[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.80,0:00:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I wanna do in this video
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.13,0:00:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is think about the origins of Algebra,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.80,0:00:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the origins of Algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.02,0:00:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the word
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.53,0:00:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially an association with the ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.67,0:00:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Algebra now represents.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.73,0:00:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from, comes from, this book
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.69,0:00:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or actually this is a page of the book right over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.67,0:00:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The English translation for the title of this book is,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.80,0:00:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Compendious book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.67,0:00:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was written by a Persian mathematician
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.80,0:00:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lived in Baghdad, in, in...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.97,0:00:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe it was in the 8th or 9th century
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.62,0:00:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe it was actually 820 A.D.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.80,0:00:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he wrote this book.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.77,0:00:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A.D.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.70,0:00:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Algebra is the Arabic word
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.35,0:00:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that here is the actual title that he gave to it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.51,0:00:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the Arabic title
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.40,0:00:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Algebra means restoration or completion"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.47,0:00:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,restoration... restoration or completion... completion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.08,0:00:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he associated it in his book with a very specific operation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.37,0:01:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really taking something from one side of an equation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.67,0:01:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to another side of an equation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.50,0:01:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can actually see it right over here. I don't know Arabic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.59,0:01:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I actually do know some languages that seem to have borrowed a little bit from Arabic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.40,0:01:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe went the other way around.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.23,0:01:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this says Al Kitab and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.94,0:01:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know just enough Urdu or Hindi to understand a good Indian movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.24,0:01:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Al Kitab 'Kitab' means "book".
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.13,0:01:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this part is 'book'.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.30,0:01:27.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Al-Muhktasar I think that means 'compendious'
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.16,0:01:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I don't know the word for compendious and that seems like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.90,0:01:36.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fi Hisab, 'Hisab' means 'calculation' in Hindi or Urdu so this is calculation.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.58,0:01:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Al-Gabr this is the root.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.74,0:01:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the famous Algebra. This is where it shows up.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.02,0:01:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is for 'completion'.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.53,0:01:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can view that as completion...completion
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.48,0:01:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then Wa...Al-Muqabala
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.72,0:01:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means essentially 'balancing'
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.47,0:01:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completion and balancing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.63,0:01:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we wanted to translate it
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.13,0:01:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I know this is not a video on translating Arabic.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.73,0:02:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the book... the book
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.95,0:02:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess this is saying 'compendious on calculation by completion and balancing'
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.62,0:02:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the rough translation over there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.56,0:02:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that is the source of the word 'Algebra'.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.41,0:02:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a very very very important book.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.15,0:02:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just because it was the first use of the word Algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.47,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But many people viewed this book as the first time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Algebra took on many of its modern ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.05,0:02:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ideas of balancing an equation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.53,0:02:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the abstract problem itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.53,0:02:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not trying to do one-off problems here and there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Al-Khwārizmī was not the first person.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.80,0:02:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to get an idea of where all this is happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.80,0:02:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he was hanging out in Baghdad.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.80,0:02:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is, and this part of the world shows up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.20,0:02:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot in the history of algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.67,0:02:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was hanging out right there in around the 8th or 9th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.13,0:02:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me draw a little timeline here,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.16,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just so we can appreciate everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:03:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that is... timeline.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.43,0:03:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then whether or not you are religious,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.13,0:03:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of our modern dates are dependent on the birth of Jesus.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.16,0:03:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I will put, so that is right there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.80,0:03:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we'll put a cross over there
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.70,0:03:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to signify that, when we wanna be non-religious,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.46,0:03:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say 'common era' 'before the common era';
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.47,0:03:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we wanna be religious,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.77,0:03:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say A.D.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.57,0:03:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means 'the year of our lord'.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.16,0:03:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anno...I don't know the latin...'Anno Domini', I believe
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.33,0:03:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'the year of our lord'
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.43,0:03:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then when we want to ... in the religious context,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.95,0:03:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of saying 'before common era',
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.48,0:03:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say 'Before Christ', B.C.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.43,0:03:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But either way, either way, so this is 1000
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.13,0:03:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the common era.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.53,0:03:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is 2000 in the common era.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.67,0:03:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And obviously we are sitting at least
