[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.76,0:00:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, I'm an engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.20,0:00:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I make robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.20,0:00:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course you all know\Nwhat a robot is, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.72,0:00:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't, you'd probably go to Google,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.92,0:00:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'd ask Google what a robot is.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.80,0:00:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.68,0:00:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll go to Google\Nand this is what we get.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.44,0:00:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you can see here there are\Nlots of different types of robots,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.64,0:00:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're predominantly\Nhumanoid in structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.40,0:00:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they look pretty conventional
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.08,0:00:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they've got plastic,\Nthey've got metal,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.56,0:00:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've got motors and gears and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.88,0:00:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them look quite friendly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.52,0:00:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could go up\Nand you could hug them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.60,0:00:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them not so friendly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.04,0:01:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they look like they're\Nstraight out of "Terminator,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.52,0:01:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact they may well be\Nstraight out of "Terminator."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.08,0:01:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can do lots of really cool\Nthings with these robots --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.84,0:01:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can do really exciting stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.48,0:01:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'd like to look\Nat different kinds of robots --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.44,0:01:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to make different kinds of robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.44,0:01:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I take inspiration\Nfrom the things that don't look like us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.88,0:01:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but look like these.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.72,0:01:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are natural biological organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.32,0:01:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they do some\Nreally cool things that we can't,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.92,0:01:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and current robots can't either.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.04,0:01:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do all sorts of great things\Nlike moving around on the floor;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.24,0:01:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go into our gardens\Nand they eat our crops;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.52,0:01:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they climb trees;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.80,0:01:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they go in water, they come out of water;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.04,0:01:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they trap insects and digest them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.64,0:01:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they do really interesting things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.48,0:01:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They live, they breathe, they die,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.88,0:01:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they eat things from the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.72,0:01:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our current robots don't really do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.32,0:01:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, wouldn't it be great
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.56,0:01:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you could use some of those\Ncharacteristics in future robots
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.24,0:01:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you could solve\Nsome really interesting problems?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.96,0:01:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to look at a couple of problems\Nnow in the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.04,0:02:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we can use\Nthe skills and the technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.80,0:02:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,derived from these animals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.84,0:02:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from the plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.40,0:02:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can use them\Nto solve those problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.52,0:02:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have a look\Nat two environmental problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.60,0:02:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're both of our making --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.04,0:02:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is man interacting\Nwith the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.52,0:02:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doing some rather unpleasant things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.92,0:02:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one is to do\Nwith the pressure of population.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.08,0:02:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such is the pressure\Nof population around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.52,0:02:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that agriculture and farming is required\Nto produce more and more crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.68,0:02:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.92,0:02:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,farmers put more and more\Nchemicals onto the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.32,0:02:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They put on fertilizers,\Nnitrates, pesticides --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.48,0:02:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all sorts of things\Nthat encourage the growth of the crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.88,0:02:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are some negative impacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.04,0:02:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the negative impacts is\Nif you put lots of fertilizer on the land,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.52,0:02:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not all of it goes into the crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.96,0:02:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of it stays in the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.56,0:02:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then when it rains,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.04,0:02:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these chemicals go into the water table.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.56,0:02:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the water table,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.84,0:02:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they go into streams,\Ninto lakes, into rivers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.36,0:02:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and into the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.04,0:03:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you put all\Nof these chemicals, these nitrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.68,0:03:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into those kinds of environments,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.32,0:03:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are organisms in those environments\Nthat will be affected by that --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.12,0:03:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,algae, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.76,0:03:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Algae loves nitrates, it loves fertilizer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.32,0:03:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it will take in all these chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.44,0:03:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if the conditions are right,\Nit will mass produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.40,0:03:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will produce masses\Nand masses of new algae.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.68,0:03:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's called a bloom.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.24,0:03:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trouble is that\Nwhen algae reproduces like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.44,0:03:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starves the water of oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.12,0:03:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as you do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.40,0:03:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other organisms\Nin the water can't survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.72,0:03:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what do we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.76,0:03:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We try to produce a robot\Nthat will eat the algae,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.80,0:03:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consume it and make it safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.67,0:03:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is such a big problem
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.40,0:03:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that, you can see in the slide here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.26,0:03:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's an algal bloom\Noff the coast of Cornwall,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.27,0:03:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1999.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.46,0:03:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was 50 kilometers in length.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.63,0:03:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a massive problem
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.92,0:03:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is going to have an impact\Non fisheries, shellfish and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.38,0:03:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the first problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.30,0:03:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second problem is also of our making,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.82,0:03:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's to do with oil pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.14,0:04:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, oil comes out\Nof the engines that we use,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.90,0:04:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the boats that we use.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.26,0:04:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes tankers\Nflush their oil tanks into the sea,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.34,0:04:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so oil is released into the sea that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.87,0:04:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, there are some\Ndisasters that occur --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.49,0:04:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pipeline disasters, oil field disasters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.46,0:04:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here is the Deepwater\NHorizon oil spill from 2010.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.86,0:04:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from the satellite image,\Nyou can see a massive oil spill.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.86,0:04:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That has a devastating impact\Non the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.40,0:04:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the birds, on the fish,\Nand on the coastline.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.37,0:04:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wouldn't it be nice\Nif we could treat that in some way
