[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.84,0:00:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.08,0:00:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to introduce you to Laika.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.68,0:00:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To most of us, Laika is simply\Na very cute pig.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.80,0:00:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, to hundreds of thousands\Nof patients in need of a lifesaving organ
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.36,0:00:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laika is a symbol of hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.96,0:00:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, ever since the 1970s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.08,0:00:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when organ transplants\Nbecame a real option
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.40,0:00:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for patients with kidney failure\Nand other organ diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.64,0:00:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,organ supply has been an issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.92,0:00:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last few decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.84,0:00:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the issue only worsened as organ demand\Nhas exponentially increased.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.40,0:00:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Currently in the US,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.72,0:00:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are close to 115,000 patients
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.92,0:00:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in need of a lifesaving organ transplant.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.52,0:00:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the end of my talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.36,0:00:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one more patient\Nwill be added to this list.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.12,0:01:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, about 100 people\Nwill get a new organ,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.52,0:01:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a chance to start their life anew,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.36,0:01:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet by the end of today,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.36,0:01:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 others will die waiting.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.24,0:01:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The situation is heartbreaking
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.76,0:01:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for patients, for their families
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.68,0:01:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for the doctors who want to do more.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.00,0:01:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some parts of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.96,0:01:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the situation also becomes\Na disturbing social issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.12,0:01:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Asia, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.12,0:01:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,media outlets reported\Nthat desperate patients
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.20,0:01:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are obtaining organs\Nfrom the cruel black market.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.60,0:01:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is clear that a solution\Nis needed to this crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.04,0:01:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human lives are at stake.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.16,0:01:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a biologist and a geneticist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.24,0:01:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has become my mission\Nto help solve this problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.76,0:02:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I am optimistic to say\Nthat we are on our way there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.80,0:02:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thanks to Laika.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.60,0:02:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using gene editing technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.96,0:02:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's now possible to exquisitely create\Na human-transplantable organ
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.84,0:02:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be safely grown in pigs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.92,0:02:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before we jump into the incredible\Nscience that makes it happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.20,0:02:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's have a better understanding\Nwhat xenotransplantation is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.12,0:02:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a process of transplanting\Nanimal organs into humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.48,0:02:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may want to ask, why pig organs?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.52,0:02:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because some pigs carry organs\Nwith similar size and physiology
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.36,0:02:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to human organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.28,0:02:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the last half a century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.72,0:02:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pioneers of transplantation\Nhave tried hard to make it happen,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.60,0:02:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with limited to no success.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.08,0:02:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.88,0:02:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two fundamental hurdles stood in the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.24,0:03:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First is a problem of rejection.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.44,0:03:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When our immune system\Nsees a new organ as foreign,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.28,0:03:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will reject it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.40,0:03:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, and this one is specific\Nto the organs from the pig,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.76,0:03:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every pig carries a virus\Nthat has been native to the pig,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.20,0:03:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but can be transmitted into humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.88,0:03:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is called the porcine\Nendogenous retrovirus (PERV)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.40,0:03:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this virus has the potential\Nto cause a viral epidemic similar to HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.28,0:03:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without an effective way\Nto address these issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.08,0:03:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the field of xenotransplantation\Nhas been on hold for more than one decade.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.60,0:03:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little progress has been made, until now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.48,0:03:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me share with you\Nhow I got here today with Laika.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.28,0:03:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My journey started\Nfrom ?? Mountain in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.32,0:04:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the place well described\Nin a lot of legendary stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.76,0:04:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.84,0:04:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is the place I call home.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.92,0:04:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Growing up in the mountain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.68,0:04:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started to have\Na strong connection with nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.68,0:04:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is me when I was seven years old
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.76,0:04:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standing in front\Nof an ancient Buddhist temple
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.20,0:04:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a monkey on my shoulder.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.24,0:04:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I still vividly remember\Nhow my friends and I
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.84,0:04:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would toss peanuts around\Nto distract the monkeys
