to have an amount that goes away,
and an amount that's left behind.
So the amount that's left behind is, of course, the amount
that I showed you on the side.
And I'm cutting it out.
And this doughnut hole shape that's left,
this is actually our stroke volume.
This is our stroke volume.
So you actually do have a lot of blood that goes into the aorta.
Of course, that's important.
And you have a little chunk that's left.
So now you can see that at the beginning of contraction,
you end up with having a lot of blood here.
This is where you start.
And then you lose a lot of blood.
This is our stroke volume that you lose.
And then you are left with a little bit of blood here.
And that's at the end of systole So at the end of systole
you do have some blood left, but you don't have nearly as much
as you had when you began systole.