0:10:15.000,0:10:57.000
Our modern life is built on energy

0:04:40.000,0:10:54.000
we use it to heat to cool [br]to light up our cities

0:14:56.000,0:01:01.000
you can powers are cars [br]and flies are planes.

0:15:42.000,0:04:08.000
It fills our stores and keeps us switched [br]on and plugged-in in the

0:04:38.000,0:08:20.000
average home in America in 1980.

0:08:20.000,0:05:03.000
There were 3 electronic devices.

0:05:03.000,0:01:14.000
Today,

0:01:14.000,0:01:45.000
there are over 25.

0:11:57.000,0:05:40.000
But most of that energy comes [br]from burning coal,

0:05:40.000,0:08:21.000
oil and gas.

0:16:02.000,0:16:45.000
I don't think people understand when [br]they flipped the light switch

0:16:45.000,0:01:07.000
were that energy comes from.

0:06:28.000,0:02:30.000
Is there a better way.

0:02:30.000,0:10:42.000
We need a miracle in energy technology.

0:13:53.000,0:11:34.000
Around the globe.

0:11:34.000,0:08:26.000
There was a race on to find a solution.

0:16:38.000,0:12:02.000
Tapping the power of the sun this [br]tablespoon of fuel is going to

0:13:22.000,0:07:03.000
change the world.

0:07:36.000,0:12:39.000
We need to innovate and we need to [br]innovate faster and in the wake

0:12:39.000,0:09:32.000
of Japan's tsunami re-examining nuclear.

0:12:22.000,0:07:14.000
Nuclear keeps looking pretty good,

0:07:14.000,0:04:26.000
even with the Fukushima might.

0:03:07.000,0:08:39.000
Kent technology help us fuel our future.

0:15:40.000,0:09:43.000
The current problem is actually [br]easily solved.

0:15:24.000,0:17:45.000
And are we ready for it.

0:04:17.000,0:14:00.000
Everybody wants it somewhere other [br]than their own backyard.

0:14:00.000,0:11:41.000
Guess what.

0:11:41.000,0:03:12.000
If you don't,

0:03:12.000,0:15:22.000
solve the problem,

0:15:22.000,0:12:04.000
your backyard isn't going [br]look the same anyway.

0:14:09.000,0:16:12.000
Most programs about climate [br]change start on a noted.

0:10:54.000,0:14:55.000
With images like this.

0:07:44.000,0:07:16.000
But this is a program about fixing.

0:07:39.000,0:09:12.000
So it starts in a place where it is [br]hard to imagine that there are

0:10:52.000,0:16:54.000
any problems at all.

0:16:54.000,0:07:27.000
Sir Richard Branson's private [br]Caribbean island.

0:16:49.000,0:12:01.000
And I first saw it this island.

0:12:01.000,0:05:26.000
I've never seen a more beautiful [br]jewel in my life and completely

0:05:26.000,0:16:56.000
fell in love with it.

0:12:09.000,0:10:32.000
The challenge was to make sure [br]that you actually enhance the

0:12:42.000,0:12:15.000
beauty rather than destroy it.

0:12:15.000,0:07:46.000
Branson.

0:07:46.000,0:04:30.000
The airline mogul has even upgraded [br]his little Caribbean jewel

0:05:00.000,0:04:02.000
with some pretty spectacular flyers.

0:14:23.000,0:12:54.000
About a hundred years ago.

0:12:54.000,0:07:58.000
I think the last from India got [br]eaten so with embarked on a

0:07:58.000,0:09:21.000
program of reintroducing [br]them to the islands.

0:09:21.000,0:19:04.000
The thing I think the island is a [br]more perfect island today than

0:19:04.000,0:15:48.000
it was before we arrived and I think [br]you know that's what we've

0:16:18.000,0:07:10.000
got to try to do with the world.

0:18:00.000,0:08:05.000
But fixing the world is an easy [br]even for billionaires in fact

0:13:35.000,0:06:49.000
Branson's love of nature has created [br]a big personal dilemma.

0:07:45.000,0:16:38.000
He's become super rich well bringing [br]stylish air travel to the

0:16:38.000,0:07:59.000
masses.

0:18:01.000,0:14:26.000
And yet he is also worried [br]about climate change.

0:14:26.000,0:05:30.000
Those 2 passions are like the oil [br]it takes to run his planes.

0:14:20.000,0:08:02.000
And water.

0:08:02.000,0:09:03.000
They do not mix.

0:19:35.000,0:08:29.000
Branson's dilemma while a bit [br]more high-flying than most.

0:14:00.000,0:07:14.000
Is ultimately the same that we all face.

0:07:14.000,0:09:58.000
How can we get the energy our world [br]needs in a way that want

0:11:18.000,0:16:58.000
threatening.

0:12:20.000,0:16:42.000
Climate change is one of the [br]greatest threats relevant.

0:10:23.000,0:08:06.000
Branson solution is to use [br]his entrepreneurial must.

0:15:26.000,0:04:22.000
And profits to attack climate change [br]an idea inspired by another

0:04:22.000,0:12:34.000
famous brand Winston Churchill.

0:20:35.000,0:20:09.000
The threat of carbon could be worse [br]than you know who won World

0:20:09.000,0:20:31.000
War II pretty careless if that's the case.

0:20:31.000,0:17:47.000
Churchill would get a warm set up [br]he would rally industry he'd

0:19:17.000,0:13:30.000
rally the troops and try [br]to be carbon the enemy.

0:11:12.000,0:17:03.000
And so we set up the top.

0:10:39.000,0:15:40.000
Branson is not alone.

0:09:02.000,0:19:14.000
Right now in laboratories [br]around the globe.

0:19:14.000,0:19:46.000
There is a race on to find a solution.

0:19:10.000,0:07:22.000
The outcome is uncertain.

0:21:15.000,0:17:06.000
But ultimately,

0:17:06.000,0:17:50.000
the question is can technology [br]save us from climate change.

0:15:37.000,0:21:20.000
There is no better place to start [br]than deep in this West Virginia

0:05:41.000,0:14:21.000
coal mine.

0:14:56.000,0:21:10.000
Which generates half of all US electricity [br]tells a story millions

0:21:10.000,0:14:21.000
of years old.

0:10:16.000,0:07:20.000
35 million years ago Earth's atmosphere [br]was awash in carbon

0:07:20.000,0:17:50.000
dioxide.

0:06:13.000,0:19:24.000
But this is what look like.

0:16:55.000,0:20:05.000
This.

0:07:36.000,0:16:27.000
Alligators and South Dakota.

0:13:18.000,0:08:20.000
Palm trees in the Rocky Mountains.

0:06:01.000,0:21:04.000
And instead of being covered by ice [br]they were forecasts in an art

0:21:04.000,0:12:31.000
. Over millions of years those trees [br]pulled the carbon out of the

0:12:31.000,0:18:04.000
air to grow and when they died.

0:18:04.000,0:09:17.000
Much of that carbon got [br]buried underground.

0:18:48.000,0:06:42.000
The same process created the coal [br]we see here in West Virginia.

0:15:23.000,0:20:15.000
Cole is up to 86% car.

0:08:46.000,0:11:16.000
Yes.

0:14:17.000,0:07:52.000
A gallon of gasoline and other fossil [br]fuel represents 100 tons of

0:09:32.000,0:07:53.000
ancient plans.

0:09:14.000,0:09:35.000
That's why gas,

0:09:35.000,0:16:57.000
coal and oil are called fossil fuels.

0:10:43.000,0:21:16.000
With the advent of the industrial [br]age that carbon rich coal and

0:22:26.000,0:11:09.000
oil was dug up and burned as fuel.

0:20:23.000,0:13:55.000
Burning anything releases car.

0:18:37.000,0:14:10.000
But carbon dense coal and [br]oil release a lot.

0:15:35.000,0:12:09.000
That carbon long-buried combines [br]with oxygen in the Earth's

0:12:09.000,0:11:11.000
atmosphere and acts like a blank.

0:16:55.000,0:08:19.000
This NASA map shows global temperatures [br]rising over the last

0:08:19.000,0:12:39.000
center.

0:09:14.000,0:18:57.000
No one is sure precisely how much [br]the temperature will rise or how

0:20:27.000,0:09:58.000
quickly.