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.65,0:03:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I'm making this video, I'm sitting right about there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.83,0:03:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then... this is 1000 before the common era.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.73,0:03:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is 2000 before the common era.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.30,0:03:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the first traces, and I'm skipping out in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.00,0:03:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really it's just what we can find.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.23,0:03:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure if we were able to dig more.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.37,0:03:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We might be able to find other evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.84,0:04:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of different civilizations and different people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.12,0:04:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stumbling on many of the ideas in Algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.57,0:04:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our first records of people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.31,0:04:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really exploring the ideas that are hit upon in Algebra
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.53,0:04:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come from ancient Babylon,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.20,0:04:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 2000 years before the common era,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.91,0:04:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before Christ. So right around, right around there
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.56,0:04:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there were stone tablets
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.02,0:04:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it looks like people were exploring
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.87,0:04:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the fundamental ideas of Algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.25,0:04:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They weren't using the same symbols.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.67,0:04:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They weren't using the same ways of representing the numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.13,0:04:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was Algrebra they were working on
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.20,0:04:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was once again in this part of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.80,0:04:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babylon was right about... right about there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.73,0:04:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Babylon has kind of kept the tradition of Sumeria.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.40,0:04:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This whole region was called Mesopotamia
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.40,0:04:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- Greek for 'between two rivers' --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.19,0:04:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's the first traces of people that we know of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.73,0:04:51.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were people who were starting to do
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.74,0:04:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we would call real real Algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.72,0:04:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you fast forward
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.20,0:04:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I am sure even our historians don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.99,0:05:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the different instances of people using Algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.80,0:05:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But kind of the major contributions to Algebra
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.27,0:05:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we saw it here in Babylon 2000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.53,0:05:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then if we fast forward to about 200-300 A.D.,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.17,0:05:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so right over there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.58,0:05:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a Greek gentleman who lived in Alexanderia.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.17,0:05:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is Greece right over here, but he lived in Alexandria
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.00,0:05:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which at the time was part of the Roman Empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.04,0:05:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Alexandria is right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.00,0:05:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was a gentleman by the name of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.43,0:05:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Diophantus or Diaphantus
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.04,0:05:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or I don't know how to pronounce it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.47,0:05:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dio... Diophantus.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.87,0:05:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he is sometimes credited with being the father of Algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.24,0:05:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's debatable whether it's Diophantus or whether it's Al-Khwārizmī',
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.51,0:05:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Al-Khwārizmī' who kinda started using these these terms of balancing equations
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.53,0:05:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and talking about math in a pure way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.67,0:05:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while Diophantus was more focused on particular problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.55,0:05:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And both of them were kind of beat to the punch by the Babylonians
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.03,0:05:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although they all did contribute in their own way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.06,0:06:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not like they were just copying what the Babylonians did.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.36,0:06:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had their own unique contributions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.73,0:06:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what we now consider 'Algebra'.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.33,0:06:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But many, especially western historians,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.73,0:06:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associate Diophantus as the father of Algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.28,0:06:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now Al-Khwārizmī' is sometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.82,0:06:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what other people would argue as the father of Algebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.21,0:06:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he made significant contributions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.35,0:06:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you go to about 600 A.D.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.35,0:06:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you go to about 600 A.D.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.22,0:06:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another famous mathematician in the history of Algebra
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.07,0:06:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was Brahma Gupta in India
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.80,0:06:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brahma Gupta... in India.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.67,0:06:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So... obviously and actually I don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.69,0:06:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where in India he lived. I should look that up.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.43,0:06:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's roughly... roughly in that part of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.16,0:06:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he also made a significant contributions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.73,0:06:45.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then of course you have Al-Khwārizmī'
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.77,0:06:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who shows up right about there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.67,0:06:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Al-Khwārizmī' and he's the gentleman
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.51,0:06:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that definitely we credit with the name Algebra,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.33,0:06:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from Arabic for 'Restoration'
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.86,0:07:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some people also consider him to be, if not the father of Algebra,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.84,0:07:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although some say he is the father,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.12,0:07:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is one of the fathers of Algebra,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.89,0:07:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he really started to think about Algebra in the abstract sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.28,0:07:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devoid of some specific problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.02,0:07:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of the ways
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.49,0:07:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a modern mathematician would start to think about the field.