WEBVTT

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Our modern life is built on energy

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we use it to heat to cool 
to light up our cities

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you can powers are cars 
and flies are planes.

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It fills our stores and keeps us switched 
on and plugged-in in the

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average home in America in 1980.

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There were 3 electronic devices.

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Today,

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there are over 25.

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But most of that energy comes 
from burning coal,

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oil and gas.

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I don't think people understand when 
they flipped the light switch

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were that energy comes from.

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Is there a better way.

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We need a miracle in energy technology.

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Around the globe.

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There was a race on to find a solution.

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Tapping the power of the sun this 
tablespoon of fuel is going to

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change the world.

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We need to innovate and we need to 
innovate faster and in the wake

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of Japan's tsunami re-examining nuclear.

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Nuclear keeps looking pretty good,

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even with the Fukushima might.

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Kent technology help us fuel our future.

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The current problem is actually 
easily solved.

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And are we ready for it.

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Everybody wants it somewhere other 
than their own backyard.

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Guess what.

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If you don't,

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solve the problem,

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your backyard isn't going 
look the same anyway.

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Most programs about climate 
change start on a noted.

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With images like this.

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But this is a program about fixing.

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So it starts in a place where it is 
hard to imagine that there are

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any problems at all.

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Sir Richard Branson's private 
Caribbean island.

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And I first saw it this island.

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I've never seen a more beautiful 
jewel in my life and completely

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fell in love with it.

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The challenge was to make sure 
that you actually enhance the

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beauty rather than destroy it.

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Branson.

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The airline mogul has even upgraded 
his little Caribbean jewel

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with some pretty spectacular flyers.

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About a hundred years ago.

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I think the last from India got 
eaten so with embarked on a

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program of reintroducing 
them to the islands.

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The thing I think the island is a 
more perfect island today than

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it was before we arrived and I think 
you know that's what we've

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got to try to do with the world.

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But fixing the world is an easy 
even for billionaires in fact

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Branson's love of nature has created 
a big personal dilemma.

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He's become super rich well bringing 
stylish air travel to the

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masses.

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And yet he is also worried 
about climate change.

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Those 2 passions are like the oil 
it takes to run his planes.

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And water.

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They do not mix.

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Branson's dilemma while a bit 
more high-flying than most.

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Is ultimately the same that we all face.

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How can we get the energy our world 
needs in a way that want

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threatening.

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Climate change is one of the 
greatest threats relevant.

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Branson solution is to use 
his entrepreneurial must.

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And profits to attack climate change 
an idea inspired by another

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famous brand Winston Churchill.

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The threat of carbon could be worse 
than you know who won World

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War II pretty careless if that's the case.

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Churchill would get a warm set up 
he would rally industry he'd

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rally the troops and try 
to be carbon the enemy.

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And so we set up the top.

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Branson is not alone.

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Right now in laboratories 
around the globe.

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There is a race on to find a solution.

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The outcome is uncertain.

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But ultimately,

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the question is can technology 
save us from climate change.

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There is no better place to start 
than deep in this West Virginia

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coal mine.

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Which generates half of all US electricity 
tells a story millions

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of years old.

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35 million years ago Earth's atmosphere 
was awash in carbon

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dioxide.

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But this is what look like.

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This.

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Alligators and South Dakota.

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Palm trees in the Rocky Mountains.

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And instead of being covered by ice 
they were forecasts in an art

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. Over millions of years those trees 
pulled the carbon out of the

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air to grow and when they died.

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Much of that carbon got 
buried underground.

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The same process created the coal 
we see here in West Virginia.

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Cole is up to 86% car.

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Yes.

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A gallon of gasoline and other fossil 
fuel represents 100 tons of

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ancient plans.

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That's why gas,

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coal and oil are called fossil fuels.

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With the advent of the industrial 
age that carbon rich coal and

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oil was dug up and burned as fuel.

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Burning anything releases car.

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But carbon dense coal and 
oil release a lot.

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That carbon long-buried combines 
with oxygen in the Earth's

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atmosphere and acts like a blank.

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This NASA map shows global temperatures 
rising over the last

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center.

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No one is sure precisely how much 
the temperature will rise or how

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quickly.

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But the atmosphere carbon predicted 
for the end of this century is

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approaching the level from 
35 million years ago.

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When those alligators 
swam in South Dakota.

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The task ahead is to cut carbon emissions.

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And that is exactly what Steven put 
cholera has figured out how to

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do.

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The caller is an environmental biologist 
at Princeton University

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and a serious would worker.

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He has used both skills to demonstrate 
how we can solve our carbon

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problem he calls it the wedge theory.

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It's easy to say all the energy 
problem is so big that we can't

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possibly build enough wind 
turbines to solve it.

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We can't possibly do enough 
conservation to solve it.

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So you break the problem 
into pieces and say,

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what are the technological 
options across the board,

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that we have to throw at it.

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But says the problem can 
be easily visualize.

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This is the amount of emissions 
that humanity puts out annually

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its carbon emissions greenhouse 
gas emissions,

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and this is,

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and what happened for the first 10,000 
years since the end of the

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last Ice Age people admitted almost 
nothing the Liberal cleared

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albeit associated with funding.

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But then the industrial revolution 
happened an emissions started

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increase because of the burning 
of coal and oil.

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And then in the natural gas,

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but it increased and increased 
increased and they're still

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increase.

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So instead of allowing them to climb.

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We've got a freeze them to this triangle 
here is the size of the

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problem,

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it's the gap between what we were 
gonna do and what we must do.

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Risks.

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The caller says this triangle 
represents the challenge.

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Asked to do.

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It is the carbon emissions that 
we must somehow keep out of the

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atmosphere.

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To help make this easier to understand 
and more fun Ocala decided

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to turn it into a game literally one,

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Chris.

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At home,

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and my kids were fight an inside-outside 
and I was like that's

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gonna go outside to build something.

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He used his working skills 
to build the game.

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Here's how it works.

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He turn the area that is the 
problem into a triangle.

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This represents the total amount 
of carbon day we must avoid

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putting into the atmosphere 
in the next 50 years.

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The ideal target is controversial 
but Karla calculated it was 7

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billion tons per year.

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He divided that up into one 
billion ton section.

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He made wooden wedges that represent 
technologies that could fill

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in their Tri hang.

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So it is there own technology 
big enough to do a 7th of the

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problem and he has he was 
high on the whole,

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there were 15 already in the marketplace 
at an industrial scale.

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These are not pie in the sky things 
easy things you can go in

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visit on a field trip.

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Most of the 15 wedges can be grouped 
into 4 simple categories.

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This green,

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which represents the easiest 
and cheapest efficiency.

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Like increasing the fuel mileage 
of all cars from 30 to 60 miles

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per gallon.

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This yellow which represents tripling 
the number of nuclear power

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plants over 50 years.

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This blue which represents cleaning 
coal plants by burying their

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carbon emissions.

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And this red,

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which represents the sun harnessing 
its power with solar panels or

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wind turbines.

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This thing has 2 different wages 
per in his Princeton colleague

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Robert cycle though did the complicated 
analysis behind this

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simple game to prove that 
it could be done.

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The way you play the game to feel 
the triangle with 7 of the 15

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available technological wedges and 
create your own solution to the

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climate crisis.