0:08:20.000,0:16:33.000
But the atmosphere carbon predicted [br]for the end of this century is

0:16:33.000,0:10:46.000
approaching the level from [br]35 million years ago.

0:17:37.000,0:07:40.000
When those alligators [br]swam in South Dakota.

0:21:07.000,0:13:10.000
The task ahead is to cut carbon emissions.

0:13:31.000,0:13:44.000
And that is exactly what Steven put [br]cholera has figured out how to

0:13:44.000,0:18:54.000
do.

0:14:06.000,0:18:29.000
The caller is an environmental biologist [br]at Princeton University

0:17:00.000,0:20:31.000
and a serious would worker.

0:16:25.000,0:24:28.000
He has used both skills to demonstrate [br]how we can solve our carbon

0:24:28.000,0:16:52.000
problem he calls it the wedge theory.

0:11:23.000,0:16:26.000
It's easy to say all the energy [br]problem is so big that we can't

0:17:06.000,0:14:09.000
possibly build enough wind [br]turbines to solve it.

0:14:09.000,0:11:42.000
We can't possibly do enough [br]conservation to solve it.

0:10:04.000,0:24:47.000
So you break the problem [br]into pieces and say,

0:24:47.000,0:16:21.000
what are the technological [br]options across the board,

0:16:21.000,0:09:33.000
that we have to throw at it.

0:08:45.000,0:23:07.000
But says the problem can [br]be easily visualize.

0:15:38.000,0:16:21.000
This is the amount of emissions [br]that humanity puts out annually

0:18:51.000,0:08:34.000
its carbon emissions greenhouse [br]gas emissions,

0:08:34.000,0:21:15.000
and this is,

0:21:15.000,0:16:09.000
and what happened for the first 10,000 [br]years since the end of the

0:16:09.000,0:09:13.000
last Ice Age people admitted almost [br]nothing the Liberal cleared

0:11:43.000,0:14:15.000
albeit associated with funding.

0:14:15.000,0:22:48.000
But then the industrial revolution [br]happened an emissions started

0:09:39.000,0:15:41.000
increase because of the burning [br]of coal and oil.

0:15:41.000,0:12:33.000
And then in the natural gas,

0:12:33.000,0:18:05.000
but it increased and increased [br]increased and they're still

0:18:05.000,0:24:15.000
increase.

0:17:38.000,0:13:50.000
So instead of allowing them to climb.

0:13:50.000,0:19:25.000
We've got a freeze them to this triangle [br]here is the size of the

0:19:25.000,0:11:36.000
problem,

0:11:36.000,0:10:00.000
it's the gap between what we were [br]gonna do and what we must do.

0:19:20.000,0:22:11.000
Risks.

0:23:11.000,0:22:34.000
The caller says this triangle [br]represents the challenge.

0:23:14.000,0:09:46.000
Asked to do.

0:10:26.000,0:13:29.000
It is the carbon emissions that [br]we must somehow keep out of the

0:13:29.000,0:22:29.000
atmosphere.

0:23:25.000,0:21:10.000
To help make this easier to understand [br]and more fun Ocala decided

0:21:30.000,0:12:44.000
to turn it into a game literally one,

0:12:44.000,0:15:14.000
Chris.

0:22:24.000,0:13:25.000
At home,

0:13:25.000,0:11:58.000
and my kids were fight an inside-outside [br]and I was like that's

0:11:58.000,0:18:29.000
gonna go outside to build something.

0:19:02.000,0:23:25.000
He used his working skills [br]to build the game.

0:23:17.000,0:23:38.000
Here's how it works.

0:12:40.000,0:12:14.000
He turn the area that is the [br]problem into a triangle.

0:12:14.000,0:19:47.000
This represents the total amount [br]of carbon day we must avoid

0:20:47.000,0:21:21.000
putting into the atmosphere [br]in the next 50 years.

0:21:21.000,0:19:46.000
The ideal target is controversial [br]but Karla calculated it was 7

0:20:56.000,0:23:09.000
billion tons per year.

0:23:09.000,0:21:12.000
He divided that up into one [br]billion ton section.

0:14:07.000,0:21:00.000
He made wooden wedges that represent [br]technologies that could fill

0:21:30.000,0:19:51.000
in their Tri hang.

0:14:22.000,0:18:54.000
So it is there own technology [br]big enough to do a 7th of the

0:18:54.000,0:23:36.000
problem and he has he was [br]high on the whole,

0:23:36.000,0:19:50.000
there were 15 already in the marketplace [br]at an industrial scale.

0:19:50.000,0:11:23.000
These are not pie in the sky things [br]easy things you can go in

0:11:23.000,0:19:24.000
visit on a field trip.

0:15:26.000,0:13:10.000
Most of the 15 wedges can be grouped [br]into 4 simple categories.

0:24:31.000,0:17:32.000
This green,

0:17:32.000,0:24:45.000
which represents the easiest [br]and cheapest efficiency.

0:13:27.000,0:25:00.000
Like increasing the fuel mileage [br]of all cars from 30 to 60 miles

0:25:00.000,0:16:21.000
per gallon.

0:21:33.000,0:23:46.000
This yellow which represents tripling [br]the number of nuclear power

0:24:56.000,0:12:18.000
plants over 50 years.

0:25:29.000,0:16:03.000
This blue which represents cleaning [br]coal plants by burying their

0:16:03.000,0:12:54.000
carbon emissions.

0:13:56.000,0:26:06.000
And this red,

0:26:06.000,0:20:41.000
which represents the sun harnessing [br]its power with solar panels or

0:20:41.000,0:16:32.000
wind turbines.

0:17:16.000,0:13:30.000
This thing has 2 different wages [br]per in his Princeton colleague

0:14:10.000,0:18:23.000
Robert cycle though did the complicated [br]analysis behind this

0:19:13.000,0:22:55.000
simple game to prove that [br]it could be done.

0:14:28.000,0:26:51.000
The way you play the game to feel [br]the triangle with 7 of the 15

0:12:12.000,0:14:36.000
available technological wedges and [br]create your own solution to the

0:14:36.000,0:26:56.000
climate crisis.

0:21:48.000,0:22:00.000
Some people might use more solar energy.

0:26:40.000,0:21:51.000
Good evening.

0:24:41.000,0:19:54.000
Others more efficiency savings.

0:19:54.000,0:25:45.000
I'm got nominate a wedge.

0:12:38.000,0:25:40.000
Efficient and I think efficiency [br]one wedges modest and self

0:16:01.000,0:22:23.000
important more of these efficiency wedges.

0:26:54.000,0:25:08.000
The point is that there are [br]many possible solutions.

0:25:08.000,0:20:00.000
It all depends on our choices.

0:27:06.000,0:26:09.000
Drawing the blueprint for a solution [br]to this problem is deeply

0:26:09.000,0:27:34.000
challenging to help Nova has assembled [br]the panel of experts.

0:27:34.000,0:15:38.000
Leaders from business academia [br]and government,

0:15:38.000,0:19:10.000
who are all trying to find solutions.

0:25:50.000,0:15:42.000
And technology said this.

0:15:42.000,0:13:44.000
Yes you can.

0:13:44.000,0:14:27.000
And it should it must and that's to say,

0:14:27.000,0:25:17.000
it must save.

0:13:19.000,0:26:42.000
Technology save us from climate change [br]absolutely very convinced

0:27:42.000,0:18:56.000
that can and in fact beyond that [br]what I would says it's an

0:18:56.000,0:15:11.000
incredible opportunity for us to [br]create more kinds of new things,

0:15:11.000,0:22:41.000
no.

0:23:21.000,0:29:14.000
We can do things that we [br]can't dream alive today.

0:29:14.000,0:16:20.000
We can envision what it will look [br]like a hundred years from now.

0:16:20.000,0:23:13.000
I think the carbon problem [br]is actually easily solved:

0:23:13.000,0:14:36.000
what's hard is that we need [br]to make a lot of change.

0:14:36.000,0:19:31.000
You know we more last halved coming [br]forward at this to recreate a

0:19:31.000,0:19:33.000
green version of the revolution.

0:19:33.000,0:16:45.000
It's taken us under 50 years.

