>> November 15th, 1532, Cajamarca. Hernando de Soto has just made official contact with Atahualpa and it is not going well. Atahualpa's first words are rebuke, "I am told you have killed my people and put them in chains." He says, "Holding up an iron collar is proof." De Soto denies this truth and Atahualpa invites them to eat. The Spaniards declined food, but agreed to sit and drink Chicha beer. They're sloppy and spill the drink, a deep of front. Suddenly inspired, De Soto offers a display of horsemanship in return. He canters around the square, cutting in freelancing on his strange beast before charging straight at the emperor 20 feet, 15,10. He reigns in so close that the horses breath flutters the tassels on Atahualpa's royal headband. Atahualpa stands in passive, and the guards who broke ranks to defend him are immediately executed. True Incas do not flinch. [MUSIC] The next day Atahualpa visits Pizarro at de Soto's invitation. The Spanish have camped in an empty city square. Upon his arrival, men sweep the ground before him. Soldiers carry ceremonial axis and priests and dancers sing praises. Atahualpa himself, rides in on a towering litter carried by 80 men. Gold plates on its surface reflecting the dying sun. Macaw feathers ripple in the Andean wind. He has nothing to fear. There were only 168 of these foreigners, and he has 8,000 in his unarmed party. Not to mention 80,000 soldiers waiting in the hills. But no one is here to meet them. The square is empty, save for the translator from the day before and a man and long robes. This translator is not Incan. Some low class sailor from the northern coastal villages who barely speak catchua, and Atahualpa suspects this man's grasp of Spanish is just basic. But for what he makes out this robed man is a priest. He has come from a great king and wants the Inca to accept his God. The priest waves some box claiming that it contains the word of this God. Intrigued, Atahualpa asks to see it. He listens to the box, but hears nothing. Slowly with great difficulty, he manages to open it. But he finds no divine voice inside, only sheets of cloth covered in patterns. Angry at this deception, he tosses the box on the ground. The priest runs towards the buildings screaming about his God being dishonored. Thunder cracks and the ranks near the emperor erupt in a fountain of gore. More banks and jets of smoke from the buildings around them. An ambush, 40 infantry in their metal shirts cutoff the exits. Then 60 men on monstrous beasts, some covered head to foot in metal charged the back of the Inca ranks. What weapons the Inca carry our ceremonial. The few soldiers carrying real slings and axis find the foreign armor impervious to their weapons. Incans have never seen horses and have no anti cavalry tactics. There's no escape. Within minutes, hundreds die by Spanish blades or fall crushed under iron horseshoes. One group of panic attendance surge against an Adobe wall so densely that it collapses, spilling fleeing men into the hills. These few escape, but 7,000 others die in the massacre. Atahualpa tries to escape to his later, but to many of the barriers are dead and the Spanish are stripping the gold plates from its surface. It tilts and falls. A soldier on horseback towers above him, huge. Suddenly his sword flashes down, but a man throws himself between the emperor and the blade, and takes the blow on his own arm. It's Francisco Pizarro, and this cut will be the only wound the conquistadors take and what they will later call a battle. Pizarro now holds the Inca emperor. Which is good for the conquistadors, because despite the fact that he has cannons, armor, horses, and muskets, he's still only has 168 men to defend Karmarkar against 80,000. It was, Atahualpa realized, a hostage situation. These Spanish wanted gold. Gold was something the emperor could provide, he walked into a room that measured 20 feet by 15 feet and made a chalk line eight feet up the wall. "If you release me," he said, "I will fill this room with treasure, twice over with silver, and once with gold." It would take time, but it could be done. Pizarro agreed, not only because he wanted the gold, though. Yeah, he wanted that gold pretty bad. But because of pause in hostilities, let him send to Panama for reinforcements. But this just happened to be Atahualpa's plan to. For eight months, as the treasure float in, he continued running his empire through intermediaries. Slowly, he organized an army to drive the Spanish out once he was released, but he ran into a problem. The half of the empire that had back to Oscar in the Civil War perceived the Spanish as liberators. Yet this perception did not last long. As Pizarro told the country under royal protection, his disgust with the Incan religion became ever more clear. In one instance, he ordered his men to climb the temple of the earthquake God and throw