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.97,0:04:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using robots that could eat the pollution\Nthe oil fields have produced?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.25,0:04:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.89,0:04:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We make robots that will eat pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.97,0:04:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To actually make the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.33,0:04:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we take inspiration from two organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.37,0:04:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the right there\Nyou see the basking shark.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.53,0:04:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The basking shark is a massive shark.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.09,0:04:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's noncarnivorous,\Nso you can swim with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.69,0:04:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you can see.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.17,0:04:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the basking shark opens its mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.05,0:05:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it swims through the water,\Ncollecting plankton.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.97,0:05:05.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it does that, it digests the food,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.21,0:05:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it uses that energy\Nin its body to keep moving.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.49,0:05:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, could we make a robot like that --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.37,0:05:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the basking shark\Nthat chugs through the water
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.93,0:05:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eats up pollution?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.25,0:05:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's see if we can do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.01,0:05:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, we take the inspiration\Nfrom other organisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.09,0:05:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got a picture here\Nof a water boatman,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.17,0:05:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the water boatman is really cute.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.01,0:05:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it's swimming in the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.61,0:05:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it uses its paddle-like legs\Nto push itself forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.69,0:05:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we take those two organisms
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.73,0:05:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we combine them together\Nto make a new kind of robot.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.41,0:05:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, because we're using\Nthe water boatman as inspiration,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.61,0:05:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our robot sits on top of the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.41,0:05:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it rows,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.69,0:05:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call it the "Row-bot."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.93,0:05:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a Row-bot is a robot that rows.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.81,0:05:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. So what does it look like?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.53,0:05:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's some pictures of the Row-bot,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.29,0:05:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'll see,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.53,0:05:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't look anything like the robots\Nwe saw right at the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.89,0:06:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google is wrong;\Nrobots don't look like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.05,0:06:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they look like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.29,0:06:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've got the Row-bot here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.09,0:06:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll just hold it up for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.53,0:06:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It gives you a sense of the scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.21,0:06:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't look\Nanything like the others.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.37,0:06:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so it's made out of plastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.01,0:06:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll have a look now\Nat the components
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.09,0:06:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make up the Row-bot --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.43,0:06:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes it really special.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.85,0:06:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Row-bot is made up of three parts,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.69,0:06:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those three parts are really\Nlike the parts of any organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.01,0:06:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got a brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.69,0:06:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got a body
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.09,0:06:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's got a stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.41,0:06:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It needs the stomach to create the energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.85,0:06:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any Row-bot will have\Nthose three components,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.09,0:06:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any organism\Nwill have those three components,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.49,0:06:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let's go through them one at a time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.41,0:06:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has a body,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.69,0:06:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its body is made out of plastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.49,0:06:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it sits on top of the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.73,0:06:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's got flippers on the side here --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.69,0:06:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paddles that help it move,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.21,0:06:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like the water boatman.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.29,0:06:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got a plastic body,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.65,0:06:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's got a soft rubber mouth here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.53,0:06:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a mouth here -- it's got two mouths.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.46,0:06:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why does it have two mouths?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.89,0:06:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is to let the food go in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.73,0:06:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other is to let the food go out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.69,0:07:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see really\Nit's got a mouth and a derriere,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.21,0:07:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.45,0:07:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.49,0:07:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something where the stuff comes out,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.25,0:07:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is just like a real organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.97,0:07:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's starting to look\Nlike that basking shark.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.81,0:07:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.21,0:07:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second component might be the stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.37,0:07:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to get the energy into the robot\Nand we need to treat the pollution,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.29,0:07:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the pollution goes in,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.85,0:07:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will do something.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.37,0:07:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got a cell in the middle here\Ncalled a microbial fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.97,0:07:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll put this down,\Nand I'll lift up the fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.29,0:07:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here. So instead of having batteries,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.17,0:07:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of having\Na conventional power system,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.37,0:07:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got one of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.65,0:07:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is its stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.93,0:07:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it really is a stomach