0:18:25.000,0:24:26.000
There are people right now.

0:24:26.000,0:18:10.000
If you go to work every day and [br]they can say to themselves.

0:18:10.000,0:18:01.000
You know if I got lucky.

0:18:01.000,0:22:57.000
Today I will arguably saved the [br]world and become not just the

0:22:57.000,0:19:19.000
richest person in it.

0:19:19.000,0:19:31.000
But the richest person ever.

0:18:02.000,0:21:25.000
Climate change solutions will create [br]more wealth than any other

0:21:25.000,0:15:07.000
sector over the next decade.

0:22:47.000,0:24:42.000
Richard Branson knows the power [br]of profits to spark innovation.

0:24:42.000,0:16:54.000
So he has started a$25

0:16:54.000,0:29:07.000
million contest for the best idea [br]to reduce carbon levels.

0:28:48.000,0:16:44.000
Is there some way that some of that [br]extra CO2 might be scavenge

0:17:25.000,0:15:47.000
officially out of the atmosphere.

0:19:03.000,0:19:06.000
One of the people working to do that [br]and hoping that Branson might

0:19:06.000,0:19:20.000
make his Christmas come a bit early [br]is Klaus if physicist at

0:19:20.000,0:19:51.000
Columbia University.

0:25:13.000,0:14:58.000
Wagner's idea is brilliantly simple [br]why not develop technologies

0:16:38.000,0:27:21.000
that work just like trees removing [br]the carbon pollution that our

0:27:21.000,0:21:44.000
cars and Branson's planes make.

0:16:15.000,0:21:19.000
Everybody knows it can be done every [br]submarine has to pull that

0:23:39.000,0:18:11.000
CO2 out of the people.

0:18:11.000,0:14:22.000
Preterm side.

0:26:53.000,0:21:26.000
Carbon capture is not a new idea.

0:21:26.000,0:26:31.000
The navy has relied on it for decades [br]deep underwater submarine

0:29:41.000,0:19:54.000
exhale carbon dioxide with every breath.

0:28:57.000,0:22:52.000
In such a small enclosed space [br]that CO2 builds up and becomes

0:25:32.000,0:31:12.000
talks.

0:18:25.000,0:26:58.000
In every submarine CO2 must be [br]removed from the air for the

0:26:58.000,0:30:09.000
sailors to survive.

0:28:21.000,0:20:05.000
That's done with some pretty basic [br]chemistry using a machine

0:20:05.000,0:30:15.000
called a scrap.

0:16:09.000,0:23:32.000
The carbon in a carbon dioxide molecule [br]has a slightly positive

0:25:02.000,0:17:33.000
charge.

0:24:36.000,0:16:00.000
If the chemical filter inside the [br]scrub has a special negative

0:16:00.000,0:23:23.000
charge the carbon dioxide will [br]be drawn would like a magnet.

0:19:09.000,0:19:13.000
In his lab Wagner found a resin based [br]material that acts just like

0:20:13.000,0:27:37.000
this submarine scrub attracting [br]carbon dioxide to stick to it.

0:25:30.000,0:26:13.000
The next challenge was how to capture [br]carbon naturally in the

0:26:13.000,0:25:25.000
breeze without using energy.

0:27:35.000,0:31:35.000
Well,

0:31:35.000,0:25:06.000
you know,

0:25:06.000,0:16:17.000
really.

0:16:57.000,0:28:51.000
Wagner experimented with various [br]shapes from Richard flat panels.

0:29:41.000,0:18:23.000
GE.

0:19:43.000,0:31:54.000
2 material draped like a flag.

0:26:56.000,0:30:19.000
He discovered that cutting the material [br]into very thin strips.

0:17:50.000,0:31:32.000
And putting them along a liar [br]would be most effective

0:25:14.000,0:23:19.000
the result a man made carbon collector [br]highly engineered at one of

0:23:19.000,0:29:13.000
America's top universities [br]that looks in the end,

0:29:13.000,0:22:05.000
like a branch of a Christmas tree.

0:22:58.000,0:20:52.000
These 2 branches look very much alike [br]because they finally trying

0:20:52.000,0:21:46.000
to do more or less the same thing [br]but these materials to know

0:22:26.000,0:25:30.000
about a thousand times better at [br]collecting CO2 from the air,

0:25:30.000,0:27:41.000
then a natural tree.

0:27:44.000,0:16:38.000
Wagner's vision is that one day there [br]would be a fleet of carbon

0:17:18.000,0:31:22.000
needing vehicles each about the size [br]of an 18-wheeler sucking up

0:31:52.000,0:27:05.000
the unwanted carbon from Richard [br]Branson's planes.

0:20:17.000,0:29:38.000
Or those New York City Cats.

0:29:23.000,0:29:46.000
Our modern world has an insatiable [br]appetite for energy.

0:32:47.000,0:28:00.000
It is tight economic growth [br]and prosperity.

0:19:34.000,0:33:07.000
Hardly fossil fuels feed [br]85% of that demand.

0:33:38.000,0:20:13.000
Fossil fuels are still used and we [br]are taking the CO2 and capture

0:23:13.000,0:23:15.000
it and store it safely and permanently.

0:33:47.000,0:18:29.000
Is really critical.

0:18:30.000,0:28:35.000
Not just for calls 50% electricity [br]comes from coal in the US but

0:28:35.000,0:28:18.000
80% of electricity in China [br]comes from coal.

0:18:30.000,0:18:21.000
Jim Rogers,

0:18:21.000,0:29:34.000
the CEO of one of America's largest [br]electric utilities says

0:31:04.000,0:27:28.000
figuring out how to clean up coal [br]must be part of the solution.

0:27:28.000,0:26:02.000
The issue for Congress can we clean it up.

0:26:02.000,0:29:35.000
That is the technology challenge we have,

0:29:35.000,0:29:59.000
because you just can't wake up and [br]tomorrow morning and saying no

0:30:49.000,0:22:40.000
more coal.

0:23:03.000,0:34:26.000
Rogers says we need to be finding [br]ways to capture and store carbon

0:34:26.000,0:29:59.000
. Like Wagner's doing in his lab.

0:29:59.000,0:29:03.000
But on a very large scale we need [br]to do it with a sense of urgency

0:29:03.000,0:21:25.000
. We're not moving faster.

0:27:53.000,0:25:17.000
The process of capturing carbon [br]in burying it is happening on a

0:25:17.000,0:19:42.000
massive scale in a place where people [br]don't take taxis they take.

0:30:56.000,0:20:48.000
The Sahara desert.

0:20:48.000,0:28:18.000
Algeria.

0:33:41.000,0:32:44.000
Location so remote and difficult [br]to get through.

0:32:44.000,0:30:07.000
We had to fly there on British [br]Petroleum chartered flight.

0:25:15.000,0:24:38.000
In Salah was once an important trait [br]lake in the middle of the

0:24:38.000,0:19:19.000
Sahara desert.

0:26:31.000,0:31:53.000
It may be an important link [br]to our energy future.

0:19:19.000,0:29:41.000
North Africa is rich in natural gas.

0:32:52.000,0:33:45.000
At in that gas which might heat your home.

0:33:58.000,0:24:13.000
Comes out of the ground with up [br]to 10% carbon dioxide mixed in.

0:24:13.000,0:23:06.000
And in purity that would make your [br]stove burned less efficiently.

0:25:48.000,0:32:41.000
So the carbon dioxide is scrubbed [br]out like in a submarine.

0:29:03.000,0:21:27.000
Usually that carbon dioxide is just [br]released into the atmosphere.

0:24:19.000,0:20:04.000
But here at it is pressurized and [br]pumped through sewage pipes that

0:20:34.000,0:26:05.000
stretch across the desert.

0:23:10.000,0:27:14.000
5 miles away the gas makes [br]an unexpected turn.

0:32:07.000,0:24:12.000
Here at the K B 5-o 2 site the Algerian [br]national gas company and

0:26:02.000,0:35:05.000
BP are put in the car and outside [br]right back where they found

0:25:47.000,0:35:17.000
underground.

0:31:21.000,0:32:34.000
Geologist John Mitchell E is checking [br]up on the gas pressure.