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Some people might use more solar energy.

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Good evening.

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Others more efficiency savings.

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I'm got nominate a wedge.

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Efficient and I think efficiency 
one wedges modest and self

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important more of these efficiency wedges.

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The point is that there are 
many possible solutions.

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It all depends on our choices.

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Drawing the blueprint for a solution 
to this problem is deeply

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challenging to help Nova has assembled 
the panel of experts.

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Leaders from business academia 
and government,

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who are all trying to find solutions.

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And technology said this.

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Yes you can.

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And it should it must and that's to say,

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it must save.

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Technology save us from climate change 
absolutely very convinced

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that can and in fact beyond that 
what I would says it's an

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incredible opportunity for us to 
create more kinds of new things,

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no.

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We can do things that we 
can't dream alive today.

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We can envision what it will look 
like a hundred years from now.

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I think the carbon problem 
is actually easily solved:

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what's hard is that we need 
to make a lot of change.

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You know we more last halved coming 
forward at this to recreate a

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green version of the revolution.

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It's taken us under 50 years.

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There are people right now.

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If you go to work every day and 
they can say to themselves.

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You know if I got lucky.

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Today I will arguably saved the 
world and become not just the

00:22:57.000 --> 00:19:19.000
richest person in it.

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But the richest person ever.

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Climate change solutions will create 
more wealth than any other

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sector over the next decade.

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Richard Branson knows the power 
of profits to spark innovation.

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So he has started a$25

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million contest for the best idea 
to reduce carbon levels.

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Is there some way that some of that 
extra CO2 might be scavenge

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officially out of the atmosphere.

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One of the people working to do that 
and hoping that Branson might

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make his Christmas come a bit early 
is Klaus if physicist at

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Columbia University.

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Wagner's idea is brilliantly simple 
why not develop technologies

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that work just like trees removing 
the carbon pollution that our

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cars and Branson's planes make.

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Everybody knows it can be done every 
submarine has to pull that

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CO2 out of the people.

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Preterm side.

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Carbon capture is not a new idea.

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The navy has relied on it for decades 
deep underwater submarine

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exhale carbon dioxide with every breath.

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In such a small enclosed space 
that CO2 builds up and becomes

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talks.

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In every submarine CO2 must be 
removed from the air for the

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sailors to survive.

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That's done with some pretty basic 
chemistry using a machine

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called a scrap.

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The carbon in a carbon dioxide molecule 
has a slightly positive

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charge.

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If the chemical filter inside the 
scrub has a special negative

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charge the carbon dioxide will 
be drawn would like a magnet.

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In his lab Wagner found a resin based 
material that acts just like

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this submarine scrub attracting 
carbon dioxide to stick to it.

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The next challenge was how to capture 
carbon naturally in the

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breeze without using energy.

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Well,

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you know,

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really.

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Wagner experimented with various 
shapes from Richard flat panels.

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GE.

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2 material draped like a flag.

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He discovered that cutting the material 
into very thin strips.

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And putting them along a liar 
would be most effective

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the result a man made carbon collector 
highly engineered at one of

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America's top universities 
that looks in the end,

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like a branch of a Christmas tree.

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These 2 branches look very much alike 
because they finally trying

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to do more or less the same thing 
but these materials to know

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about a thousand times better at 
collecting CO2 from the air,

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then a natural tree.

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Wagner's vision is that one day there 
would be a fleet of carbon

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needing vehicles each about the size 
of an 18-wheeler sucking up

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the unwanted carbon from Richard 
Branson's planes.

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Or those New York City Cats.

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Our modern world has an insatiable 
appetite for energy.

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It is tight economic growth 
and prosperity.

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Hardly fossil fuels feed 
85% of that demand.

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Fossil fuels are still used and we 
are taking the CO2 and capture

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it and store it safely and permanently.

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Is really critical.

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Not just for calls 50% electricity 
comes from coal in the US but

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80% of electricity in China 
comes from coal.

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Jim Rogers,

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the CEO of one of America's largest 
electric utilities says

00:31:04.000 --> 00:27:28.000
figuring out how to clean up coal 
must be part of the solution.

00:27:28.000 --> 00:26:02.000
The issue for Congress can we clean it up.

00:26:02.000 --> 00:29:35.000
That is the technology challenge we have,

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:59.000
because you just can't wake up and 
tomorrow morning and saying no

00:30:49.000 --> 00:22:40.000
more coal.

00:23:03.000 --> 00:34:26.000
Rogers says we need to be finding 
ways to capture and store carbon

00:34:26.000 --> 00:29:59.000
. Like Wagner's doing in his lab.

00:29:59.000 --> 00:29:03.000
But on a very large scale we need 
to do it with a sense of urgency

00:29:03.000 --> 00:21:25.000
. We're not moving faster.

00:27:53.000 --> 00:25:17.000
The process of capturing carbon 
in burying it is happening on a

00:25:17.000 --> 00:19:42.000
massive scale in a place where people 
don't take taxis they take.

00:30:56.000 --> 00:20:48.000
The Sahara desert.

00:20:48.000 --> 00:28:18.000
Algeria.

00:33:41.000 --> 00:32:44.000
Location so remote and difficult 
to get through.

00:32:44.000 --> 00:30:07.000
We had to fly there on British 
Petroleum chartered flight.

00:25:15.000 --> 00:24:38.000
In Salah was once an important trait 
lake in the middle of the

00:24:38.000 --> 00:19:19.000
Sahara desert.

00:26:31.000 --> 00:31:53.000
It may be an important link 
to our energy future.

00:19:19.000 --> 00:29:41.000
North Africa is rich in natural gas.

00:32:52.000 --> 00:33:45.000
At in that gas which might heat your home.

00:33:58.000 --> 00:24:13.000
Comes out of the ground with up 
to 10% carbon dioxide mixed in.

00:24:13.000 --> 00:23:06.000
And in purity that would make your 
stove burned less efficiently.

00:25:48.000 --> 00:32:41.000
So the carbon dioxide is scrubbed 
out like in a submarine.

00:29:03.000 --> 00:21:27.000
Usually that carbon dioxide is just 
released into the atmosphere.

00:24:19.000 --> 00:20:04.000
But here at it is pressurized and 
pumped through sewage pipes that

00:20:34.000 --> 00:26:05.000
stretch across the desert.

00:23:10.000 --> 00:27:14.000
5 miles away the gas makes 
an unexpected turn.

00:32:07.000 --> 00:24:12.000
Here at the K B 5-o 2 site the Algerian 
national gas company and

00:26:02.000 --> 00:35:05.000
BP are put in the car and outside 
right back where they found

00:25:47.000 --> 00:35:17.000
underground.

00:31:21.000 --> 00:32:34.000
Geologist John Mitchell E is checking 
up on the gas pressure.

00:26:45.000 --> 00:20:50.000
This is the inject a wellhead for 
KB fight both too in this pipe

00:26:30.000 --> 00:31:23.000
is the carbon dioxide that's been 
compressed the production

00:32:53.000 --> 00:25:24.000
facility.

00:24:16.000 --> 00:36:47.000
The noise you hear is the flow of gas.

00:23:31.000 --> 00:29:54.000
The pressurized carbon outside is 
then forced more than a mile.

00:30:26.000 --> 00:21:29.000
Where it is pushed into a 
porous rock formation.

