[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(melodic jazz music)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.81,0:00:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] We're in the Vatican Museums
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.14,0:00:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at one of the most famous works
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.56,0:00:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the entire Western tradition.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.43,0:00:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a sculpture known\Nas the "Apoxyomenos,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.93,0:00:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the "Scraper."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.76,0:00:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] By a very famous\Nancient Greek sculptor
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.96,0:00:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,named Lysippos, we're actually looking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.10,0:00:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at an ancient Roman copy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.77,0:00:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] So what we're\Ngonna try to answer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.42,0:00:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this video is how a major sculpture
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.48,0:00:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a famous ancient Greek\Nended up as a Roman copy
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.97,0:00:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Vatican in the\Ncity of Rome in the third,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.10,0:00:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the second and even the\Nfirst centuries, BCE.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.43,0:00:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans not only conquered Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.30,0:00:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also its many territories and colonies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.66,0:00:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and triumphant Roman generals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.17,0:00:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brought back enormous\Nnumbers of Greek sculptures
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.30,0:00:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to a lesser extent,\Nancient Greek paintings
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.26,0:00:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even architectural fragments.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.76,0:00:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] Now the Romans were not unique
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.02,0:00:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in making off with booty during war,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.33,0:00:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was an age old precedent for that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.20,0:01:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when the Romans confronted Greek art
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.02,0:01:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and brought it back to Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.20,0:01:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was a transformational experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.41,0:01:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, Horace wrote
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.60,0:01:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that although the Romans\Nhad conquered Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.83,0:01:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greece through its culture conquered Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.62,0:01:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] It symbolized a\Ngreat intellectual tradition,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.13,0:01:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Rome saw itself as\Nbecoming the inheritor of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.41,0:01:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] It signified a kind of luxury,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.72,0:01:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a life of educated cultural refinement,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.45,0:01:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seemed very different
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.87,0:01:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the current life of ancient Romans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.16,0:01:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] So let's just walk\Nthrough how this would work.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.01,0:01:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rome would conquer an area,\Nperhaps a Greek city state,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.24,0:01:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or perhaps simply an area that\Nhad been allied with Greece
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.75,0:01:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and soon after objects that\Nwere deemed worthy of import
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.54,0:01:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be packed onto ships\Nand brought back to Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.37,0:01:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they would often be\Nparaded through the city
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.80,0:01:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during a triumph.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.63,0:01:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] A triumph was\Nessentially an opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.99,0:01:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a victorious general\Nto exhibit the booty
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.30,0:01:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had brought back
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.63,0:02:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to celebrate their military victory
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.67,0:02:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it would have given the agent Romans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.99,0:02:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lived here in Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.55,0:02:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hadn't traveled to\Nthese distant places,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.24,0:02:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sense of the wealth and\Npower of these places,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.17,0:02:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were being conquered\Nby the great Roman army.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.26,0:02:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] And then after the triumph,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.72,0:02:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an enormous number of objects\Nwould be put on public display
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.36,0:02:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in various parts of the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.82,0:02:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most famously in the Temple of Peace,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.24,0:02:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just beside the Roman Forum.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.24,0:02:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now ancient Rome didn't have museums,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.68,0:02:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in a way places\Nlike the Temple of Peace
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.67,0:02:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become a kind of proto-museum.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.76,0:02:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So many of these Greek objects\Nhad been used originally
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.48,0:02:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in religious or civic environments,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.57,0:02:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the Romans ripped them\Nout of their original context
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.64,0:02:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made them aesthetic objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.86,0:02:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made them objects of luxury.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.23,0:02:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] When objects are looted,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.98,0:02:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we're talking\Nabout the ancient world
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.32,0:02:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the modern world, they often\Nlose that original meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.56,0:02:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] And the "Apoxyomenos"\Nis a perfect case in point,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.88,0:02:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have its original location,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.29,0:03:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't know from literature\Nor from any evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.86,0:03:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where this originally\Nwould have been placed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.89,0:03:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Romans took it and now it's here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.92,0:03:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] But let's be careful,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.34,0:03:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we say the Romans took it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.09,0:03:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Romans took the bronze original