0:26:45.000,0:20:50.000
This is the inject a wellhead for [br]KB fight both too in this pipe

0:26:30.000,0:31:23.000
is the carbon dioxide that's been [br]compressed the production

0:32:53.000,0:25:24.000
facility.

0:24:16.000,0:36:47.000
The noise you hear is the flow of gas.

0:23:31.000,0:29:54.000
The pressurized carbon outside is [br]then forced more than a mile.

0:30:26.000,0:21:29.000
Where it is pushed into a [br]porous rock formation.

0:22:20.000,0:30:02.000
And effectively trapped back underground.

0:21:36.000,0:25:18.000
That facility takes of power plants were.

0:37:26.000,0:29:11.000
In the wedges game capturing the [br]CO2 like this from 1600 natural

0:29:11.000,0:31:45.000
gas plants would provide one wedge [br]or one 7th of the needed

0:33:45.000,0:24:16.000
solution.

0:21:09.000,0:23:22.000
But doing this is expensive and [br]would increase the price.

0:29:23.000,0:22:27.000
So at present In Salah is one of [br]only 4 such facilities in the

0:22:27.000,0:33:47.000
world.

0:33:47.000,0:23:49.000
Operating at a large scale.

0:25:30.000,0:33:43.000
There are more of these right now [br]because there's no commercial

0:33:43.000,0:31:44.000
reason to do them.

0:32:06.000,0:30:00.000
Price of fossil fuel reflected the [br]damage that was caused by the

0:30:00.000,0:26:34.000
greenhouse gases that office and there [br]would be an economic reason

0:27:34.000,0:28:06.000
to store the carbon dioxide below ground.

0:35:38.000,0:33:50.000
Given that the gases invisible.

0:33:50.000,0:38:02.000
How do they know it is actually [br]staying underground.

0:29:06.000,0:32:59.000
Satellite measurements reveal the [br]surface of the earth at the site

0:32:59.000,0:28:25.000
. We can calculate how much movement [br]there is in the Earth's

0:30:05.000,0:23:40.000
surface under way in Baghdad now [br]cancellations all tight monetary

0:23:40.000,0:27:50.000
motion.

0:27:35.000,0:36:38.000
Fans of the Sahara are stretched up [br]to 12 millimeters to make room

0:37:38.000,0:27:01.000
for the carbon dioxide injected inside.

0:22:29.000,0:26:03.000
So if carbon dioxide from a single [br]natural gas plant can literally

0:26:03.000,0:24:35.000
move the surface of the earth.

0:24:35.000,0:35:18.000
What is the impact of all of the [br]carbon are modern life creates.

0:23:11.000,0:34:53.000
We produce 9 billion tons [br]of carbon a year.

0:37:24.000,0:29:15.000
A number,

0:29:15.000,0:36:46.000
so hard to that,

0:36:46.000,0:32:29.000
we decided to break it down [br]into something more manage.

0:33:42.000,0:38:04.000
What is your contribution [br]to climate change.

0:26:57.000,0:38:39.000
When you look around your home and [br]there are some obvious places

0:23:10.000,0:23:53.000
where we use live energy and for [br]most people during not occur

0:23:53.000,0:27:23.000
again.

0:23:44.000,0:23:45.000
Dan Kaufman,

0:23:45.000,0:27:18.000
of the University of California [br]at Berkeley has tried to figure

0:27:18.000,0:31:20.000
out the carbon footprint [br]of the average America.

0:34:21.000,0:34:02.000
Heating our homes.

0:38:34.000,0:23:36.000
Driving our cars.

0:29:48.000,0:23:10.000
Growing and shipping our food.

0:36:10.000,0:38:33.000
We know how much carbon associated [br]with each year of energy we use

0:38:33.000,0:38:14.000
in our house.

0:38:14.000,0:25:48.000
Adding those things up basic counting.

0:37:28.000,0:23:40.000
But it will depend on obvious.

0:33:30.000,0:37:33.000
Developed a Web site where you can [br]calculate your carbon footprint

0:37:33.000,0:24:08.000
. But we wanted to make [br]it a bit more graphic.

0:29:30.000,0:32:14.000
So we asked him to imagine it as [br]a solid white garden compost

0:35:14.000,0:24:36.000
which is mostly carbon anyway.

0:33:40.000,0:24:05.000
One pound of carbon limited as an [br]invisible gas can be represented

0:24:35.000,0:25:57.000
as a pound of this rich black dirt.

0:29:58.000,0:25:41.000
20 mile trip to the store and back.

0:25:41.000,0:40:22.000
That's about 6 pounds of carbon.

0:39:56.000,0:33:28.000
One short trip.

0:33:28.000,0:31:09.000
The 6 pounds.

0:28:02.000,0:26:23.000
But in one year.

0:26:23.000,0:28:46.000
The average American drives [br]about 10,000 miles.

0:31:31.000,0:40:05.000
This is the average American driver [br]through the year 2 tons of car

0:40:05.000,0:38:29.000
. All those car trips 2 tons.

0:28:52.000,0:33:16.000
And all that driving flying buying [br]and heating we do in a year.

0:38:56.000,0:38:57.000
6 times.

0:32:21.000,0:38:44.000
I show you the average family's carbon [br]footprint I've invited like

0:40:54.000,0:37:35.000
kids to join.

0:25:09.000,0:34:13.000
And this is the average American [br]families Norfolk just one here.

0:32:17.000,0:33:51.000
Your average families 14 tons of [br]carbon waste combines in the

0:35:51.000,0:33:16.000
atmosphere with oxygen to create [br]50 tons of carbon dioxide gas.

0:34:59.000,0:39:33.000
That gas floating in the atmosphere [br]sunlight enter to warm earth.

0:35:45.000,0:33:26.000
But it blocks.

0:33:26.000,0:39:37.000
Much of the heat from escaping.

0:34:59.000,0:35:32.000
It's like an invisible cortex [br]blanket warm you know are.

0:26:07.000,0:30:31.000
So how can we get energy with the [br]least amount of carbon emissions

0:30:31.000,0:34:12.000
. Mean.

0:39:12.000,0:29:06.000
The first stop on everyone's [br]green energy list the sun.

0:31:09.000,0:30:33.000
Solar power is the poster child for [br]transforming our energy system

0:30:33.000,0:28:27.000
. There's huge potential.

0:28:27.000,0:26:59.000
If you look at the numbers,

0:26:59.000,0:30:13.000
the amount of solar energy reaching [br]the surface of the is 100,000

0:31:33.000,0:39:23.000
terror laws.

0:41:45.000,0:35:48.000
The amount of energy that civilization [br]is using for all of its

0:37:38.000,0:28:21.000
purposes today 17 or 18 Caroline's.

0:29:53.000,0:28:56.000
This makes solar energy [br]enormously attractive.

0:42:06.000,0:39:09.000
You know we need a few square meters [br]of solar panels for every

0:40:19.000,0:28:53.000
person in the world they actually [br]generate all the energy will be

0:30:23.000,0:35:26.000
and we don't do that is it's still [br]too expensive solar panels cost

0:35:26.000,0:37:07.000
a lot of money.

0:37:07.000,0:30:01.000
The question is can we make [br]photovoltaic stitching.

0:32:51.000,0:38:51.000
And if.

0:42:52.000,0:36:05.000
Making solar power cheaply [br]is now the goal.

0:34:56.000,0:29:48.000
And with billions at stake.

0:29:48.000,0:34:19.000
There is a race on to do.

0:33:21.000,0:33:14.000
There is no better place to see [br]the intensity of that race then

0:34:04.000,0:42:44.000
here in Chai.

0:39:37.000,0:28:42.000
China leads the world in the manufacture [br]of solar panels and it's

0:28:42.000,0:36:54.000
not just because of cheap labor,

0:36:54.000,0:29:39.000
a big part of it is down of this [br]man Jung wrong she the CEO of

0:29:39.000,0:34:02.000
suntan and a remarkable [br]rags to riches story.

0:40:54.000,0:33:07.000
Well safety the fortune overnight,

0:33:07.000,0:37:40.000
but I never believed that and [br]he's not sure for anybody.

