[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,music
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we could ask ourselves what the purpose of an educational system is
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course there are sharp differences on this matter.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's the traditional, an interpretation that comes from teh enlightenment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that holds that the highest goal in life is to inquire
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and create, to search the riches of the past,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to internalize the parts of them that are significant to you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and carry that quest for understanding further in your own way.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The purporse of education from taht point of view is just to help people to get their own help, to learn
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their own.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's you, the learner, who is going to achieve in the course of education.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really up to you what you'll master, where you'll go,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how you'll use it, how you'll go on to produce something new and exciting for yourself, maybe for others.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's one concept of education.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the other concept is essentially indoctrination.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People have the idea that from childhood
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,young people have to be placed into a framework in which they'll follow orders,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accept existing frameworks, and not challenge.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is often quite explicit.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, after the activism of hte 1960s, there was great concern
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across much of the educated spectrum
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that young people were just getting too free and independent,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the country was becoming too democratic and so on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was an important study on what's called the crisis of democracy, too much democracy,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,claiming that there are certain insitutions responsible for the indoctrination of the young--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's their phrase-- and they're not doing their job properly.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That schools, universities, churches---we have to change them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they carry out the job of indocrintation and control more effectively.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's actually coming from the liberal internationalists
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,end of hte spectrum of educated opinion.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, since that time there have been many measures taken
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to turn the educational system towards more control, more indoctrination,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more vocational training.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imposing a debt which traps students, young people, into a life of conformity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the exact opposite of what I referred to that traditionally comes out of the enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a constrant struggle between those.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the colleges and the schools, do you train for passing tests?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do you train for creative inquiriy?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pursiung interests that are aroused by materil that's presented, you want to pursue either on your own
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in cooperation with others.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this goes all the way through up to graduate school and researh.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just two different ways of looking at the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you get to a research institution like the one we're now in,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the graduate level, it essentially follows the enlightment tradition.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, science couldn't progress unless it was based on inculcation of the urge to challenege, to question
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doctrine, question authority, search for alternatives, use your imagination freely of your own impulses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cooperative work with others is constant as you can see just by walking down the halls.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's my view of what an educational system should be like down to kindergarten.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there certainly are powerful structures in society
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would prefer people to be indoctrinated, to conform, to not ask too many questions, to be obedient,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fulfill the roles that are assigned to you and not shake systems of power and authority
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are choices we have to make, wherever we stand in the educational system.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As students, as teachers, as people on the outside trying to help shape it in the direction that we think it ought to go.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well there certainly has been a very substantial growth in new technology--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology of information, communication, access interchange.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's surely a major change in the nature of hte culture and society.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should bear in mind that the technological changes that are taking place now,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they're significant probably come nowhere near having as much impact
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as technological advances of a century ago.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take communicaiton.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The shift from a typewriter to a computer or a telephone to email is significant.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it doesn't begin to compare with a shift from a sailing vessel to a telegraph.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tge time that that cut down in communication between England and the United States
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was extraordinary as compared with the changes taking place now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same is true of other kinds of technology.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The introduction of widespread plumbing in the cities had a huge effect on health,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much more than the discovery of antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the changes are real and significant,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we should recognize that others have taken place that were much more dramatic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As far as the technology itself and education is concerned,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology is basically neutral.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of like a hammer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hammer doesn't care whether you use it to build a house
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether a torturer uses it to crush somebody's skull.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A hammer can do either.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same with modern technology, say, the internet, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The internet is extremely valuable if you iknow what you're looking for.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I use it all the time for research, I'm sure everyone does.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you know what you're looking for, you have a kind of framework of understanding
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which directs you through particular things
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this can be a very valuable tool.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, you always have to be willing to ask
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is my framework the right one?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe I have to modify it."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe if there's something I look at that questions it, I should rethink how I'm looking at things."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can't pursue any kind of inquiry without a relatively clear framework
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's directing your search and helping you choose what's significant and what isn't.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can be put aside, what can be pursued,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what ought to be challenged, what ought to be developed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't expect somebody to become a biologist
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by giving them access to the Harvard University biology library
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "Just look through it."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That'll give them nothing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The internet is the same except magnified enormously.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you don't undertsand or know what you're looking for,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't have some kind of conception of what matters--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always with the proviso that you're willing to question--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't have that, exploring the internet
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just picking out random factoids that don't mean anything.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Behind any significant use of contemporary technology--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the internet, communicaitons systems, graphics, whatever it may be--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless behind it is a well constructed, directive, conceptual apparatus,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is very unlikely to be helpful.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may turn out to be harmful.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, random exploration through the internet
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turns out to be a cult generator.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You pick up a factoid here, a factoid there
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and someboyd else refers to it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of sudden you have some sort of crazed picture
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has some factual basis but nothing to do with the world.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to know how to evaluate, interpret, and understand.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say biology again.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The person who wins the Nobel prize in biology
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not the person who read the most journal articles and took the most notes on them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the person who knew what to look for.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And cultivating that capacity to seek what's significant--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always willing to question whether you're on the right track--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what education is going to be about.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's using computers and the internet or pencil and paper and books.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, education is discussed in terms of whether it's a worthwhile investment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it create human capital?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be used for economic growth and so on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a very distorting way to even pose the question, I think.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we want to have a society of free, creative, independent individuals,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to appreciate and to gain from the cutlural achievements of the past, and to add to them?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do we want that?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do we want people who can increase GDP?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not necessarily the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An education of the kind that ---- John Dewey and others talked about,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a value in itself.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whatever impact it has in the society, it's a value
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it helps create better human beings.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, that's what an educational system should be for.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the other hand, if you want to look at it
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of costs and benetifs,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take the new technology that we were just talking about, where did that come from?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, actually a lot of it was developed right where we're sitting,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Down below where we now are was a major laboratory back in the 1950s,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where i was employed in fact,.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which had lots of scientists, engineers, people of all kinds of interests--
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philosophers, others.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who were working on developing the basic character and even the basic tools
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the technology that has now come.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computers and the internet for example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were pretty much in the public sector for decades,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,funded in places like this, where people were exploring new possibilities
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were mostly unthought of, unheard of at the time.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them worked, some didn't.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ones that worked were finally converted into tools that people could use.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's the way scientific prgress takes place.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the way that cultural prgress takes place generally.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Classical artists, for example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came out of a tradition of craftsmanship that was developed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over long periods with master artisans, with others.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes you can rise on their shoulders and create new, marvelous things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it doesn't come from nowhere.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there isn't a lively cultural and educational system
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is geared towards encouraging creative exploration,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,independence of thought, williingness to challenge accepted beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If youdon't have that you won't get teh technology that will lead to economic gains.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though that I don't think is the prime purpose of cultural enrichment in education.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is in the recent period particularly an increasing shaping of educaiton
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the early ages towards passing examinations.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Taking tests can be of some use, both for the person who is taking the test