00:22:20.000 --> 00:30:02.000
And effectively trapped back underground.

00:21:36.000 --> 00:25:18.000
That facility takes of power plants were.

00:37:26.000 --> 00:29:11.000
In the wedges game capturing the 
CO2 like this from 1600 natural

00:29:11.000 --> 00:31:45.000
gas plants would provide one wedge 
or one 7th of the needed

00:33:45.000 --> 00:24:16.000
solution.

00:21:09.000 --> 00:23:22.000
But doing this is expensive and 
would increase the price.

00:29:23.000 --> 00:22:27.000
So at present In Salah is one of 
only 4 such facilities in the

00:22:27.000 --> 00:33:47.000
world.

00:33:47.000 --> 00:23:49.000
Operating at a large scale.

00:25:30.000 --> 00:33:43.000
There are more of these right now 
because there's no commercial

00:33:43.000 --> 00:31:44.000
reason to do them.

00:32:06.000 --> 00:30:00.000
Price of fossil fuel reflected the 
damage that was caused by the

00:30:00.000 --> 00:26:34.000
greenhouse gases that office and there 
would be an economic reason

00:27:34.000 --> 00:28:06.000
to store the carbon dioxide below ground.

00:35:38.000 --> 00:33:50.000
Given that the gases invisible.

00:33:50.000 --> 00:38:02.000
How do they know it is actually 
staying underground.

00:29:06.000 --> 00:32:59.000
Satellite measurements reveal the 
surface of the earth at the site

00:32:59.000 --> 00:28:25.000
. We can calculate how much movement 
there is in the Earth's

00:30:05.000 --> 00:23:40.000
surface under way in Baghdad now 
cancellations all tight monetary

00:23:40.000 --> 00:27:50.000
motion.

00:27:35.000 --> 00:36:38.000
Fans of the Sahara are stretched up 
to 12 millimeters to make room

00:37:38.000 --> 00:27:01.000
for the carbon dioxide injected inside.

00:22:29.000 --> 00:26:03.000
So if carbon dioxide from a single 
natural gas plant can literally

00:26:03.000 --> 00:24:35.000
move the surface of the earth.

00:24:35.000 --> 00:35:18.000
What is the impact of all of the 
carbon are modern life creates.

00:23:11.000 --> 00:34:53.000
We produce 9 billion tons 
of carbon a year.

00:37:24.000 --> 00:29:15.000
A number,

00:29:15.000 --> 00:36:46.000
so hard to that,

00:36:46.000 --> 00:32:29.000
we decided to break it down 
into something more manage.

00:33:42.000 --> 00:38:04.000
What is your contribution 
to climate change.

00:26:57.000 --> 00:38:39.000
When you look around your home and 
there are some obvious places

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:53.000
where we use live energy and for 
most people during not occur

00:23:53.000 --> 00:27:23.000
again.

00:23:44.000 --> 00:23:45.000
Dan Kaufman,

00:23:45.000 --> 00:27:18.000
of the University of California 
at Berkeley has tried to figure

00:27:18.000 --> 00:31:20.000
out the carbon footprint 
of the average America.

00:34:21.000 --> 00:34:02.000
Heating our homes.

00:38:34.000 --> 00:23:36.000
Driving our cars.

00:29:48.000 --> 00:23:10.000
Growing and shipping our food.

00:36:10.000 --> 00:38:33.000
We know how much carbon associated 
with each year of energy we use

00:38:33.000 --> 00:38:14.000
in our house.

00:38:14.000 --> 00:25:48.000
Adding those things up basic counting.

00:37:28.000 --> 00:23:40.000
But it will depend on obvious.

00:33:30.000 --> 00:37:33.000
Developed a Web site where you can 
calculate your carbon footprint

00:37:33.000 --> 00:24:08.000
. But we wanted to make 
it a bit more graphic.

00:29:30.000 --> 00:32:14.000
So we asked him to imagine it as 
a solid white garden compost

00:35:14.000 --> 00:24:36.000
which is mostly carbon anyway.

00:33:40.000 --> 00:24:05.000
One pound of carbon limited as an 
invisible gas can be represented

00:24:35.000 --> 00:25:57.000
as a pound of this rich black dirt.

00:29:58.000 --> 00:25:41.000
20 mile trip to the store and back.

00:25:41.000 --> 00:40:22.000
That's about 6 pounds of carbon.

00:39:56.000 --> 00:33:28.000
One short trip.

00:33:28.000 --> 00:31:09.000
The 6 pounds.

00:28:02.000 --> 00:26:23.000
But in one year.

00:26:23.000 --> 00:28:46.000
The average American drives 
about 10,000 miles.

00:31:31.000 --> 00:40:05.000
This is the average American driver 
through the year 2 tons of car

00:40:05.000 --> 00:38:29.000
. All those car trips 2 tons.

00:28:52.000 --> 00:33:16.000
And all that driving flying buying 
and heating we do in a year.

00:38:56.000 --> 00:38:57.000
6 times.

00:32:21.000 --> 00:38:44.000
I show you the average family's carbon 
footprint I've invited like

00:40:54.000 --> 00:37:35.000
kids to join.

00:25:09.000 --> 00:34:13.000
And this is the average American 
families Norfolk just one here.

00:32:17.000 --> 00:33:51.000
Your average families 14 tons of 
carbon waste combines in the

00:35:51.000 --> 00:33:16.000
atmosphere with oxygen to create 
50 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

00:34:59.000 --> 00:39:33.000
That gas floating in the atmosphere 
sunlight enter to warm earth.

00:35:45.000 --> 00:33:26.000
But it blocks.

00:33:26.000 --> 00:39:37.000
Much of the heat from escaping.

00:34:59.000 --> 00:35:32.000
It's like an invisible cortex 
blanket warm you know are.

00:26:07.000 --> 00:30:31.000
So how can we get energy with the 
least amount of carbon emissions

00:30:31.000 --> 00:34:12.000
. Mean.

00:39:12.000 --> 00:29:06.000
The first stop on everyone's 
green energy list the sun.

00:31:09.000 --> 00:30:33.000
Solar power is the poster child for 
transforming our energy system

00:30:33.000 --> 00:28:27.000
. There's huge potential.

00:28:27.000 --> 00:26:59.000
If you look at the numbers,

00:26:59.000 --> 00:30:13.000
the amount of solar energy reaching 
the surface of the is 100,000

00:31:33.000 --> 00:39:23.000
terror laws.

00:41:45.000 --> 00:35:48.000
The amount of energy that civilization 
is using for all of its

00:37:38.000 --> 00:28:21.000
purposes today 17 or 18 Caroline's.

00:29:53.000 --> 00:28:56.000
This makes solar energy 
enormously attractive.

00:42:06.000 --> 00:39:09.000
You know we need a few square meters 
of solar panels for every

00:40:19.000 --> 00:28:53.000
person in the world they actually 
generate all the energy will be

00:30:23.000 --> 00:35:26.000
and we don't do that is it's still 
too expensive solar panels cost

00:35:26.000 --> 00:37:07.000
a lot of money.

00:37:07.000 --> 00:30:01.000
The question is can we make 
photovoltaic stitching.

00:32:51.000 --> 00:38:51.000
And if.