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.21,0:07:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you can put energy in this side\Nin the form of pollution,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.65,0:07:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it creates electricity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.33,0:07:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.57,0:07:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called a microbial fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.25,0:07:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a little bit\Nlike a chemical fuel cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.37,0:07:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you might have\Ncome across in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.41,0:07:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you might've seen in the news.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.05,0:07:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chemical fuel cells\Ntake hydrogen and oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.21,0:07:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they can combine them together\Nand you get electricity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.05,0:08:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's well-established technology;\Nit was in the Apollo space missions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.49,0:08:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's from 40, 50 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.53,0:08:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is slightly newer.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.81,0:08:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a microbial fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.29,0:08:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same principle:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.57,0:08:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got oxygen on one side,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.01,0:08:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead of having\Nhydrogen on the other,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.13,0:08:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got some soup,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.45,0:08:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and inside that soup\Nthere are living microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.29,0:08:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you take some organic material --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.01,0:08:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be some waste products, some food,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.37,0:08:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe a bit of your sandwich --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.89,0:08:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you put it in there,\Nthe microbes will eat that food,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.73,0:08:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they will turn it into electricity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.49,0:08:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only that, but if you select\Nthe right kind of microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.01,0:08:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can use the microbial fuel cell\Nto treat some of the pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.49,0:08:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you choose the right microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.13,0:08:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the microbes will eat the algae.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.77,0:08:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you use other kinds of microbes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.13,0:08:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will eat petroleum\Nspirits and crude oil.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.05,0:08:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see\Nhow this stomach could be used
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.77,0:08:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to not only treat the pollution
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.05,0:08:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to generate electricity\Nfrom the pollution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.49,0:08:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the robot will move\Nthrough the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.29,0:08:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking food into its stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.41,0:09:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,digest the food, create electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.93,0:09:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,use that electricity\Nto move through the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.45,0:09:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keep doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.69,0:09:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so let's see what happens\Nwhen we run the Row-bot --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.25,0:09:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it does some rowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.65,0:09:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we've got a couple of videos,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.33,0:09:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first thing you'll see --\Nhopefully you can see here
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.01,0:09:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the mouth open.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.33,0:09:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The front mouth and the bottom mouth open,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.37,0:09:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will stay opened enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.93,0:09:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the robot will start to row forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.97,0:09:24.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It moves through the water
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.25,0:09:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that food goes in\Nas the waste products go out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.37,0:09:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once it's moved enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.65,0:09:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it stops and then it closes the mouth --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.61,0:09:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slowly closes the mouths --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.05,0:09:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it will sit there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.73,0:09:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will digest the food.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.09,0:09:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course these microbial fuel cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.81,0:09:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they contain microbes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.09,0:09:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you really want is lots of energy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.97,0:09:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming out of those microbes\Nas quickly as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.61,0:09:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can't force the microbes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.21,0:09:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they generate a small amount\Nof electricity per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.25,0:09:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They generate milliwatts, or microwatts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.53,0:09:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's put that into context.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.41,0:09:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your mobile phone for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.97,0:09:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of these modern ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.37,0:10:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you use it, it takes about one watt.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.61,0:10:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's a thousand or a million times\Nas much energy that that uses
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.45,0:10:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the microbial fuel cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.09,0:10:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we cope with that?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.69,0:10:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when the Row-bot\Nhas done its digestion,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.57,0:10:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's taken the food in,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.05,0:10:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will sit there and it will wait\Nuntil it has consumed all that food.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.61,0:10:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That could take some hours,\Nit could take some days.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.85,0:10:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A typical cycle for the Row-bot\Nlooks like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.57,0:10:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you open your mouth,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.85,0:10:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you move,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.13,0:10:28.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you close your mouth
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.41,0:10:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you sit there for a while waiting.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.29,0:10:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you digest your food,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.69,0:10:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can go about\Ndoing the same thing again.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.53,0:10:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you know what, that looks\Nlike a real organism, doesn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.53,0:10:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks like the kind of thing we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.41,0:10:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saturday night,\Nwe go out, open our mouths,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.49,0:10:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fill our stomachs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.05,0:10:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sit in front of the telly and digest.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.01,0:10:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we've had enough,\Nwe do the same thing again.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.41,0:10:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, if we're lucky with this cycle,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.29,0:10:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of the cycle\Nwe'll have enough energy left over
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.85,0:10:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to be able to do something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.01,0:10:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could send a message, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.05,0:11:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could send a message saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.57,0:11:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is how much pollution\NI've eaten recently,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.93,0:11:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, "This is the kind of stuff\Nthat I've encountered,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.53,0:11:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, "This is where I am."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.89,0:11:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That ability to send a message\Nsaying, "This is where I am,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.17,0:11:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really, really important.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.13,0:11:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think about the oil slicks\Nthat we saw before,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.65,0:11:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or those massive algal blooms,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.13,0:11:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you really want to do\Nis put your Row-bot out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.85,0:11:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it eats up all of those pollutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.85,0:11:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you have to go collect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.05,0:11:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.29,0:11:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because these Row-bots at the moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.13,0:11:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this Row-bot I've got here,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.49,0:11:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it contains motors, it contains wires,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.37,0:11:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it contains components\Nwhich themselves are not biodegradable.