0:37:40.000,0:27:41.000
Yes,

0:27:41.000,0:37:53.000
he's not sure unless you [br]have the rich a father,

0:37:53.000,0:43:53.000
you know me,

0:43:53.000,0:35:54.000
that's different,

0:35:54.000,0:38:34.000
you know.

0:28:56.000,0:33:18.000
She's family was far from rich.

0:33:18.000,0:30:19.000
In fact,

0:30:19.000,0:29:42.000
his father was so poor that she [br]was put up for adoption.

0:37:43.000,0:40:17.000
Now he's known as the Sun King and [br]is ranked among the richest men

0:40:17.000,0:30:28.000
in the world.

0:36:19.000,0:41:22.000
I'm a very aggressive personality.

0:41:22.000,0:36:06.000
So when I saw as opportunity [br]during I've just.

0:27:51.000,0:42:42.000
Before hitting the jackpot,

0:42:42.000,0:37:26.000
she was a solar scientist in [br]Australia but felt the best.

0:38:26.000,0:39:09.000
Way to get solar out to the world [br]was not through publishing

0:39:09.000,0:40:02.000
papers but through combining [br]science with this.

0:36:37.000,0:39:00.000
The initial reaction from his university [br]colleague and teacher

0:39:30.000,0:41:12.000
Stewart went and was not encouraging.

0:37:03.000,0:34:04.000
Well,

0:34:04.000,0:37:38.000
to be honest when he first mentioned [br]to me his idea why didn't

0:39:28.000,0:30:50.000
actually think it was a good idea,

0:30:50.000,0:30:31.000
and I told you so.

0:43:02.000,0:37:03.000
Today,

0:37:03.000,0:38:46.000
she's former teacher is his [br]chief technology officer.

0:33:07.000,0:38:57.000
Amazing.

0:41:47.000,0:35:50.000
Instead of perfecting technology [br]in the lab,

0:35:50.000,0:30:53.000
they are using their science [br]to cut the cost of solar.

0:40:27.000,0:43:00.000
The basic science of photovoltaic [br]technology is pretty

0:43:00.000,0:38:01.000
straightforward.

0:36:02.000,0:39:24.000
And has been around since the 1950s.

0:31:16.000,0:30:28.000
Photo means light.

0:38:08.000,0:41:38.000
Pictures.

0:36:19.000,0:42:19.000
And so,

0:42:19.000,0:31:41.000
when a photon of light.

0:31:41.000,0:45:23.000
It's a silicon atom its [br]energy Knox an electron

0:39:05.000,0:38:07.000
which is then directed [br]through the silicon.

0:42:17.000,0:31:39.000
To the thin wires on this

0:29:41.000,0:35:15.000
that stream of electrons is [br]electricity back in power.

0:35:15.000,0:31:39.000
Anything from your toaster to your TV.

0:30:23.000,0:32:27.000
During the manufacturing process [br]metal lines that workers wires

0:35:27.000,0:42:18.000
are put on the surface of the silly.

0:45:19.000,0:32:55.000
The problem is these metal lines [br]cannot be made very narrow that

0:33:35.000,0:35:28.000
shines quite a bit of the [br]solar cell surface.

0:42:39.000,0:29:33.000
One way when I mean she working [br]to improve their cells is by

0:29:33.000,0:35:15.000
making the wires thinner [br]and closer together.

0:35:15.000,0:38:37.000
So the electrons don't [br]have to travel so far.

0:39:48.000,0:46:11.000
Look at the solar still here on [br]my left Castaneda lines were

0:46:11.000,0:42:02.000
locked place up.

0:33:13.000,0:36:47.000
The new design increases efficiency [br]which drives down the costs

0:38:38.000,0:30:51.000
its innovations like these [br]that has led she.

0:31:51.000,0:34:26.000
The dominant world production in [br]2001 it would take Sun Tech a

0:34:26.000,0:38:20.000
whole year to produce what Mao rolls [br]out of the factory in 2 days

0:39:02.000,0:42:42.000
that.

0:44:22.000,0:38:25.000
Kind of growth can be seen across China,

0:38:25.000,0:40:38.000
where they are adding the equivalent [br]of a city the size of Chicago

0:44:58.000,0:31:40.000
every 3 months.

0:40:55.000,0:38:29.000
Nowhere is the enthusiasm for solar [br]power more celebrated than

0:38:29.000,0:35:50.000
into June,

0:35:50.000,0:44:31.000
3 hours south of Beijing.

0:44:32.000,0:34:04.000
And the improvement

0:33:16.000,0:41:17.000
and at night.

0:41:17.000,0:41:28.000
The city is alike.

0:41:28.000,0:39:25.000
With me on that is powered by batteries [br]that charged in the day by

0:40:45.000,0:40:57.000
an enormous array of solar panels.

0:45:09.000,0:31:24.000
The man behind this showcase city [br]is how long me another of

0:33:04.000,0:42:15.000
China's solar millionaires.

0:41:47.000,0:36:58.000
Sort of me.

0:36:58.000,0:33:53.000
It is my dream of a new kind of [br]landscape although lifestyle.

0:34:05.000,0:31:49.000
Now 4 main wants to spread his [br]wealth and passion for solar.

0:43:21.000,0:37:46.000
Among the England has been possessed [br]by this vision to design a

0:39:16.000,0:43:31.000
community which in this case I think [br]it was 88% solar reliant.

0:33:44.000,0:37:57.000
Orville shell the China scholar [br]has been to do here.

0:41:18.000,0:46:08.000
Well,

0:46:08.000,0:43:42.000
it may be flashy he says it's [br]emblematic of China's growing

0:43:42.000,0:37:03.000
prosperity.

0:36:54.000,0:43:25.000
You know China today,

0:43:25.000,0:37:08.000
you see the most amazing [br]thing springing up

0:33:30.000,0:47:10.000
in some sense,

0:47:10.000,0:34:04.000
they're very impressive and involving [br]allowed a very innovative

0:41:44.000,0:41:38.000
technology and their these [br]weirdness other aspects of

0:40:10.000,0:37:24.000
but there is this extraordinary [br]dynamic energy the sort of

0:47:04.000,0:43:25.000
bursting forth.

0:37:37.000,0:36:49.000
And it's not just China.

0:36:49.000,0:42:21.000
The energy problem is seen [br]as an opportunity.

0:42:21.000,0:39:52.000
All over the world.

0:33:33.000,0:40:05.000
China is moving very aggressively.

0:40:05.000,0:34:59.000
India's biggest move in this western [br]Europe is going to move on.

0:34:59.000,0:35:13.000
This even some oil exporting [br]countries OPEC countries are

0:35:13.000,0:33:46.000
beginning to realize that you need [br]to develop cleaner energy

0:33:46.000,0:43:16.000
sources.

0:37:08.000,0:33:52.000
Since coming to the Department of [br]Energy Secretary Steven Chu has

0:33:52.000,0:37:55.000
increased spending on developing [br]clean energy bike$40

0:37:55.000,0:48:35.000
billion.

0:37:16.000,0:42:56.000
And.

0:38:07.000,0:45:22.000
We need technologies solar power [br]wind power carbon capture who's

0:46:12.000,0:35:35.000
gonna supply the world with [br]those technologies.

0:35:35.000,0:36:46.000
I would hope it's you know it's not.

0:46:58.000,0:48:01.000
The US once was enthusiastic about solar.

0:48:01.000,0:42:14.000
At the height of the oil [br]crisis in the 1970s.

0:35:35.000,0:37:36.000
By the end of this century.

0:37:36.000,0:36:31.000
I want our nation to derive 20% of [br]all the energy we use from the

0:37:31.000,0:41:41.000
sun.

0:39:13.000,0:34:47.000
To great fanfare President Jimmy [br]Carter even installed solar

0:36:27.000,0:48:58.000
heaters on the roof of the White House.

0:34:30.000,0:38:52.000
This is accustomed to stock specific risk.

0:35:23.000,0:44:47.000
But a few years later after oil prices [br]drop Ronald Reagan took the

0:44:47.000,0:41:18.000
panel's down.

0:43:46.000,0:39:57.000
Today,

0:39:57.000,0:34:50.000
America is trying to get back [br]into the solar gain.

0:34:01.000,0:38:11.000
I mean,

0:38:11.000,0:37:14.000
the bottom line is we roughly what [br]to double the amount of Queen.