00:42:52.000 --> 00:36:05.000
Making solar power cheaply 
is now the goal.

00:34:56.000 --> 00:29:48.000
And with billions at stake.

00:29:48.000 --> 00:34:19.000
There is a race on to do.

00:33:21.000 --> 00:33:14.000
There is no better place to see 
the intensity of that race then

00:34:04.000 --> 00:42:44.000
here in Chai.

00:39:37.000 --> 00:28:42.000
China leads the world in the manufacture 
of solar panels and it's

00:28:42.000 --> 00:36:54.000
not just because of cheap labor,

00:36:54.000 --> 00:29:39.000
a big part of it is down of this 
man Jung wrong she the CEO of

00:29:39.000 --> 00:34:02.000
suntan and a remarkable 
rags to riches story.

00:40:54.000 --> 00:33:07.000
Well safety the fortune overnight,

00:33:07.000 --> 00:37:40.000
but I never believed that and 
he's not sure for anybody.

00:37:40.000 --> 00:27:41.000
Yes,

00:27:41.000 --> 00:37:53.000
he's not sure unless you 
have the rich a father,

00:37:53.000 --> 00:43:53.000
you know me,

00:43:53.000 --> 00:35:54.000
that's different,

00:35:54.000 --> 00:38:34.000
you know.

00:28:56.000 --> 00:33:18.000
She's family was far from rich.

00:33:18.000 --> 00:30:19.000
In fact,

00:30:19.000 --> 00:29:42.000
his father was so poor that she 
was put up for adoption.

00:37:43.000 --> 00:40:17.000
Now he's known as the Sun King and 
is ranked among the richest men

00:40:17.000 --> 00:30:28.000
in the world.

00:36:19.000 --> 00:41:22.000
I'm a very aggressive personality.

00:41:22.000 --> 00:36:06.000
So when I saw as opportunity 
during I've just.

00:27:51.000 --> 00:42:42.000
Before hitting the jackpot,

00:42:42.000 --> 00:37:26.000
she was a solar scientist in 
Australia but felt the best.

00:38:26.000 --> 00:39:09.000
Way to get solar out to the world 
was not through publishing

00:39:09.000 --> 00:40:02.000
papers but through combining 
science with this.

00:36:37.000 --> 00:39:00.000
The initial reaction from his university 
colleague and teacher

00:39:30.000 --> 00:41:12.000
Stewart went and was not encouraging.

00:37:03.000 --> 00:34:04.000
Well,

00:34:04.000 --> 00:37:38.000
to be honest when he first mentioned 
to me his idea why didn't

00:39:28.000 --> 00:30:50.000
actually think it was a good idea,

00:30:50.000 --> 00:30:31.000
and I told you so.

00:43:02.000 --> 00:37:03.000
Today,

00:37:03.000 --> 00:38:46.000
she's former teacher is his 
chief technology officer.

00:33:07.000 --> 00:38:57.000
Amazing.

00:41:47.000 --> 00:35:50.000
Instead of perfecting technology 
in the lab,

00:35:50.000 --> 00:30:53.000
they are using their science 
to cut the cost of solar.

00:40:27.000 --> 00:43:00.000
The basic science of photovoltaic 
technology is pretty

00:43:00.000 --> 00:38:01.000
straightforward.

00:36:02.000 --> 00:39:24.000
And has been around since the 1950s.

00:31:16.000 --> 00:30:28.000
Photo means light.

00:38:08.000 --> 00:41:38.000
Pictures.

00:36:19.000 --> 00:42:19.000
And so,

00:42:19.000 --> 00:31:41.000
when a photon of light.

00:31:41.000 --> 00:45:23.000
It's a silicon atom its 
energy Knox an electron

00:39:05.000 --> 00:38:07.000
which is then directed 
through the silicon.

00:42:17.000 --> 00:31:39.000
To the thin wires on this

00:29:41.000 --> 00:35:15.000
that stream of electrons is 
electricity back in power.

00:35:15.000 --> 00:31:39.000
Anything from your toaster to your TV.

00:30:23.000 --> 00:32:27.000
During the manufacturing process 
metal lines that workers wires

00:35:27.000 --> 00:42:18.000
are put on the surface of the silly.

00:45:19.000 --> 00:32:55.000
The problem is these metal lines 
cannot be made very narrow that

00:33:35.000 --> 00:35:28.000
shines quite a bit of the 
solar cell surface.

00:42:39.000 --> 00:29:33.000
One way when I mean she working 
to improve their cells is by

00:29:33.000 --> 00:35:15.000
making the wires thinner 
and closer together.

00:35:15.000 --> 00:38:37.000
So the electrons don't 
have to travel so far.

00:39:48.000 --> 00:46:11.000
Look at the solar still here on 
my left Castaneda lines were

00:46:11.000 --> 00:42:02.000
locked place up.

00:33:13.000 --> 00:36:47.000
The new design increases efficiency 
which drives down the costs

00:38:38.000 --> 00:30:51.000
its innovations like these 
that has led she.

00:31:51.000 --> 00:34:26.000
The dominant world production in 
2001 it would take Sun Tech a

00:34:26.000 --> 00:38:20.000
whole year to produce what Mao rolls 
out of the factory in 2 days

00:39:02.000 --> 00:42:42.000
that.

00:44:22.000 --> 00:38:25.000
Kind of growth can be seen across China,

00:38:25.000 --> 00:40:38.000
where they are adding the equivalent 
of a city the size of Chicago

00:44:58.000 --> 00:31:40.000
every 3 months.

00:40:55.000 --> 00:38:29.000
Nowhere is the enthusiasm for solar 
power more celebrated than

00:38:29.000 --> 00:35:50.000
into June,

00:35:50.000 --> 00:44:31.000
3 hours south of Beijing.

00:44:32.000 --> 00:34:04.000
And the improvement

00:33:16.000 --> 00:41:17.000
and at night.

00:41:17.000 --> 00:41:28.000
The city is alike.

00:41:28.000 --> 00:39:25.000
With me on that is powered by batteries 
that charged in the day by

00:40:45.000 --> 00:40:57.000
an enormous array of solar panels.

00:45:09.000 --> 00:31:24.000
The man behind this showcase city 
is how long me another of

00:33:04.000 --> 00:42:15.000
China's solar millionaires.

00:41:47.000 --> 00:36:58.000
Sort of me.

00:36:58.000 --> 00:33:53.000
It is my dream of a new kind of 
landscape although lifestyle.

00:34:05.000 --> 00:31:49.000
Now 4 main wants to spread his 
wealth and passion for solar.

00:43:21.000 --> 00:37:46.000
Among the England has been possessed 
by this vision to design a

00:39:16.000 --> 00:43:31.000
community which in this case I think 
it was 88% solar reliant.

00:33:44.000 --> 00:37:57.000
Orville shell the China scholar 
has been to do here.

00:41:18.000 --> 00:46:08.000
Well,

00:46:08.000 --> 00:43:42.000
it may be flashy he says it's 
emblematic of China's growing

00:43:42.000 --> 00:37:03.000
prosperity.