the God's image off the top, followed by all of the priests. When Atahualpa heard about this, his reaction was strong and immediate. He loved it, yeah. Because you'll see the temple had issued a prophecy that Huascar >> would win the civil war. >> He was glad to see his brothers followers cast down. In fact, his captive brother had met with Pizarro and offered the Spanish an alliance if they'd kill Atahualpa, free him, and install him as a ruler instead. But Atahualpa nipped that in the bud as well by having Huascar assassinated. Meanwhile, Atahualpa befriend his captors. Learned to play chess with de Soto and began dining with Pizarro. The conquistadors for their part, became fascinated with the Inca ruler with his fine bad skin close, many wives and noble bearing. Though Pizarro never dreamed of actually letting Atahualpa go, of course, he was the only thing stopping them from being completely wiped out. But he had become attached to the man. He wanted to take him to Spain as a royal hostage, but factions began to emerge in the Spanish ranks. Once the ransom was collected and divided, his auto expedition partner Diego de Almagro was unhappy with his men's take. Moreover, Almagro was distrustful of Atahualpa and argued for his immediate execution. Surrounded and cut off, Pizarro could not afford dissension in the ranks. When presented with evidence that Atahualpa was raising armies, Pizarro convened a trial and convicted the Inca emperor of treason against the Spanish crown. He had a choice, burn at the stake or convert to Christianity and be strangled with a chord. Atahualpa who wanted to keep his body whole so he could live out eternity as a venerated mummy, chose the cross and the chord. Killing the emperor was a bad idea. With Atahualpa dead, chaos descended even after the Spanish had subdued the country, they would face between 20-30 rebellions in the first two decades of their rule. They installed two puppet emperors. The first dying of smallpox before they even got him to Cusco, and the second shared power for three years before escaping to found a neo Inca state in the Peruvian Amazon, where Sapa Incas would reign for four more decades. Twice rebel armies besieged Cusco. Once, even in the new Spanish capital of Lima, but the Incan resistance could not be sustained. The Spanish learned that if they just held out long enough, Incan armies would dissolve once the crops needed to be brought in. Not to mention, the Incan practice of generals leading from the front was really not practical when facing an enemy armed with cannons and firearms. Spanish colonial government went about destroying Incan culture through forced conversion and cultural destruction. They raised the temples and built churches on their foundations. They melted down every gold object, remaking them into altarpieces or sending them back to Spain, and they confiscated and buried the royal mummies. But Pizarro and his men had their own problems. The Spanish Crown was horrified at Atahualpa's execution. Pizarro and his men were technically just peasants after all. Under no circumstances could they allow a bunch of peasants to commit regicide who cared if Atahualpa was a foreign idol worshiper. Killing a king, set a bad precedent. Also Pizarro's relationship with Almagro deteriorated further. The Spanish crown had made Almagro the governor of southern Peru and Pizarro the governor of Northern Peru, but was vague about who truly governed Cusco. Soon the conquistadors were fighting with each other, as well as the Incas. When Pizarro finally killed his rival, the man son took up the feud. Eight years after conquering Peru, 20 men stormed Pizarro's mentioned in Lima as friends died to protect him. The old man managed to find a sword and half buckle his breastplate. He killed the first two attackers. But when he ran a third through, the flesh trapped his blade and the assassins fell on him. Pizarro, the man who'd toppled an empire for golden Christianity and whose conquest killed millions through disease, starvation, and violence, died on the floor of his governor's mansion, calling for Jesus and drawing across in his own blood. The Inca survived him. Because ironically, the Spanish repression had rehabilitated the Inca's, reputation. Groups who chafed under Incan rule began looking back on it as a golden age and told stories of Inca folk heroes standing up for the people. In fact, if you visit Peru today, you'll see the Inca legacy in textiles, cultural recreations, political movements, and even bottles of soda. Their monuments, their roads and their history are a source of pride, even in areas where they were originally considered foreign occupiers. Once, Peru had belonged to the Incas. But today, the Incas belong to Peru. See you next time everybody. [MUSIC] Special thanks to educational tier patrons Ahmed Ziad Turk and Joseph Flame [MUSIC]