0:48:35.000,0:36:59.000
The goal for Secretary Chu is [br]to double the amount of non

0:36:59.000,0:43:53.000
carbon-emitting energy in the US by [br]2035 comeback here and a large

0:44:53.000,0:45:24.000
chunk of that this solar.

0:46:45.000,0:33:29.000
Along comes a need and we need clear,

0:33:29.000,0:36:53.000
this is a problem that science can [br]solve that opportunity issue.

0:41:17.000,0:40:21.000
The idea is to invest in science [br]that will pay off in practical

0:40:21.000,0:37:02.000
solutions.

0:44:45.000,0:35:59.000
One of the major challenges we [br]face is transportation which

0:35:59.000,0:46:21.000
accounts for about a 3rd [br]of total energy use.

0:45:53.000,0:45:37.000
There are several different approaches [br]including electric cars.

0:41:13.000,0:49:36.000
Transport fuels represent [br]a special problem.

0:49:36.000,0:46:09.000
The most likely avenue they're currently [br]in the people pursuing

0:48:09.000,0:40:20.000
biofuels.

0:41:11.000,0:46:01.000
Yes.

0:50:11.000,0:43:55.000
Biofuels or form of solar because [br]they come from plants which

0:45:25.000,0:39:57.000
capture the sun's energy to grow.

0:41:30.000,0:46:33.000
One promising approach is being developed [br]at the joint bioenergy

0:49:03.000,0:37:05.000
Institute in Emeryville,

0:37:05.000,0:49:45.000
California.

0:43:16.000,0:41:00.000
Where Jake easily is using plant [br]biology to come up with the fuel

0:41:00.000,0:50:42.000
of the future that will work [br]with our current system.

0:40:13.000,0:42:24.000
We've got about$3

0:42:24.000,0:42:47.000
trillion worth of transportation [br]infrastructure in this country

0:35:18.000,0:41:10.000
with the gas stations pipelines [br]the refineries

0:35:42.000,0:40:53.000
automobiles trains planes.

0:48:52.000,0:35:45.000
We don't have the money to repay all.

0:51:02.000,0:43:36.000
He's idea is to exploit the [br]way plants make food.

0:43:29.000,0:36:02.000
Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air.

0:35:23.000,0:45:06.000
And use that carbon and oxygen [br]and hydrogen from water,

0:45:06.000,0:43:40.000
plus the sun's energy to make nutrients [br]in the form of a simple

0:43:40.000,0:49:00.000
sugar.

0:37:03.000,0:46:35.000
Ling is working to put that [br]Sugar to use for our.

0:38:48.000,0:47:51.000
One way to think about how he's doing [br]that is he is super charging

0:49:41.000,0:38:43.000
an age old process.

0:37:57.000,0:37:31.000
The basic recipe of beer is to take [br]borrowing a plant that is rich

0:37:31.000,0:50:44.000
in those stored sugars [br]and mix it with yeast.

0:48:06.000,0:46:40.000
Yeast is a microbe that feeds on those [br]plant sugars and turns them

0:46:40.000,0:46:24.000
into alcohol that process [br]is called fermentation.

0:50:06.000,0:41:49.000
Lars Larson the brew master explains.

0:47:49.000,0:38:52.000
This is instrumental to [br]the brewing processed,

0:38:52.000,0:48:35.000
it is the yeast that turns the sugar [br]render Halka hole and create

0:48:35.000,0:45:00.000
a beard was with us away in every [br]animal's life cycle or something

0:45:00.000,0:39:34.000
. Those in the front something comes [br]out the back alcohol to come

0:39:34.000,0:40:15.000
out the back so these to

0:44:57.000,0:42:09.000
but instead of alcohol that you drink.

0:48:29.000,0:52:03.000
Keesler wants to make diesel fuel [br]by genetically altering the east

0:52:03.000,0:38:28.000
. We have an enormous amount of power [br]to change biology manipulate

0:40:38.000,0:49:28.000
biology.

0:47:09.000,0:41:51.000
Instead of Barley the plant.

0:41:51.000,0:49:43.000
He uses his switch grass,

0:49:43.000,0:51:37.000
it's an agricultural waste material [br]but it sugars work easy to

0:36:58.000,0:45:48.000
access.

0:51:18.000,0:39:12.000
We have to go to great lengths to [br]extract the and turn them into

0:39:52.000,0:44:52.000
this.

0:52:33.000,0:45:17.000
Then he feeds the sugar to genetically [br]altered yeast like at the

0:45:17.000,0:45:21.000
brewery but what comes out of [br]the back side of this yeast.

0:45:21.000,0:45:04.000
You can put directly into [br]your car or your plane.

0:52:34.000,0:40:38.000
This is not your grandmother's east [br]this is has been souped up to

0:42:18.000,0:53:22.000
produce an advanced biofuel you [br]all that is nearly identical to

0:37:13.000,0:51:23.000
what we had today.

0:45:24.000,0:50:14.000
You know.

0:51:04.000,0:38:56.000
There is just one care.

0:50:18.000,0:47:00.000
If Richard Branson came here today,

0:47:00.000,0:52:33.000
I could give him a tablespoon of [br]jet fuel that we've made here in

0:52:33.000,0:46:44.000
the laboratory.

0:38:55.000,0:48:17.000
That tablespoon would cost about$100,000

0:49:27.000,0:45:28.000
. If if if if

0:43:40.000,0:47:03.000
well I would Al Absi love [br]to meet up with 5th.

0:43:15.000,0:50:17.000
It's just fantastic to have all [br]these people trying to come up

0:50:47.000,0:40:19.000
with the big breakthroughs.

0:40:19.000,0:52:41.000
I think the breakthroughs will happen [br]it needs money resources

0:38:02.000,0:42:03.000
time and energy.

0:42:03.000,0:47:23.000
Great,

0:47:23.000,0:42:35.000
great people to put their minds.

0:38:27.000,0:52:21.000
I firmly believe that technology [br]can save us from climate change,

0:52:21.000,0:46:06.000
but the changes that we're talking [br]about our heroic in scale,

0:46:06.000,0:40:08.000
they're not without precedent.

0:40:08.000,0:50:00.000
But they are still heroic in scale.

0:49:02.000,0:40:26.000
One challenge is to figure out which [br]advances in the laboratory

0:40:26.000,0:46:49.000
could be increased to an industrial scale.

0:46:49.000,0:48:01.000
Not all promising science is practical.

0:46:42.000,0:50:05.000
But in the wedges game there is [br]an immediate way to reduce the

0:51:25.000,0:49:46.000
size of the problem.

0:48:58.000,0:54:21.000
The potential is huge and [br]it's called efficiency.

0:39:53.000,0:39:38.000
The very word efficiency says you [br]get the same bang for a less

0:41:38.000,0:46:38.000
buck.

0:47:49.000,0:53:42.000
Efficiency is a car that gets [br]better MP chief in them.

0:53:42.000,0:45:35.000
The we in the house,

0:45:35.000,0:48:37.000
said we keep,

0:48:37.000,0:41:11.000
and so you had the same award inside [br]houses with less natural gas

0:42:41.000,0:53:32.000
currently on that.

0:55:02.000,0:42:36.000
Not using energy in the first place [br]is the easiest way to earn a

0:42:36.000,0:47:16.000
wedge.

0:50:38.000,0:55:02.000
It's like the old Benjamin Franklin [br]quote a penny saved is a penny

0:55:02.000,0:54:08.000
. Ben Franklin himself would be proud [br]of what is going on here at

0:54:08.000,0:41:21.000
the national archives in Washington DC.

0:41:34.000,0:49:27.000
The archives is all about saving [br]America's most important

0:49:27.000,0:39:50.000
documents like the US Constitution,

0:39:50.000,0:40:11.000
which Franklin signing.

0:48:23.000,0:47:26.000
But it paid very little attention [br]to saving energy.

0:40:39.000,0:55:39.000
Today,

0:55:39.000,0:41:11.000
that's all changed.

0:47:03.000,0:48:26.000
James Garvin was once just [br]the buildings engineered,

0:48:26.000,0:53:48.000
but now he's also become a detective

0:39:41.000,0:51:44.000
using a thermal imaging camera Garvin [br]is tracking down an urgent

0:52:24.000,0:44:15.000
leaks.