00:36:54.000 --> 00:43:25.000
You know China today,

00:43:25.000 --> 00:37:08.000
you see the most amazing 
thing springing up

00:33:30.000 --> 00:47:10.000
in some sense,

00:47:10.000 --> 00:34:04.000
they're very impressive and involving 
allowed a very innovative

00:41:44.000 --> 00:41:38.000
technology and their these 
weirdness other aspects of

00:40:10.000 --> 00:37:24.000
but there is this extraordinary 
dynamic energy the sort of

00:47:04.000 --> 00:43:25.000
bursting forth.

00:37:37.000 --> 00:36:49.000
And it's not just China.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:42:21.000
The energy problem is seen 
as an opportunity.

00:42:21.000 --> 00:39:52.000
All over the world.

00:33:33.000 --> 00:40:05.000
China is moving very aggressively.

00:40:05.000 --> 00:34:59.000
India's biggest move in this western 
Europe is going to move on.

00:34:59.000 --> 00:35:13.000
This even some oil exporting 
countries OPEC countries are

00:35:13.000 --> 00:33:46.000
beginning to realize that you need 
to develop cleaner energy

00:33:46.000 --> 00:43:16.000
sources.

00:37:08.000 --> 00:33:52.000
Since coming to the Department of 
Energy Secretary Steven Chu has

00:33:52.000 --> 00:37:55.000
increased spending on developing 
clean energy bike$40

00:37:55.000 --> 00:48:35.000
billion.

00:37:16.000 --> 00:42:56.000
And.

00:38:07.000 --> 00:45:22.000
We need technologies solar power 
wind power carbon capture who's

00:46:12.000 --> 00:35:35.000
gonna supply the world with 
those technologies.

00:35:35.000 --> 00:36:46.000
I would hope it's you know it's not.

00:46:58.000 --> 00:48:01.000
The US once was enthusiastic about solar.

00:48:01.000 --> 00:42:14.000
At the height of the oil 
crisis in the 1970s.

00:35:35.000 --> 00:37:36.000
By the end of this century.

00:37:36.000 --> 00:36:31.000
I want our nation to derive 20% of 
all the energy we use from the

00:37:31.000 --> 00:41:41.000
sun.

00:39:13.000 --> 00:34:47.000
To great fanfare President Jimmy 
Carter even installed solar

00:36:27.000 --> 00:48:58.000
heaters on the roof of the White House.

00:34:30.000 --> 00:38:52.000
This is accustomed to stock specific risk.

00:35:23.000 --> 00:44:47.000
But a few years later after oil prices 
drop Ronald Reagan took the

00:44:47.000 --> 00:41:18.000
panel's down.

00:43:46.000 --> 00:39:57.000
Today,

00:39:57.000 --> 00:34:50.000
America is trying to get back 
into the solar gain.

00:34:01.000 --> 00:38:11.000
I mean,

00:38:11.000 --> 00:37:14.000
the bottom line is we roughly what 
to double the amount of Queen.

00:48:35.000 --> 00:36:59.000
The goal for Secretary Chu is 
to double the amount of non

00:36:59.000 --> 00:43:53.000
carbon-emitting energy in the US by 
2035 comeback here and a large

00:44:53.000 --> 00:45:24.000
chunk of that this solar.

00:46:45.000 --> 00:33:29.000
Along comes a need and we need clear,

00:33:29.000 --> 00:36:53.000
this is a problem that science can 
solve that opportunity issue.

00:41:17.000 --> 00:40:21.000
The idea is to invest in science 
that will pay off in practical

00:40:21.000 --> 00:37:02.000
solutions.

00:44:45.000 --> 00:35:59.000
One of the major challenges we 
face is transportation which

00:35:59.000 --> 00:46:21.000
accounts for about a 3rd 
of total energy use.

00:45:53.000 --> 00:45:37.000
There are several different approaches 
including electric cars.

00:41:13.000 --> 00:49:36.000
Transport fuels represent 
a special problem.

00:49:36.000 --> 00:46:09.000
The most likely avenue they're currently 
in the people pursuing

00:48:09.000 --> 00:40:20.000
biofuels.

00:41:11.000 --> 00:46:01.000
Yes.

00:50:11.000 --> 00:43:55.000
Biofuels or form of solar because 
they come from plants which

00:45:25.000 --> 00:39:57.000
capture the sun's energy to grow.

00:41:30.000 --> 00:46:33.000
One promising approach is being developed 
at the joint bioenergy

00:49:03.000 --> 00:37:05.000
Institute in Emeryville,

00:37:05.000 --> 00:49:45.000
California.

00:43:16.000 --> 00:41:00.000
Where Jake easily is using plant 
biology to come up with the fuel

00:41:00.000 --> 00:50:42.000
of the future that will work 
with our current system.

00:40:13.000 --> 00:42:24.000
We've got about$3

00:42:24.000 --> 00:42:47.000
trillion worth of transportation 
infrastructure in this country

00:35:18.000 --> 00:41:10.000
with the gas stations pipelines 
the refineries

00:35:42.000 --> 00:40:53.000
automobiles trains planes.

00:48:52.000 --> 00:35:45.000
We don't have the money to repay all.

00:51:02.000 --> 00:43:36.000
He's idea is to exploit the 
way plants make food.

00:43:29.000 --> 00:36:02.000
Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air.

00:35:23.000 --> 00:45:06.000
And use that carbon and oxygen 
and hydrogen from water,

00:45:06.000 --> 00:43:40.000
plus the sun's energy to make nutrients 
in the form of a simple

00:43:40.000 --> 00:49:00.000
sugar.

00:37:03.000 --> 00:46:35.000
Ling is working to put that 
Sugar to use for our.

00:38:48.000 --> 00:47:51.000
One way to think about how he's doing 
that is he is super charging

00:49:41.000 --> 00:38:43.000
an age old process.

00:37:57.000 --> 00:37:31.000
The basic recipe of beer is to take 
borrowing a plant that is rich

00:37:31.000 --> 00:50:44.000
in those stored sugars 
and mix it with yeast.

00:48:06.000 --> 00:46:40.000
Yeast is a microbe that feeds on those 
plant sugars and turns them

00:46:40.000 --> 00:46:24.000
into alcohol that process 
is called fermentation.

00:50:06.000 --> 00:41:49.000
Lars Larson the brew master explains.

00:47:49.000 --> 00:38:52.000
This is instrumental to 
the brewing processed,

00:38:52.000 --> 00:48:35.000
it is the yeast that turns the sugar 
render Halka hole and create

00:48:35.000 --> 00:45:00.000
a beard was with us away in every 
animal's life cycle or something

00:45:00.000 --> 00:39:34.000
. Those in the front something comes 
out the back alcohol to come

00:39:34.000 --> 00:40:15.000
out the back so these to

00:44:57.000 --> 00:42:09.000
but instead of alcohol that you drink.

00:48:29.000 --> 00:52:03.000
Keesler wants to make diesel fuel 
by genetically altering the east

00:52:03.000 --> 00:38:28.000
. We have an enormous amount of power 
to change biology manipulate

00:40:38.000 --> 00:49:28.000
biology.

00:47:09.000 --> 00:41:51.000
Instead of Barley the plant.

00:41:51.000 --> 00:49:43.000
He uses his switch grass,

00:49:43.000 --> 00:51:37.000
it's an agricultural waste material 
but it sugars work easy to

00:36:58.000 --> 00:45:48.000
access.

00:51:18.000 --> 00:39:12.000
We have to go to great lengths to 
extract the and turn them into

00:39:52.000 --> 00:44:52.000
this.