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.04,0:04:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we could cross\Nto hike through the valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.84,0:04:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I loved nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.36,0:04:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When it was time\Nto choose a field of study,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.24,0:04:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I chose to study biology\Nat Peking University in Beijing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.76,0:04:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the more I learned,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.28,0:04:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more questions I had.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.52,0:04:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could our genetic makeup\Nbe so similar to animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.08,0:04:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet we look so different?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.92,0:05:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is our immune system capable\Nof fighting off so many pathogens
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.80,0:05:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but smart enough not to attack ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.28,0:05:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Questions like this tormented me.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.88,0:05:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know it sounds nerdy,\Nbut you know I'm a scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.00,0:05:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After college, I decided\NI didn't want to just ask the questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.28,0:05:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to answer them, so I did.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.56,0:05:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2008, I was lucky enough to be accepted
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.64,0:05:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the PhD program at Harvard University
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.20,0:05:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and worked with Dr. George Church.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.92,0:05:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While working in Church's lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.68,0:05:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started to learn and experiment\Nwith the genetic makeup of mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.20,0:05:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among all the experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.48,0:05:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one particular one\Ntook me closer to Laika.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.52,0:05:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2013, my colleagues and I\Nmade changes in a human cell
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.48,0:05:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a tool you may have heard about
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.96,0:05:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called CRISPR.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.52,0:05:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were one of the first two groups
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.76,0:06:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to report the successful use\Nof such a tool in changing our DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.16,0:06:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was an exciting moment\Nin scientific discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.80,0:06:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gene-editing tool CRISPR\Nhas two components.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.16,0:06:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has a scissor called the enzyme CRISPR
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.68,0:06:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what is called a guide RNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.92,0:06:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it as genetic scissors\Nwith a microscope.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.08,0:06:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The microscope is a guide RNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.20,0:06:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which brings the scissors\Nto the place we want to cut
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.24,0:06:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and says, "Here it is,"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.28,0:06:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the enzyme CRISPR just cuts\Nand repairs the DNA in the way we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.72,0:06:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shortly after we reported our study,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.96,0:06:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicians at Mass General Hospital\Nwere intrigued by the medical applications
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.92,0:06:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our research.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.52,0:06:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They reached out to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.04,0:06:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and together, we began to see\Nthe potential to use CRISPR
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.16,0:06:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve the organ shortage crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.84,0:07:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.48,0:07:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is simple, yet very complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.08,0:07:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started by making changes\Nin a pig's cell to make it virus-free
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.12,0:07:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and human-immune-compatible.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.92,0:07:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The nucleus of that cell\Nis then implanted into a pig egg
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.72,0:07:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allowed to divide into an embryo.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.64,0:07:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The resulting embryo is then placed\Ninto the uterus of a surrogate mother
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.96,0:07:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allowed to divide into a pig.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.68,0:07:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, it's a process of cloning.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.76,0:07:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The piglet then carries organs\Nwhose genetic makeup
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.64,0:07:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hopefully wouldn't be rejected\Nby the human immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.96,0:07:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015, our team decided to tackle\Nthe viral transmission problem first.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.40,0:07:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We wanted to take out\Nall 62 copies of the PERV virus
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.60,0:07:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the pig genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.20,0:08:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at the time,\Nit was nearly mission impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.36,0:08:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even with CRISPR,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.80,0:08:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could only do one or two\Nmodifications within a cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.64,0:08:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The record for number of modifications\Nwe can do in a particular cell was five.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.20,0:08:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had to increase the throughput\Nby more than tenfold to achieve that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.40,0:08:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With very careful design\Nand hundreds of trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.08,0:08:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we successfully took out all the virus,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.32,0:08:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,broke the record.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.92,0:08:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More importantly, our studies showed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.40,0:08:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could eliminate\Nthe possibility of this dangerous virus
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.48,0:08:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being transmitted into humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.08,0:08:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year, with a modified cell\Nand cloning technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.48,0:08:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our startup, eGenesis, produced Laika,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.16,0:08:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first pig of its kind\Nborn without PERV.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.48,0:08:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.24,0:09:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laika represents the first critical step
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.24,0:09:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in establishing safe xenotransplantation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.00,0:09:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is also a platform
