[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.60,0:00:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day the universe will die.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.14,0:00:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why? And how? And will the universe\Nbe dead forever?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.57,0:00:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how do we know that?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.65,0:00:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, the universe is expanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.73,0:00:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not only that, the rate of\Nits expansion is accelerating.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.76,0:00:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason: dark energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.29,0:00:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dark energy is a strange phenomenon that\Nscientists believe permeates the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.48,0:00:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until 1998 we thought that the universe\Nmust work a bit like
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.62,0:00:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a ball that you throw into the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.83,0:00:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ball moves up, but at some point\Nit has to come down again.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.52,0:00:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the expansion of the universe\Nis actually speeding up.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.63,0:00:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s like throwing a ball up\Nand watching it fly away
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.78,0:00:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,faster and faster and faster.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.27,0:00:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where is this acceleration coming from?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.07,0:00:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we don’t know, but\Nwe call it “dark energy”.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.60,0:00:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Einstein thought of it first and\Nthen decided it was stupid.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.54,0:01:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, astrophysicists have\Ndecided it is plausible.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.63,0:01:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trouble is, this is all very theoretical,\Nand we don’t actually know
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.72,0:01:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the properties of dark energy are.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.06,0:01:10.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are various theories and they\Nlead us to three scenarios
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.84,0:01:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the end of the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.86,0:01:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One: the Big Rip.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.52,0:01:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since its birth, the universe\Nhas been expanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.65,0:01:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For unknown reasons new spaces\Ncreated everywhere equally.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.45,0:01:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The space between galaxies expands,\Nso they move apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.98,0:01:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The space inside galaxies also expands,\Nbut here, gravity is strong enough
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.39,0:01:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep them together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.39,0:01:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Big Rip scenario, the expansion\Naccelerates up to a point where
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.05,0:01:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,space expands so fast that gravity\Ncan’t compensate for this effect anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.08,0:01:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The result is a Big Rip.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.72,0:01:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, only large structures like\Ngalaxies are torn apart,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.20,0:01:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since space between the single objects\Nexpands very fast.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.23,0:02:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, big bodies like black holes,\Nstars, and planets die.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.50,0:02:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their gravity isn’t strong enough to keep\Nthem together,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.13,0:02:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they dissolve into their components.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.73,0:02:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, space would expand\Nfaster than the speed of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.86,0:02:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atoms would now be affected,\Nand they would just disband.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.79,0:02:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once space is expanding faster than light,\Nno particle in the universe can interact
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.07,0:02:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with any other particle anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.56,0:02:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The universe would dissolve into countless\Nlonely particles that won’t be able to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.20,0:02:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,touch anything else in a strange,\Ntimeless universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hmm, and you thought you felt lonely!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.21,0:02:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two: Heat death or a Big Freeze.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.03,0:02:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a nutshell, the difference between\Nthe Big Rip and heat death is that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.40,0:02:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a heat death scenario matter stays\Nintact and is converted
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.09,0:02:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over an incredibly long but finite period\Nof time into radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.92,0:02:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the universe expands forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.40,0:02:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how does this work?\NLet’s talk about entropy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.25,0:03:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every system tends towards the\Nstate of highest entropy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.38,0:03:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like when we have a latte macchiato.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.44,0:03:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Initially, it has different regions, but\Nover time, they will
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.62,0:03:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cool down and disintegrate,\Nuntil it’s uniform.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.09,0:03:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this also applies to the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.78,0:03:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, while the universe gets\Nbigger and bigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.37,0:03:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,matters slowly decays and spreads out.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.66,0:03:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At some point, after lots of generations\Nof stars, all the gas clouds necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.14,0:03:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form stars will be exhausted,\Nso the universe will turn dark.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.82,0:03:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The remaining suns will die;\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.89,0:03:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black holes will slowly degenerate\Nand evaporate over trillions of years
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.88,0:03:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to what’s known as Hawking radiation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.89,0:03:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When this process is complete, only a\Ndilute gas of photons and light particles
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.33,0:03:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remains, until even this decays.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.07,0:03:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All activity in the universe ceases\Nat this point;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.37,0:03:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entropy is at its maximum and\Nthe universe is dead forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.26,0:04:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless… theoretically, it might\Nbe possible
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.29,0:04:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that after an incredibly\Nlong amount of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.06,0:04:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there might be a spontaneous entropy\Ndecrease as a result of something called
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.27,0:04:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,“quantum tunneling”, leading to\Na new Big Bang.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.94,0:04:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three: Big Crunch and Big Bounce.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.40,0:04:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the most uplifting scenario.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.03,0:04:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there is less dark energy than we think\Nor it decreases over time, gravity will be
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.57,0:04:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dominating force in the\Nuniverse one day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.24,0:04:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a few trillion years, the rate of\Nexpansion of the universe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.23,0:04:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will slow down and stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.80,0:04:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After that, it reverses.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.28,0:04:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Galaxies will race at each other,\Nmerging as the universe becomes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.64,0:04:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smaller and smaller.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.96,0:04:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since a smaller universe also means\Na hotter universe, temperatures rise
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.66,0:04:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everywhere all at once.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.75,0:04:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One hundred thousand years before the Big\NCrunch, background radiation would be
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.30,0:04:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hotter than the surfaces of the\Nmost stars, which means that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.12,0:04:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would be cooked from the outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.65,0:04:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Minutes before the Big Crunch happens,\Natom cores are ripped apart,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.61,0:05:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before supermassive black holes\Ndevour everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.94,0:05:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, all black holes would emerge into\Na supermassive mega-black hole
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.11,0:05:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that contains the entire\Nmass of the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.91,0:05:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the last moment before\Nthe Big Crunch
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.54,0:05:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would devour the universe,\Nincluding itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.67,0:05:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Big Bounce theory states that this\Nhas happened a lot of times
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.92,0:05:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the universe goes through\Nan infinite cycle of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.74,0:05:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expansion and contraction.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.80,0:05:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, wouldn’t that be nice?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.34,0:05:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what will actually happen to\Nthe universe in the end?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.18,0:05:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the moment, heat death seems the most\Nlikely, but we at Kurzgesagt hope that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.02,0:05:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this “dead forever” stuff is wrong and the\Nuniverse will start over and over again.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.11,0:05:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know for sure either way, so\Nlet’s just assume
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.35,0:05:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most uplifting theory is true.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.21,0:05:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the way, we have a Twitter account.