00:52:33.000 --> 00:45:17.000
Then he feeds the sugar to genetically 
altered yeast like at the

00:45:17.000 --> 00:45:21.000
brewery but what comes out of 
the back side of this yeast.

00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:04.000
You can put directly into 
your car or your plane.

00:52:34.000 --> 00:40:38.000
This is not your grandmother's east 
this is has been souped up to

00:42:18.000 --> 00:53:22.000
produce an advanced biofuel you 
all that is nearly identical to

00:37:13.000 --> 00:51:23.000
what we had today.

00:45:24.000 --> 00:50:14.000
You know.

00:51:04.000 --> 00:38:56.000
There is just one care.

00:50:18.000 --> 00:47:00.000
If Richard Branson came here today,

00:47:00.000 --> 00:52:33.000
I could give him a tablespoon of 
jet fuel that we've made here in

00:52:33.000 --> 00:46:44.000
the laboratory.

00:38:55.000 --> 00:48:17.000
That tablespoon would cost about$100,000

00:49:27.000 --> 00:45:28.000
. If if if if

00:43:40.000 --> 00:47:03.000
well I would Al Absi love 
to meet up with 5th.

00:43:15.000 --> 00:50:17.000
It's just fantastic to have all 
these people trying to come up

00:50:47.000 --> 00:40:19.000
with the big breakthroughs.

00:40:19.000 --> 00:52:41.000
I think the breakthroughs will happen 
it needs money resources

00:38:02.000 --> 00:42:03.000
time and energy.

00:42:03.000 --> 00:47:23.000
Great,

00:47:23.000 --> 00:42:35.000
great people to put their minds.

00:38:27.000 --> 00:52:21.000
I firmly believe that technology 
can save us from climate change,

00:52:21.000 --> 00:46:06.000
but the changes that we're talking 
about our heroic in scale,

00:46:06.000 --> 00:40:08.000
they're not without precedent.

00:40:08.000 --> 00:50:00.000
But they are still heroic in scale.

00:49:02.000 --> 00:40:26.000
One challenge is to figure out which 
advances in the laboratory

00:40:26.000 --> 00:46:49.000
could be increased to an industrial scale.

00:46:49.000 --> 00:48:01.000
Not all promising science is practical.

00:46:42.000 --> 00:50:05.000
But in the wedges game there is 
an immediate way to reduce the

00:51:25.000 --> 00:49:46.000
size of the problem.

00:48:58.000 --> 00:54:21.000
The potential is huge and 
it's called efficiency.

00:39:53.000 --> 00:39:38.000
The very word efficiency says you 
get the same bang for a less

00:41:38.000 --> 00:46:38.000
buck.

00:47:49.000 --> 00:53:42.000
Efficiency is a car that gets 
better MP chief in them.

00:53:42.000 --> 00:45:35.000
The we in the house,

00:45:35.000 --> 00:48:37.000
said we keep,

00:48:37.000 --> 00:41:11.000
and so you had the same award inside 
houses with less natural gas

00:42:41.000 --> 00:53:32.000
currently on that.

00:55:02.000 --> 00:42:36.000
Not using energy in the first place 
is the easiest way to earn a

00:42:36.000 --> 00:47:16.000
wedge.

00:50:38.000 --> 00:55:02.000
It's like the old Benjamin Franklin 
quote a penny saved is a penny

00:55:02.000 --> 00:54:08.000
. Ben Franklin himself would be proud 
of what is going on here at

00:54:08.000 --> 00:41:21.000
the national archives in Washington DC.

00:41:34.000 --> 00:49:27.000
The archives is all about saving 
America's most important

00:49:27.000 --> 00:39:50.000
documents like the US Constitution,

00:39:50.000 --> 00:40:11.000
which Franklin signing.

00:48:23.000 --> 00:47:26.000
But it paid very little attention 
to saving energy.

00:40:39.000 --> 00:55:39.000
Today,

00:55:39.000 --> 00:41:11.000
that's all changed.

00:47:03.000 --> 00:48:26.000
James Garvin was once just 
the buildings engineered,

00:48:26.000 --> 00:53:48.000
but now he's also become a detective

00:39:41.000 --> 00:51:44.000
using a thermal imaging camera Garvin 
is tracking down an urgent

00:52:24.000 --> 00:44:15.000
leaks.

00:54:15.000 --> 00:41:59.000
We're looking for leaks to see areas 
where we're losing a lot of

00:41:59.000 --> 00:48:19.000
the Kerry.

00:55:10.000 --> 00:45:43.000
Red means hot which is wasted energy.

00:49:54.000 --> 00:53:37.000
Obviously and the problems start 
right at the front door.

00:52:48.000 --> 00:45:21.000
We don't need a special camera 
to see problems here.

00:51:12.000 --> 00:49:24.000
You can feel the heat through 
the 3 quarter inch.

00:39:56.000 --> 00:43:26.000
Hemscott.

00:45:06.000 --> 00:47:29.000
That escaping in heat may help 
this guy outside state.

00:52:00.000 --> 00:46:15.000
But the point is to keep all the 
heat inside the building so the

00:48:05.000 --> 00:55:08.000
archives was pulled in efficiency 
experts to reduce its carbon

00:55:48.000 --> 00:42:09.000
foot.

00:42:42.000 --> 00:40:34.000
They installed new efficient radiators.

00:55:15.000 --> 00:41:31.000
And lights that are 20% brighter 
yet use a 3rd less energy and

00:41:31.000 --> 00:48:54.000
motion sensors to shut them 
off when employees don't.

00:55:06.000 --> 00:43:20.000
But the biggest ticket items were 
installing efficient boilers

00:49:00.000 --> 00:56:22.000
left and plugging in those leaky gas.

00:40:25.000 --> 00:44:18.000
The archives is on track to reduce 
its emissions by more than

00:44:18.000 --> 00:44:30.000
1,000 tons of carbon a year.

00:54:31.000 --> 00:42:35.000
That reduction doesn't just show 
up and garments camera is good

00:42:35.000 --> 00:48:35.000
news,

00:48:35.000 --> 00:46:16.000
blue,

00:46:16.000 --> 00:42:28.000
it's also save in the archives,

00:42:28.000 --> 00:56:08.000
a lot of green.

00:45:00.000 --> 00:55:32.000
Its energy bill will be reduced by$1.2

00:55:32.000 --> 00:42:48.000
million every year which will pay 
for the upgrade in only 5 years

00:42:48.000 --> 00:54:38.000
. Well you know.

00:56:18.000 --> 00:55:50.000
Everybody loves efficiency,

00:55:50.000 --> 00:43:04.000
efficiency saves you money 
it doesn't cost you money.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:48:48.000
Efficiency savings aren't just limited 
to grand old government

00:49:38.000 --> 00:53:08.000
built.

00:44:11.000 --> 00:53:24.000
About a quarter of the energy an 
average American uses is at home

00:53:24.000 --> 00:47:20.000
. Increasing home efficiency can 
save a 3rd on your energy bill.

00:51:02.000 --> 00:50:05.000
And we know our cars can go 
farther on a gallon of gas.

00:52:35.000 --> 00:55:05.000
They.