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.31,0:03:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of this\Ndeveloping love of Greek art,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.47,0:03:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ultimately many copies were made of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.78,0:03:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most beautiful is\Nhere in the Vatican Museums.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.07,0:03:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the "Apoxyomenos" is\Nbrought to the city of Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.86,0:03:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as war booty and it's set up by Agrippa
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.47,0:03:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of the baths that he built
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.61,0:03:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the public here in Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.83,0:03:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] And it was\Nin the Baths of Agrippa,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.71,0:03:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Roman public really fell in love
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.06,0:03:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this sculpture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.31,0:03:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The baths were essentially a public place
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.32,0:03:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a place where the average Roman
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.10,0:03:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could see ancient Greek sculpture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.80,0:03:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] So what Agrippa did\Nwas considered to be generous,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.91,0:03:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was giving this to the people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.95,0:03:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way that a private collector today
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.75,0:03:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might donate a work to a museum,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.74,0:03:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it could be shared with the public.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.100,0:03:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] So you can imagine\Nhow upset that public was,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.36,0:04:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the emperor Tiberius\Ntook the sculpture
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.50,0:04:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Baths of Agrippa and\Nbrought it to his own house,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.03,0:04:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put it in his own bed chambers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.22,0:04:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] Pliny says Lysippos\Nwas most prolific in his works
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.57,0:04:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made more statues\Nthan any other artist.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.61,0:04:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among these is the man\Nusing the body scraper,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.15,0:04:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which Marcus Agrippa had erected\Nin front of his warm baths
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.21,0:04:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which wonderfully\Npleased the emperor Tiberius.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.86,0:04:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This emperor could not\Nresist the temptation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.33,0:04:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had this statue\Nremoved to his bed chamber,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.10,0:04:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having substituted another\Nfor it at the baths.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.74,0:04:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people however were so\Nresolutely opposed to this,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.84,0:04:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that at the theater,\Nthey clamorously demanded
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.92,0:04:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the "Apoxyomenos" to be replaced
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.57,0:04:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the emperor not withstanding\Nhis attachment to it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.41,0:04:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was obliged to restore it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.20,0:04:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] So the court of\Npublic opinion was so loud,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.92,0:04:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the emperor actually\Ngave it back to the people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.61,0:04:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it speaks to the power of images,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.18,0:05:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way the sculpture became a way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.71,0:05:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of differentiating public\Ngood from private greed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.59,0:05:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] And this was part of\Na long standing conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.49,0:05:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Rome among those like Cato and Cicero,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.11,0:05:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who believed that this\Nbooty that was taken
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.22,0:05:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be available to the public
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.28,0:05:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus those who took the booty\Nand kept it for themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.61,0:05:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to decorate their private villas.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.33,0:05:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] And all of these\Nissues remain important today,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.09,0:05:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our museums are filled with objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.55,0:05:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that come from different places
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.35,0:05:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many of those objects were looted.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.48,0:05:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Museums are looking at\Ntheir collections now
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.54,0:05:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wondering whether some of\Nthem should be repatriated,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.94,0:05:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is returned to\Ntheir country of origin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.33,0:05:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in any case how their\Nmeaning has been transformed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.78,0:05:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by being taken out of\Ntheir original context
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.10,0:05:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put into a museum,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.18,0:05:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where their meaning is\Ncompletely transformed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.80,0:05:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Beth] The Romans were\Nnot without sympathy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.70,0:05:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the conquered peoples, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.02,0:06:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Livy wrote very sympathetically\Nabout the King of Syracuse.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.16,0:06:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this King were to rise\Nfrom the realms below,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.69,0:06:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what words could we show\Nhim either Syracuse or Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.34,0:06:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when after he looked back
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.17,0:06:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on his half-destroyed\Nand despoiled fatherland,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.78,0:06:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he would see as he entered Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.23,0:06:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the vestibule of the\Ncity, almost in the gates,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.43,0:06:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the spoils of his own fatherland.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.24,0:06:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Steven] So when we\Nlook at the "Apoxyomenos"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.81,0:06:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now on display in the\NVatican in the 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.53,0:06:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we generally look at it as an\Nexemplar of ancient Greek art
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.40,0:06:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and too often, we forget the complex story
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.07,0:06:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how this sculpture was\Nlooted, how it was loved,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.24,0:06:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it was adopted by the Roman people,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.99,0:06:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it was copied and\Nultimately ended up here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.60,0:06:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(melodic jazz music)