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.92,0:09:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can do further\Ngenetic modification on
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.92,0:09:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve the immunology problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.76,0:09:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since then, we have created\Nmore than 30 pigs without PERV,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.88,0:09:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they may be the most advanced\Ngeno-modified animal living on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.40,0:09:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We named Laika after the Soviet dog
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.72,0:09:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was the first animal\Nto orbit the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.60,0:09:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We hope Laika and her siblings
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.60,0:09:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can lead us into a new frontier\Nof science and medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.36,0:09:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a world where patients\Nwho suffer from liver failure
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.52,0:09:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be saved with a new liver
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.20,0:09:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having to wait for a donation
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.28,0:09:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or another human to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.60,0:10:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine a world where people with diabetes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.72,0:10:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not have to rely\Non insulin after every meal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.48,0:10:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can provide them\Nwith good pancreatic cells
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.60,0:10:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can produce insulin on their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.60,0:10:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And imagine a world\Nwhere patients with kidney failure
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.60,0:10:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not have to face\Nthe burden of dialysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.32,0:10:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are striving to create that world,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.08,0:10:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a world without organ shortage.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.72,0:10:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We finally have the tool\Nto tackle the problem
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.48,0:10:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could never tackle before,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.64,0:10:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Laika is just\Nthe beginning of our journey.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.04,0:10:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to be very humble\Nin front of nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.60,0:10:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are more issues\Nto be addressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.24,0:10:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including immunology
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.88,0:10:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and things we couldn't even\Nanticipate at this point.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.76,0:10:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, it is our responsibility\Nto translate the cutting-edge science
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.92,0:11:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into medicine to save the lives\Nof all the patients who are waiting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.48,0:11:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.76,0:11:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.80,0:11:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chris Anderson: I mean, Luhan,\Nthis is extraordinary work here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.32,0:11:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Come forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.64,0:11:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the next steps here?\NYou've got rid of the virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.08,0:11:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next steps involve\Ntrying to get to the point
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.44,0:11:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a human body\Nwon't reject a transplant.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.24,0:11:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's involved in solving that?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.16,0:11:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luhan Yang: It's a very\Ncomplicated process.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.44,0:11:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need to take out\Nthe antigen of the pigs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.92,0:11:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, we can learn\Na lot from cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.36,0:11:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can cancer invade\Nor circumvent our immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.56,0:11:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can utilize the trick of cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.04,0:11:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and implement that on the pig organ
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.40,0:12:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fool our immune system\Nto not attack the organ.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.68,0:12:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: When would you estimate,\Nwhen do you hope
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.08,0:12:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the first successful\Ntransplant would happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.36,0:12:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LY: It would be irresponsible for me\Nto give you any number.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.20,0:12:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: We're at TED.\NWe're always irresponsible.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.76,0:12:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LY: But we are working day and night
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.52,0:12:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to make this happen\Nfor the patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.44,0:12:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So not even, you won't say\Nthat you think it could happen
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.36,0:12:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a decade or within\Nfive years or something?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.76,0:12:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LY: For sure we hope it happens\Nwithin one decade.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.08,0:12:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.04,0:12:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: So there's a lot of people here\Nwho would be very, very excited at that,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.68,0:12:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the potential is extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.20,0:12:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will be some other\Npeople here who are going,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.64,0:12:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That pig is too cute.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.92,0:12:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans shouldn't be exploiting\Nsomething so cute for our benefit."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.52,0:12:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you have any response to that?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.12,0:12:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LY: Yeah, sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.40,0:12:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine one pig\Ncan save eight people's lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.32,0:13:00.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition, similar to human donation,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.44,0:13:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we only harvest\None kidney from the pig,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.20,0:13:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pig can still be alive,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.12,0:13:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we are very mindful about the issues,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.20,0:13:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think our goal is just to address\Nthe unmet medical need
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.60,0:13:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those patients and their families.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.32,0:13:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Plus, no one can say that to you\Nif they eat bacon, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.44,0:13:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LY: That's a good point.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.68,0:13:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.16,0:13:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CA: Luhan, thank you so much.\NLY: Thank you so much.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.64,0:13:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)