00:54:26.000 --> 00:42:20.000
If you took all the cars that are 
going to exist in the world 50

00:44:20.000 --> 00:51:53.000
years from now and made them 
have 60 miles per gallon.

00:51:53.000 --> 00:55:53.000
Instead,

00:55:53.000 --> 00:51:48.000
a 30 miles per gallon that creates 
a wedge it affects one billion

00:53:48.000 --> 00:54:20.000
metric tons of carbon atoms.

00:54:20.000 --> 00:45:54.000
That would have been emitted to 
the atmosphere while still

00:45:54.000 --> 00:49:46.000
providing us with the trap we want.

00:46:27.000 --> 00:46:01.000
That won't change is the equivalent 
of replacing 800 coal plants.

00:54:42.000 --> 00:55:25.000
And that's just the beginning of 
what efficiency improvements can

00:56:15.000 --> 00:57:35.000
do.

00:53:55.000 --> 00:44:48.000
In the 1970s energy efficiency,

00:44:48.000 --> 00:54:19.000
got a lot of attention,

00:54:19.000 --> 00:43:14.000
but for many it was symbolic of a 
counter cultural lifestyle and

00:43:14.000 --> 00:42:26.000
making uncomfortable sacrifices.

00:56:09.000 --> 00:42:40.000
But,

00:42:40.000 --> 00:46:51.000
as Stewart Brand,

00:46:51.000 --> 00:58:43.000
a leader of the environmental 
movement back then points out

00:55:44.000 --> 00:51:38.000
efficiency changes in California 
have kept energy use the same

00:42:59.000 --> 00:46:41.000
while still allowing the 
economy to double.

00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:26.000
Brand became famous for writing the 
whole earth catalog a resource

00:55:36.000 --> 00:50:18.000
guide for a sustainable lifestyle.

00:56:52.000 --> 00:55:13.000
Today,

00:55:13.000 --> 00:45:04.000
he says.

00:45:04.000 --> 00:49:27.000
It's important to develop a whole 
new catalog of tools to fight

00:50:27.000 --> 00:47:18.000
climate change.

00:55:02.000 --> 00:48:24.000
From harnessing wave energy.

00:54:21.000 --> 00:44:55.000
To use the Earth's geothermal heat.

00:44:55.000 --> 00:58:57.000
I think it's encouraging to hear 
that were not there and

00:46:28.000 --> 00:46:32.000
everything on one particular thing 
is somehow win is gonna save us

00:53:12.000 --> 00:55:56.000
with a somehow nuclear is gonna 
save us there is such a full

00:55:56.000 --> 00:52:40.000
spectrum problem is going to take 
a full spectrum set of solutions

00:52:40.000 --> 00:58:25.000
. Brand has surprised many by his 
willingness to consider this

00:58:25.000 --> 00:55:06.000
full spectrum.

00:58:37.000 --> 00:55:00.000
In the 1970s he fought nuclear energy.

00:55:22.000 --> 00:58:57.000
Today he has done an about face the 
shift was starting to really

00:58:57.000 --> 00:48:12.000
take climate change seriously enough 
to challenge by assumption

00:48:12.000 --> 00:52:23.000
that I knew enough about nuclear.

00:58:30.000 --> 00:50:32.000
But the senior army in Fukushima,

00:50:32.000 --> 00:53:05.000
Japan has revived old fears 
about nuclear energy.

00:56:28.000 --> 00:48:23.000
When this tsunami struck this 1970s 
style reactor was flooded and

00:48:23.000 --> 00:54:05.000
it's diesel generators didn't work,

00:54:05.000 --> 00:47:47.000
causing the cooling system to fail.

00:56:49.000 --> 00:56:41.000
That led to releases of radiation.

00:50:53.000 --> 00:51:05.000
Does this disaster change brands mind.

00:47:36.000 --> 00:56:28.000
And as in Fukushima change my support.

00:51:51.000 --> 00:50:14.000
I think a question we're asking 
now is comparing the risks of

00:50:14.000 --> 00:46:29.000
nuclear to the risks of climate 
change and we do that risk

00:48:19.000 --> 00:47:22.000
analysis nuclear keeps 
looking pretty good,

00:47:22.000 --> 00:59:03.000
even with Fukushima my.

00:55:35.000 --> 00:45:17.000
According to the game,

00:45:17.000 --> 00:48:11.000
replacing 800 coal plants with nuclear 
power would solve one wedge

00:48:41.000 --> 00:55:05.000
of the needed carbon solution but 
can nuclear be made safer.

00:47:18.000 --> 00:58:41.000
Nuclear power plants require massive 
cooling systems to keep the

00:58:41.000 --> 00:57:42.000
reactor core say.

00:46:54.000 --> 00:59:17.000
In the old style plants like those 
in Japan that was done with a

00:59:17.000 --> 00:52:00.000
vast array of pipes valves and back upon.

01:00:31.000 --> 00:53:25.000
It was the failure of these backup 
systems that led to the nuclear

00:53:25.000 --> 00:46:26.000
crisis.

00:51:48.000 --> 00:47:32.000
The latest designs for reactors 
like this Westinghouse AP 1,000

00:51:22.000 --> 00:49:13.000
are much simpler.

00:54:04.000 --> 00:56:17.000
An example was the large tank of 
cooling water that sits right on

00:57:27.000 --> 00:52:51.000
top so that gravity will do the work 
in the event of an emergency

00:52:51.000 --> 00:59:57.000
. This tankers a 3 day supply of 
cooling water and requires no

01:00:47.000 --> 00:53:48.000
electricity.

00:55:12.000 --> 01:01:45.000
This next generation of nuclear 
plant is already in production.

00:53:57.000 --> 00:50:58.000
But to see it.

00:50:58.000 --> 00:57:21.000
We have to go back to China because 
no nuclear plant has been

00:58:11.000 --> 00:48:54.000
built in the US since the 1970s.

00:58:56.000 --> 00:58:17.000
Kate Jackson,

00:58:17.000 --> 00:57:41.000
chief technology officer for Westinghouse 
says one key benefit of

00:57:41.000 --> 00:49:25.000
the 81,000 is that it is bringing 
standardized designs.

00:55:16.000 --> 00:58:59.000
Sterilization is an old concept 
just never been applied to the

00:58:59.000 --> 00:58:50.000
nuclear industry before.

00:50:23.000 --> 00:49:47.000
The old nuclear plants were custom 
built with more moving parts to

00:49:47.000 --> 00:59:17.000
go wrong

00:57:39.000 --> 00:48:10.000
now.

00:48:50.000 --> 00:50:14.000
Each plant is built in standardized 
modules like a giant Lego set

00:50:14.000 --> 00:59:58.000
. The majority are attached about 
their and the high things in

01:01:08.000 --> 00:50:11.000
staff they've been fresher 
testing it's right again.

00:48:35.000 --> 00:56:18.000
There are a total of 350 modules 
for each power station.

00:53:41.000 --> 00:55:46.000
Like here in san 4 hours outside 
of Shanghai where Kate Jackson

00:55:46.000 --> 00:47:08.000
has come to see the progress.

00:57:38.000 --> 00:48:02.000
It's wonderful because you get to 
see these building blocks being

00:48:52.000 --> 00:48:04.000
moved and put into place.

01:02:58.000 --> 00:53:40.000
Piece by piece.

00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:32.000
The nuclear power station take shape.