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.85,0:11:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Current Row-bots contain\Nthings like toxic batteries.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.61,0:11:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't leave those in the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.61,0:11:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you need to track them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.13,0:11:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then when they've finished\Ntheir job of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.49,0:11:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to collect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.77,0:11:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That limits the number\Nof Row-bots you can use.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.13,0:11:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If, on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.41,0:11:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have robot a little bit\Nlike a biological organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.57,0:11:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to the end of its life,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.69,0:11:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it dies and it degrades to nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.17,0:11:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So wouldn't it be nice if these robots,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.53,0:11:59.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of being like this,\Nmade out of plastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.79,0:12:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were made out of other materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.41,0:12:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which when you throw them out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.17,0:12:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they biodegrade to nothing?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.53,0:12:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That changes the way\Nin which we use robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.65,0:12:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of putting 10 or 100\Nout into the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.05,0:12:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having to track them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.33,0:12:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then when they die,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.69,0:12:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collect them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.93,0:12:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could put a thousand,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.65,0:12:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a million, a billion robots\Ninto the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.41,0:12:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just spread them around.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.25,0:12:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know that at the end of their lives,\Nthey're going to degrade to nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.89,0:12:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't need to worry about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.61,0:12:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that changes the way\Nin which you think about robots
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.25,0:12:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way you deploy them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.65,0:12:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the question is: Can you do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.53,0:12:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, yes, we have shown\Nthat you can do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.73,0:12:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can make robots\Nwhich are biodegradable.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.85,0:12:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's really interesting\Nis you can use household materials
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.73,0:12:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make these biodegradable robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.45,0:12:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll show you some;\Nyou might be surprised.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.75,0:12:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can make a robot out of jelly.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.67,0:12:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of having a motor,\Nwhich we have at the moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.47,0:12:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can make things\Ncalled artificial muscles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.95,0:12:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artificial muscles are smart materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.27,0:12:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you apply electricity to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.75,0:12:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they contract,\Nor they bend or they twist.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.95,0:13:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They look like real muscles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.19,0:13:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead of having a motor,\Nyou have these artificial muscles.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.21,0:13:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can make\Nartificial muscles out of jelly.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.07,0:13:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take some jelly and some salts,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.03,0:13:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do a bit of jiggery-pokery,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.63,0:13:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can make an artificial muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.45,0:13:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can do the same thing\Nwith natural rubber, latex.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.74,0:13:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could make a robot\Nout of a balloon.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.38,0:13:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can make a robot\Nout of a rubber glove.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.80,0:13:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can even make a robot out of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.02,0:13:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can make actuators,\Nthat is, things that move,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.14,0:13:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with electricity, out of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.29,0:13:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've also shown you can make\Nthe microbial fuel cell's stomach
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.89,0:13:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.33,0:13:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could make the whole\Nrobot out of biodegradable materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.13,0:13:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You throw them out there,\Nand they degrade to nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.25,0:13:42.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is really, really exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.13,0:13:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to totally change the way\Nin which we think about robots,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.34,0:13:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also it allows you\Nto be really creative
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.61,0:13:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the way in which you think\Nabout what you can do with these robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.97,0:13:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give you an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.25,0:13:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can use jelly to make a robot --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.85,0:13:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, we eat jelly, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.77,0:13:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, why not make something like this?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.29,0:14:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A robot gummy bear.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.77,0:14:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, I've got some I prepared earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.57,0:14:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There we go. I've got a packet --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.21,0:14:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've got a lemon-flavored one.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.25,0:14:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll take this gummy bear --\Nhe's not robotic, OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.01,0:14:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to pretend.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.25,0:14:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you do with one of these\Nis you put it in your mouth --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.29,0:14:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lemon's quite nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.37,0:14:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Try not to chew it too much,\Nit's a robot, it may not like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.49,0:14:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you swallow it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.73,0:14:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then it goes into your stomach.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.45,0:14:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when it's inside your stomach,\Nit moves, it thinks, it twists, it bends,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.29,0:14:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does something.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.53,0:14:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could go further down\Ninto your intestines,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.73,0:14:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find out whether you've got\Nsome ulcer or cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.09,0:14:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe do an injection,\Nsomething like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.21,0:14:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know that once\Nit's done its job of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.09,0:14:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could be consumed by your stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.33,0:14:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if you don't want that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.05,0:14:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could go straight through you,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.69,0:14:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the toilet,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.93,0:14:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be degraded safely in the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.17,0:14:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this changes the way, again,\Nin which we think about robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.37,0:14:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we started off looking\Nat robots that would eat pollution,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.69,0:15:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we're looking\Nat robots which we can eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.37,0:15:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hope this gives you some idea
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.05,0:15:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the kinds of things\Nwe can do with future robots.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.21,0:15:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much for your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.13,0:15:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)