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(English captions by Trisha Paul, University of Michigan)

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In this session, we shall be introduced to
disaster risk reduction as a key role in public

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health emergency preparedness.

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Remember, disaster risk is defined by hazard
times vulnerability divided by capacity.

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Vulnerability to natural disasters.

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95% of national disaster deaths occur among
66% of the poorest countries.

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From 1965-1992 more than 90% of all disaster
victims lived in Asia and Africa.

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Completing the disaster management cycle.

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The cycle includes preparedness, response,
recovery, and mitigation.

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There is an evolutionary approach from response
and relief to risk reduction.

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What is Disaster Risk Reduction then?

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It is the conceptual framework of elements
with possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities

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and disaster risks to avoid, (that is prevent)
or limit, (mitigate and prepare for) the adverse

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impacts of hazards within the broad context
of sustainable development.

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Risk management includes mitigation, preparedness,
response, and recovery.

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Risk reduction, on the other hand, includes
mitigation and preparedness.

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Risk reduction is more efficient, more cost-effective,
and more humane.

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This is the risk reduction cycle.

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From vulnerability analysis, hazard analysis,
to risk assessment, to risk reduction, which

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includes hazard mitigation and vulnerability
reduction, and this results in sustainable

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development and the cycle repeats.

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The figure presents an approach to risk reduction.

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The integrated emergency management approach
includes hazard identification and risk assessment

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plus vulnerability analysis
which leads to setting priorities.

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This goes to mitigation prevention strategies
which goes to reduce impact of diseases.

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This continues to getting ready to go if the
hazard remains.

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This results in preparedness education, contingency
planning, effective response, and fast recovery.

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All this is underlied by feedback at all stages.

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Preparedness is actions that result in persons
knowing what to do and how to respond after

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disaster has occurred.

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The approach to preparedness programs is that
it is long-term, it is part of a larger risk

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reduction program, comprehensive application
of sustainable development, all-hazards planned,

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it should be multi-sectoral, it should be
user-friendly and culturally sensitive and

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specific.

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Objectives of emergency preparedness include
preventing morbidity and mortality, care for

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casualties, managing adverse climatic and
environment conditions, ensuring restoration

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of normal health, re-establishment of health
services, protecting staff, and protecting

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public health and medicinal assets.

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Mark Keim of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) proposes 
11 E's of emergency preparedness including economic incentive,

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epidemiology, enforcement of codes, emergency
plans, equipment stockpiling, education, exercise

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and drills, early warning, evacuation, evaluation,
and the use of electronics (e-health).

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Risk management.

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What is risk?

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It is the probability of suffering damage
to life, property, economic disruptions and

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environment from a hazard for a given area
and reference period.

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Risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability.

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Risk management is defined as the process
of identifying, analyzing and quantifying

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the probability of losses in order to undertake
preventive and corrective actions.

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It involves mainly two types of activities;
planning actions to reduce vulnerability in

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areas where risk can be controlled, and establishing
protective mechanisms against the potential

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economic losses from uncontrollable factors
of natural hazards.

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What is disaster risk management about?

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Disaster risk management entails efforts and
measures put in place to reduce risk in case

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of a disaster happening.

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It is also about commitments related to disaster
and vulnerability reduction and improved early

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warning.

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Since little can be done to prevent occurrence
of most natural disasters, actions and activities

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should focus on reducing existing and future
vulnerabilities to damage and loss.

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There are three primary and interrelated categories
in risk management: risk identification, risk

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reduction, and risk transfer.

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These are mostly related to pre-disaster phases
of disaster management.

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The pre-disaster phase of disaster risk management
involves four distinct but interrelated components:

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risk identification, risk reduction/mitigation,
risk transfer and preparedness.

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Risk identification is a thorough analysis
of existing vulnerabilities, location, severity

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& intensity of threat.

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The following activities help to identify
and understand natural hazard risk: hazard

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data collection and mapping that is with regard
to frequency, magnitude and location, vulnerability

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assessment (population and assets exposed),
risk assessment (probability of expected losses).

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Risk reduction or prevention/mitigation are
measures taken to eliminate or reduce the

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intensity of a hazardous event.

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These measures address existing vulnerabilities
through measures like early warning that include

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actions such as implementation and enforcement
of building standards, environmental protection

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measures, resource management practices, and
control of population activities that predispose

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to risk.

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Key issues to note with risk management include:
even when effective disaster reduction measures

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are in place, there would often be an element
of risk that is residual.

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Preparedness is an important component of disaster 
risk reduction which deals with residual and unmanaged

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risk.

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Risk transfer are mechanisms which aim at
reducing actual vulnerability in financial

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risk in order to ensure that funds are available
when loss occurs from a disaster happening.

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Risk transfer mechanisms are often inefficient
from cost perspective, so it is important

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to take all the necessary measures to reduce
the vulnerability of assets to be covered

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before transferring the risk.

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Without getting into the details, the main
risk transfer/ risk financing methods include

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market insurance and reinsurance.

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This insurance provides coverage for damage
and expenses that are beyond the potential

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for budget self-insurance.
It involves paying some premiums to an insurance

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company.

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And premiums are calculated in a way that
they spread out the risk.

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This is not yet possible in many developing
countries.

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Risk transfer methods also include budget
self-insurance where a small proportion of

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the budget is allocated to be spent on improved
maintenance.

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This can be done at the local government level,
agency level, and even household level.

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It also includes compensation policies, and
they should target the most vulnerable populations

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and causes of vulnerability.

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Community insurance includes cooperatives,
community savings groups, community granaries,

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community policing, and resource conservation.

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This is a viable mechanism of risk transfer in 
resource constrained countries and societies.

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There are also household livelihood insurance
mechanisms like savings, food security, proper

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settlement, and modern methods of production.

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The Hyogo Framework for Action assists the
efforts of nations and communities to become

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more resilient to and cope better with the
hazards they face.

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Although the primary responsibility for its
implementation rests with governments, collaboration

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and cooperation between all stakeholders in
managing the risk is crucial.

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The Hyogo Framework for Action commits governments
as well as regional, international and NGOs

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to; ensuring that disaster risk reduction
is a national and local priority, identifying,

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assessing, and monitoring disaster risks and
enhancing early warning, using knowledge,

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innovation and education to build a culture
of safety and resilience at all levels, reducing

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the underlying risk factors, and strengthening
disaster preparedness for effective response

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at all levels (community, sub county, district,
regional and national levels).