0:54:15.000,0:41:59.000
We're looking for leaks to see areas [br]where we're losing a lot of

0:41:59.000,0:48:19.000
the Kerry.

0:55:10.000,0:45:43.000
Red means hot which is wasted energy.

0:49:54.000,0:53:37.000
Obviously and the problems start [br]right at the front door.

0:52:48.000,0:45:21.000
We don't need a special camera [br]to see problems here.

0:51:12.000,0:49:24.000
You can feel the heat through [br]the 3 quarter inch.

0:39:56.000,0:43:26.000
Hemscott.

0:45:06.000,0:47:29.000
That escaping in heat may help [br]this guy outside state.

0:52:00.000,0:46:15.000
But the point is to keep all the [br]heat inside the building so the

0:48:05.000,0:55:08.000
archives was pulled in efficiency [br]experts to reduce its carbon

0:55:48.000,0:42:09.000
foot.

0:42:42.000,0:40:34.000
They installed new efficient radiators.

0:55:15.000,0:41:31.000
And lights that are 20% brighter [br]yet use a 3rd less energy and

0:41:31.000,0:48:54.000
motion sensors to shut them [br]off when employees don't.

0:55:06.000,0:43:20.000
But the biggest ticket items were [br]installing efficient boilers

0:49:00.000,0:56:22.000
left and plugging in those leaky gas.

0:40:25.000,0:44:18.000
The archives is on track to reduce [br]its emissions by more than

0:44:18.000,0:44:30.000
1,000 tons of carbon a year.

0:54:31.000,0:42:35.000
That reduction doesn't just show [br]up and garments camera is good

0:42:35.000,0:48:35.000
news,

0:48:35.000,0:46:16.000
blue,

0:46:16.000,0:42:28.000
it's also save in the archives,

0:42:28.000,0:56:08.000
a lot of green.

0:45:00.000,0:55:32.000
Its energy bill will be reduced by$1.2

0:55:32.000,0:42:48.000
million every year which will pay [br]for the upgrade in only 5 years

0:42:48.000,0:54:38.000
. Well you know.

0:56:18.000,0:55:50.000
Everybody loves efficiency,

0:55:50.000,0:43:04.000
efficiency saves you money [br]it doesn't cost you money.

0:45:45.000,0:48:48.000
Efficiency savings aren't just limited [br]to grand old government

0:49:38.000,0:53:08.000
built.

0:44:11.000,0:53:24.000
About a quarter of the energy an [br]average American uses is at home

0:53:24.000,0:47:20.000
. Increasing home efficiency can [br]save a 3rd on your energy bill.

0:51:02.000,0:50:05.000
And we know our cars can go [br]farther on a gallon of gas.

0:52:35.000,0:55:05.000
They.

0:54:26.000,0:42:20.000
If you took all the cars that are [br]going to exist in the world 50

0:44:20.000,0:51:53.000
years from now and made them [br]have 60 miles per gallon.

0:51:53.000,0:55:53.000
Instead,

0:55:53.000,0:51:48.000
a 30 miles per gallon that creates [br]a wedge it affects one billion

0:53:48.000,0:54:20.000
metric tons of carbon atoms.

0:54:20.000,0:45:54.000
That would have been emitted to [br]the atmosphere while still

0:45:54.000,0:49:46.000
providing us with the trap we want.

0:46:27.000,0:46:01.000
That won't change is the equivalent [br]of replacing 800 coal plants.

0:54:42.000,0:55:25.000
And that's just the beginning of [br]what efficiency improvements can

0:56:15.000,0:57:35.000
do.

0:53:55.000,0:44:48.000
In the 1970s energy efficiency,

0:44:48.000,0:54:19.000
got a lot of attention,

0:54:19.000,0:43:14.000
but for many it was symbolic of a [br]counter cultural lifestyle and

0:43:14.000,0:42:26.000
making uncomfortable sacrifices.

0:56:09.000,0:42:40.000
But,

0:42:40.000,0:46:51.000
as Stewart Brand,

0:46:51.000,0:58:43.000
a leader of the environmental [br]movement back then points out

0:55:44.000,0:51:38.000
efficiency changes in California [br]have kept energy use the same

0:42:59.000,0:46:41.000
while still allowing the [br]economy to double.

0:54:22.000,0:54:26.000
Brand became famous for writing the [br]whole earth catalog a resource

0:55:36.000,0:50:18.000
guide for a sustainable lifestyle.

0:56:52.000,0:55:13.000
Today,

0:55:13.000,0:45:04.000
he says.

0:45:04.000,0:49:27.000
It's important to develop a whole [br]new catalog of tools to fight

0:50:27.000,0:47:18.000
climate change.

0:55:02.000,0:48:24.000
From harnessing wave energy.

0:54:21.000,0:44:55.000
To use the Earth's geothermal heat.

0:44:55.000,0:58:57.000
I think it's encouraging to hear [br]that were not there and

0:46:28.000,0:46:32.000
everything on one particular thing [br]is somehow win is gonna save us

0:53:12.000,0:55:56.000
with a somehow nuclear is gonna [br]save us there is such a full

0:55:56.000,0:52:40.000
spectrum problem is going to take [br]a full spectrum set of solutions

0:52:40.000,0:58:25.000
. Brand has surprised many by his [br]willingness to consider this

0:58:25.000,0:55:06.000
full spectrum.

0:58:37.000,0:55:00.000
In the 1970s he fought nuclear energy.

0:55:22.000,0:58:57.000
Today he has done an about face the [br]shift was starting to really

0:58:57.000,0:48:12.000
take climate change seriously enough [br]to challenge by assumption

0:48:12.000,0:52:23.000
that I knew enough about nuclear.

0:58:30.000,0:50:32.000
But the senior army in Fukushima,

0:50:32.000,0:53:05.000
Japan has revived old fears [br]about nuclear energy.

0:56:28.000,0:48:23.000
When this tsunami struck this 1970s [br]style reactor was flooded and

0:48:23.000,0:54:05.000
it's diesel generators didn't work,

0:54:05.000,0:47:47.000
causing the cooling system to fail.

0:56:49.000,0:56:41.000
That led to releases of radiation.

0:50:53.000,0:51:05.000
Does this disaster change brands mind.

0:47:36.000,0:56:28.000
And as in Fukushima change my support.

0:51:51.000,0:50:14.000
I think a question we're asking [br]now is comparing the risks of

0:50:14.000,0:46:29.000
nuclear to the risks of climate [br]change and we do that risk

0:48:19.000,0:47:22.000
analysis nuclear keeps [br]looking pretty good,

0:47:22.000,0:59:03.000
even with Fukushima my.

0:55:35.000,0:45:17.000
According to the game,

0:45:17.000,0:48:11.000
replacing 800 coal plants with nuclear [br]power would solve one wedge

0:48:41.000,0:55:05.000
of the needed carbon solution but [br]can nuclear be made safer.

0:47:18.000,0:58:41.000
Nuclear power plants require massive [br]cooling systems to keep the

0:58:41.000,0:57:42.000
reactor core say.

0:46:54.000,0:59:17.000
In the old style plants like those [br]in Japan that was done with a

0:59:17.000,0:52:00.000
vast array of pipes valves and back upon.

1:00:31.000,0:53:25.000
It was the failure of these backup [br]systems that led to the nuclear

0:53:25.000,0:46:26.000
crisis.

0:51:48.000,0:47:32.000
The latest designs for reactors [br]like this Westinghouse AP 1,000

0:51:22.000,0:49:13.000
are much simpler.

0:54:04.000,0:56:17.000
An example was the large tank of [br]cooling water that sits right on

0:57:27.000,0:52:51.000
top so that gravity will do the work [br]in the event of an emergency

0:52:51.000,0:59:57.000
. This tankers a 3 day supply of [br]cooling water and requires no

1:00:47.000,0:53:48.000
electricity.

0:55:12.000,1:01:45.000
This next generation of nuclear [br]plant is already in production.

0:53:57.000,0:50:58.000
But to see it.

0:50:58.000,0:57:21.000
We have to go back to China because [br]no nuclear plant has been

0:58:11.000,0:48:54.000
built in the US since the 1970s.