00:52:54.000 --> 00:48:37.000
Stepping inside Jackson finds the reactor.

00:55:30.000 --> 00:57:13.000
This is where the nuclear reaction 
will generate the heat that

00:57:53.000 --> 00:48:25.000
drives the electrical generator.

00:49:46.000 --> 00:55:08.000
Enough power for more 
than a million homes.

01:01:01.000 --> 00:50:55.000
The plant and men should come on 
line in nearly half the usual

00:50:55.000 --> 00:49:57.000
time only 4 years.

00:48:39.000 --> 00:54:00.000
Over the next 30 years.

00:54:00.000 --> 00:55:03.000
China plans to build 400 nuclear reactors.

00:56:35.000 --> 01:02:18.000
Designs like the AP 1,000 could 
address some of the safety

01:02:18.000 --> 01:03:21.000
concerns that Japan's crisis exposed,

01:03:21.000 --> 00:53:26.000
but there are still many old style 
plans in operation 23 in the US

00:53:26.000 --> 00:50:41.000
alone and all nuclear plants suffer 
from the long-standing problem

00:52:31.000 --> 00:59:43.000
of how to dispose of their nuclear waste

00:51:35.000 --> 00:51:08.000
Nathan Miller vault thinks these 
problems can be overcome.

01:00:38.000 --> 00:59:03.000
Nuclear is one of the carbon free 
emission technologies that

00:59:33.000 --> 01:01:45.000
absolutely works at scale today.

00:59:46.000 --> 00:58:11.000
In Seattle fault former chief technology 
officer of Microsoft is

00:58:11.000 --> 00:48:35.000
teaming up with his old friend Bill 
Gates to work on designing a

00:48:35.000 --> 00:58:58.000
future generation of nuclear technology 
called Terra power.

00:49:09.000 --> 00:57:51.000
We need a miracle in energy technology.

01:04:52.000 --> 01:04:46.000
Think we need a miracle sounds extreme 
but in fact miracles on the

01:04:46.000 --> 00:53:28.000
mainland are flat.

00:53:28.000 --> 00:51:40.000
The entire technology industry is about.

00:58:23.000 --> 01:04:46.000
The miracles revolt predicts our 
new designs that would more

01:04:46.000 --> 00:53:10.000
safely and efficiently you 
spent nuclear fuel,

00:53:10.000 --> 00:51:22.000
which is creating the waste problem today.

00:56:04.000 --> 00:53:48.000
He looks to technology not just 
provide energy for us,

00:53:48.000 --> 01:01:41.000
but to satisfy the aspirations for 
growth in the rest of the world

01:01:41.000 --> 00:56:36.000
. The energy task for the 21st century 
is how can we get every

00:56:36.000 --> 00:53:50.000
citizen the earth the kind of 
energy use as you find in the

00:53:50.000 --> 01:03:51.000
developed world.

01:03:51.000 --> 00:54:24.000
It is a question of fairness and equity.

01:00:05.000 --> 01:02:10.000
Some people say we in the United 
States lot Wes and perhaps we

01:02:10.000 --> 00:59:01.000
ought to,

00:59:01.000 --> 00:50:44.000
I don't know way to force us to use less.

01:01:46.000 --> 01:04:00.000
They and the Chinese art and not 
use as much as we use now but

00:51:31.000 --> 00:55:52.000
they're headed there.

00:55:52.000 --> 00:58:13.000
I don't know how you start for them.

00:49:56.000 --> 00:59:38.000
The demand for energy indeed 
appears on stock.

00:54:22.000 --> 00:57:55.000
Energy demand is predicted to triple 
by the end of the century.

00:55:28.000 --> 01:04:11.000
Which means there is probably a need 
for all the solutions science

01:05:11.000 --> 01:01:42.000
can come up with.

00:58:24.000 --> 00:59:18.000
People always are looking for the 
technological magic bullet,

00:59:18.000 --> 01:06:08.000
though,

01:06:08.000 --> 00:54:52.000
the one thing that if we just 
get it right will say.

01:05:13.000 --> 01:00:05.000
There probably is no silver bullet,

01:00:05.000 --> 00:56:49.000
there may be a silver shotgun in 
the sense of a white variety

00:57:30.000 --> 00:51:41.000
advances,

00:51:41.000 --> 01:00:33.000
which together will solve 
a large part of this.

01:06:35.000 --> 01:01:21.000
One big nuclear power plant is the 
same as 3,000 big wind turbines

01:01:51.000 --> 00:51:34.000
and the about 50 square mile.

00:52:16.000 --> 01:03:17.000
The question is which do you want.

01:03:17.000 --> 01:03:50.000
And the answer is everybody wanted 
somewhere other than their own

01:03:50.000 --> 00:59:41.000
backyard.

00:59:41.000 --> 00:57:42.000
Well guess what,

00:57:42.000 --> 01:05:22.000
if you don't,

01:05:22.000 --> 01:01:43.000
solve the problem,

01:01:43.000 --> 00:59:55.000
your backyard isn't gonna 
look the same anyway.

01:04:57.000 --> 00:52:40.000
And the energy problem is a moving target.

00:51:52.000 --> 00:59:06.000
Every day as demand grows and carbon 
accumulates in the atmosphere

00:59:06.000 --> 00:57:18.000
, the problem increases.

01:00:09.000 --> 01:02:40.000
This is the problem,

01:02:40.000 --> 00:55:25.000
in which procrastination Kerry's 
really serious penalties.

01:01:16.000 --> 01:01:09.000
America has been down the past 
of procrastination before.

00:55:02.000 --> 00:59:35.000
Perhaps one of the most poignant places 
to see the results of that

01:03:55.000 --> 01:00:26.000
is back in China.

01:03:57.000 --> 00:51:51.000
At a town pulled out of poverty 
by solar manufacturing.

01:05:12.000 --> 01:05:34.000
At the Joe Silva received.

01:05:34.000 --> 00:52:56.000
There is a popular display.

01:01:57.000 --> 00:59:50.000
One of the solar panels that Jimmy 
Carter installed on the White

00:59:50.000 --> 00:59:42.000
House back in 1979.

01:00:14.000 --> 00:57:35.000
This solar heater.

00:54:26.000 --> 00:54:08.000
You to be a curiosity.

00:54:08.000 --> 01:05:09.000
The museum piece,

01:05:09.000 --> 01:07:23.000
an example of a road not taken.

01:07:23.000 --> 00:53:04.000
Well,

00:53:04.000 --> 01:02:37.000
I can be just a small part of 
one of the greatest and most

01:02:37.000 --> 01:07:41.000
exciting adventures ever undertaken 
by the American Pete.

00:58:28.000 --> 01:02:39.000
30 years later,

01:02:39.000 --> 00:53:03.000
the need to venture into new forms 
of energy is even greater.

01:04:35.000 --> 00:54:57.000
The challenge is huge.

01:01:10.000 --> 01:00:43.000
The potential consequences 
of an action are bigger.

00:57:15.000 --> 00:55:37.000
Necessities mother of all inventions,

00:55:37.000 --> 00:56:40.000
we got the biggest necessity and it's 
going to be your mother many

00:57:50.000 --> 01:02:40.000
encourage.

01:05:05.000 --> 00:52:42.000
This Nova program is available on 
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