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Do you ever find yourself
referencing a study in conversation

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that you didn't actually read?

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(Laughter)

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I was having coffee
with a friend of mine the other day,

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and I said, "You know, I read a new study

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that says coffee reduces
the risk of depression in women."

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But really, what I read was a tweet.

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(Laughter)

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That said --

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(Laughter)

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"A new study says drinking coffee
may decrease depression risk in women."

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(Laughter)

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And that tweet had a link
to the "New York Times" blog,

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where a guest blogger translated
the study findings

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from a "Live Science" article,

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which got its original information

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from the Harvard School
of Public Health news site,

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which cited the actual study abstract,

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which summarized the actual study
published in an academic journal.

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(Laughter)

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It's like the six degrees of separation,

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but with research.

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(Laughter)

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So, when I said I read a study,

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what I actually read was 59 characters
that summarized 10 years of research.

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(Laughter)

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So, when I said I read a study,

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I was reading fractions of the study

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that were put together
by four different writers

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that were not the author,

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before it got to me.

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That doesn't seem right.

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But accessing original
research is difficult,

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because academics aren't regularly
engaging with popular media.

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And you might be asking yourself,

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why aren't academics engaging
with popular media?

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It seems like they'd be
a more legitimate source of information

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than the media pundits.

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Right?

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(Laughter)

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In a country with over
4,100 colleges and universities,

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it feels like this should be the norm.

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But it's not.

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So, how did we get here?

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To understand why scholars
aren't engaging with popular media,

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you first have to understand
how universities work.

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Now, in the last six years,

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I've taught at seven
different colleges and universities

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in four different states.

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I'm a bit of an adjunct extraordinaire.

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(Laughter)

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And at the same time, I'm pursuing my PhD.

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In all of these different institutions,

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the research and publication process
works the same way.

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First, scholars produce
research in their fields.

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To fund their research,
they apply for public and private grants

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and after the research is finished,

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they write a paper about their findings.

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Then they submit that paper
to relevant academic journals.

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Then it goes through a process
called peer review,

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which essentially means that other experts

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are checking it
for accuracy and credibility.

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And then, once it's published,

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for-profit companies
resell that information

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back to universities and public libraries

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through journal
and database subscriptions.

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So, that's the system.

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Research, write, peer-review,
publish, repeat.

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My friends and I call it
feeding the monster.

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And you can see how this
might create some problems.

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The first problem is that most
academic research is publicly funded

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but privately distributed.

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Every year, the federal government
spends 60 billion dollars on research.

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According to the National
Science Foundation,

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29 percent of that
goes to public research universities.

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So, if you're quick at math,
that's 17.4 billion dollars.

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Tax dollars.

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And just five corporations are responsible

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for distributing most
publicly funded research.

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In 2014, just one of those companies
made 1.5 billion dollars in profit.

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It's a big business.

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And I bet you can see the irony here.

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If the public is funding
academics' research,

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but then we have to pay again
to access the results,

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it's like we're paying for it twice.

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And the other major problem

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is that most academics
don't have a whole lot of incentive

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to publish outside of these prestigious
subscription-based journals.

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Universities build their tenure
and promotion systems

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around the number of times
scholars publish.

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So, books and journal articles are kind of
like a form of currency for scholars.

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Publishing articles helps you get tenure
and more research grants down the road.

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But academics are not rewarded
for publishing with popular media.

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So, this is the status quo.

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The current academic ecosystem.

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But I don't think it has to be this way.

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We can make some simple changes
to flip the script.

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So, first, let's start
by discussing access.

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Universities can begin
to challenge the status quo

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by rewarding scholars for publishing

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not just in these
subscription-based journals

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but in open-access journals
as well as on popular media.

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Now, the open-access movement
is starting to make some progress

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in many disciplines,

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and fortunately, some other
big players have started to notice.

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Google Scholar has made
open-access research

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searchable and easier to find.

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Congress, last year, introduced a bill

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that suggests that academic
research projects

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with over 100 million or more in funding

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should develop an open-access policy.

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And this year, NASA opened up
its entire research library to the public.

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So, you can see this idea
is beginning to catch on.

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But access isn't just about being able

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to get your hands
on a document or a study.

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It's also about making sure

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that that document or study
is easily understood.

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So, let's talk about translation.

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I don't envision this translation to look
like the six degrees of separation

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that I illustrated earlier.

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Instead, what if scholars were able
to take the research that they're doing

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and translate it on popular media

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and be able to engage with the public?

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If scholars did this,

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the degrees of separation
between the public and research

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would shrink by a lot.

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So, you see, I'm not suggesting
a dumbing-down of the research.

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I'm just suggesting that we give
the public access to that research

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and that we shift the venue
and focus on using plain language

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so that the public
who's paying for the research

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can also consume it.

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And there are some other benefits
to this approach.

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By showing the public
how their tax dollars

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are being used to fund research,

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they can begin to redefine
universities' identities

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so that universities' identities
are not just based on a football team

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or the degrees they grant

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but on the research
that's being produced there.

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And when there's a healthy relationship
between the public and scholars,

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it encourages public
participation in research.

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Can you imagine what that might look like?

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What if social scientists

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helped local police redesign
their sensitivity trainings

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and then collaboratively wrote
a manual to model future trainings?

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Or what if our education professors
consulted with our local public schools

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to decide how we're going to intervene
with our at-risk students

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and then wrote about it
in a local newspaper?

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Because a functioning democracy

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requires that the public be
well-educated and well-informed.

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Instead of research happening
behind paywalls and bureaucracy,

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wouldn't it be better
if it was unfolding right in front of us?

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Now, as a PhD student,

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I realize I'm critiquing
the club I want to join.

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(Laughter)

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Which is a dangerous thing to do,

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since I'm going to be on the academic
job market in a couple of years.

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But if the status quo in academic research

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is to publish in the echo chambers
of for-profit journals

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that never reach the public,

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you better believe
my answer is going to be "nope."

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I believe in inclusive,
democratic research

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that works in the community
and talks with the public.

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I want to work in research
and in an academic culture

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where the public is not only seen
as a valuable audience,

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but a constituent, a participant.

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And in some cases even the expert.

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And this isn't just about

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giving you guys access to information.

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It's about shifting academic culture
from publishing to practice

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and from talking to doing.

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And you should know
that this idea, this hope --

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it doesn't just belong to me.

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I'm standing on the shoulders
of many scholars, teachers,

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librarians and community members

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who also advocate for including
more people in the conversation.

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I hope you join our conversation, too.

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Thank you.

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(Applause)