0:58:56.000,0:58:17.000
Kate Jackson,

0:58:17.000,0:57:41.000
chief technology officer for Westinghouse [br]says one key benefit of

0:57:41.000,0:49:25.000
the 81,000 is that it is bringing [br]standardized designs.

0:55:16.000,0:58:59.000
Sterilization is an old concept [br]just never been applied to the

0:58:59.000,0:58:50.000
nuclear industry before.

0:50:23.000,0:49:47.000
The old nuclear plants were custom [br]built with more moving parts to

0:49:47.000,0:59:17.000
go wrong

0:57:39.000,0:48:10.000
now.

0:48:50.000,0:50:14.000
Each plant is built in standardized [br]modules like a giant Lego set

0:50:14.000,0:59:58.000
. The majority are attached about [br]their and the high things in

1:01:08.000,0:50:11.000
staff they've been fresher [br]testing it's right again.

0:48:35.000,0:56:18.000
There are a total of 350 modules [br]for each power station.

0:53:41.000,0:55:46.000
Like here in san 4 hours outside [br]of Shanghai where Kate Jackson

0:55:46.000,0:47:08.000
has come to see the progress.

0:57:38.000,0:48:02.000
It's wonderful because you get to [br]see these building blocks being

0:48:52.000,0:48:04.000
moved and put into place.

1:02:58.000,0:53:40.000
Piece by piece.

0:53:40.000,0:53:32.000
The nuclear power station take shape.

0:52:54.000,0:48:37.000
Stepping inside Jackson finds the reactor.

0:55:30.000,0:57:13.000
This is where the nuclear reaction [br]will generate the heat that

0:57:53.000,0:48:25.000
drives the electrical generator.

0:49:46.000,0:55:08.000
Enough power for more [br]than a million homes.

1:01:01.000,0:50:55.000
The plant and men should come on [br]line in nearly half the usual

0:50:55.000,0:49:57.000
time only 4 years.

0:48:39.000,0:54:00.000
Over the next 30 years.

0:54:00.000,0:55:03.000
China plans to build 400 nuclear reactors.

0:56:35.000,1:02:18.000
Designs like the AP 1,000 could [br]address some of the safety

1:02:18.000,1:03:21.000
concerns that Japan's crisis exposed,

1:03:21.000,0:53:26.000
but there are still many old style [br]plans in operation 23 in the US

0:53:26.000,0:50:41.000
alone and all nuclear plants suffer [br]from the long-standing problem

0:52:31.000,0:59:43.000
of how to dispose of their nuclear waste

0:51:35.000,0:51:08.000
Nathan Miller vault thinks these [br]problems can be overcome.

1:00:38.000,0:59:03.000
Nuclear is one of the carbon free [br]emission technologies that

0:59:33.000,1:01:45.000
absolutely works at scale today.

0:59:46.000,0:58:11.000
In Seattle fault former chief technology [br]officer of Microsoft is

0:58:11.000,0:48:35.000
teaming up with his old friend Bill [br]Gates to work on designing a

0:48:35.000,0:58:58.000
future generation of nuclear technology [br]called Terra power.

0:49:09.000,0:57:51.000
We need a miracle in energy technology.

1:04:52.000,1:04:46.000
Think we need a miracle sounds extreme [br]but in fact miracles on the

1:04:46.000,0:53:28.000
mainland are flat.

0:53:28.000,0:51:40.000
The entire technology industry is about.

0:58:23.000,1:04:46.000
The miracles revolt predicts our [br]new designs that would more

1:04:46.000,0:53:10.000
safely and efficiently you [br]spent nuclear fuel,

0:53:10.000,0:51:22.000
which is creating the waste problem today.

0:56:04.000,0:53:48.000
He looks to technology not just [br]provide energy for us,

0:53:48.000,1:01:41.000
but to satisfy the aspirations for [br]growth in the rest of the world

1:01:41.000,0:56:36.000
. The energy task for the 21st century [br]is how can we get every

0:56:36.000,0:53:50.000
citizen the earth the kind of [br]energy use as you find in the

0:53:50.000,1:03:51.000
developed world.

1:03:51.000,0:54:24.000
It is a question of fairness and equity.

1:00:05.000,1:02:10.000
Some people say we in the United [br]States lot Wes and perhaps we

1:02:10.000,0:59:01.000
ought to,

0:59:01.000,0:50:44.000
I don't know way to force us to use less.

1:01:46.000,1:04:00.000
They and the Chinese art and not [br]use as much as we use now but

0:51:31.000,0:55:52.000
they're headed there.

0:55:52.000,0:58:13.000
I don't know how you start for them.

0:49:56.000,0:59:38.000
The demand for energy indeed [br]appears on stock.

0:54:22.000,0:57:55.000
Energy demand is predicted to triple [br]by the end of the century.

0:55:28.000,1:04:11.000
Which means there is probably a need [br]for all the solutions science

1:05:11.000,1:01:42.000
can come up with.

0:58:24.000,0:59:18.000
People always are looking for the [br]technological magic bullet,

0:59:18.000,1:06:08.000
though,

1:06:08.000,0:54:52.000
the one thing that if we just [br]get it right will say.

1:05:13.000,1:00:05.000
There probably is no silver bullet,

1:00:05.000,0:56:49.000
there may be a silver shotgun in [br]the sense of a white variety

0:57:30.000,0:51:41.000
advances,

0:51:41.000,1:00:33.000
which together will solve [br]a large part of this.

1:06:35.000,1:01:21.000
One big nuclear power plant is the [br]same as 3,000 big wind turbines

1:01:51.000,0:51:34.000
and the about 50 square mile.

0:52:16.000,1:03:17.000
The question is which do you want.

1:03:17.000,1:03:50.000
And the answer is everybody wanted [br]somewhere other than their own

1:03:50.000,0:59:41.000
backyard.

0:59:41.000,0:57:42.000
Well guess what,

0:57:42.000,1:05:22.000
if you don't,

1:05:22.000,1:01:43.000
solve the problem,

1:01:43.000,0:59:55.000
your backyard isn't gonna [br]look the same anyway.

1:04:57.000,0:52:40.000
And the energy problem is a moving target.

0:51:52.000,0:59:06.000
Every day as demand grows and carbon [br]accumulates in the atmosphere

0:59:06.000,0:57:18.000
, the problem increases.

1:00:09.000,1:02:40.000
This is the problem,

1:02:40.000,0:55:25.000
in which procrastination Kerry's [br]really serious penalties.

1:01:16.000,1:01:09.000
America has been down the past [br]of procrastination before.

0:55:02.000,0:59:35.000
Perhaps one of the most poignant places [br]to see the results of that

1:03:55.000,1:00:26.000
is back in China.

1:03:57.000,0:51:51.000
At a town pulled out of poverty [br]by solar manufacturing.

1:05:12.000,1:05:34.000
At the Joe Silva received.

1:05:34.000,0:52:56.000
There is a popular display.

1:01:57.000,0:59:50.000
One of the solar panels that Jimmy [br]Carter installed on the White

0:59:50.000,0:59:42.000
House back in 1979.

1:00:14.000,0:57:35.000
This solar heater.

0:54:26.000,0:54:08.000
You to be a curiosity.

0:54:08.000,1:05:09.000
The museum piece,

1:05:09.000,1:07:23.000
an example of a road not taken.

1:07:23.000,0:53:04.000
Well,

0:53:04.000,1:02:37.000
I can be just a small part of [br]one of the greatest and most

1:02:37.000,1:07:41.000
exciting adventures ever undertaken [br]by the American Pete.

0:58:28.000,1:02:39.000
30 years later,

1:02:39.000,0:53:03.000
the need to venture into new forms [br]of energy is even greater.

1:04:35.000,0:54:57.000
The challenge is huge.

1:01:10.000,1:00:43.000
The potential consequences [br]of an action are bigger.

0:57:15.000,0:55:37.000
Necessities mother of all inventions,

0:55:37.000,0:56:40.000
we got the biggest necessity and it's [br]going to be your mother many

0:57:50.000,1:02:40.000
encourage.

1:05:05.000,0:52:42.000
This Nova program is available on [br]DVD sugar PBS.org or call 100