[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.80,0:00:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you to everyone for being here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.85,0:00:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sorry I cannot speak \Nin your wonderful language,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.42,0:00:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's all the same a pleasure\Nto be here in this wonderful place,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.80,0:00:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right place to speak about plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.49,0:00:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, let's start immediately\Nbecause we have not too much time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.35,0:00:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I will show you now four slides\Nin a very fast sequence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.26,0:00:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.74,0:00:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.93,0:00:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.69,0:00:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, the last one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.57,0:00:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well (Laughs), this one ...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.73,0:00:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very easy psychological test
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.90,0:01:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we did some years ago \Nto the university students.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.09,0:01:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We asked these university students\Nto tell us what they saw in the slides.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.59,0:01:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 96% of the people interviewed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.47,0:01:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told us that they saw just\Ndeers, elks, frogs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.82,0:01:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for the last slide,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.47,0:01:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,98% of the people will tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.25,0:01:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is an adult man \Nand a young girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.60,0:01:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, all these slides have in common
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.98,0:01:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that 80% of the slides \Nis made by plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.82,0:01:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our brain is filtering out\Nall this stuff about plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.64,0:01:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, it's a well known\Nfeature of our brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.24,0:01:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called Plant Blindness.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.76,0:01:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the inability to see or notice\Nthe plants in the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.24,0:02:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a kind of tool that protects\Nour brain to be overloaded
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.88,0:02:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a lot of information \Nabout this useless green stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.80,0:02:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We evolved in a forest
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.48,0:02:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was much more important for us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.71,0:02:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be aware of animals and other humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.41,0:02:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not to be overloaded with \Nall this information about green.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.99,0:02:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this was a nice tool\Nat the beginning of our evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.36,0:02:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but today, it's a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.86,0:02:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, this Plant Blindness prevents us,\Nfor example to know this data,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.12,0:02:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the unbelievable data,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.57,0:02:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,99.7% of the biomass\Nof the planet is made by plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.86,0:02:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, everything that -\NI would say that the life of the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.45,0:02:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a green place, it's a green life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.66,0:02:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the animals altogether, \Nhuman included, is just 0.3%.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.14,0:03:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's unbelievable that we don't know,\Nactually, how these plants work
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.30,0:03:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are all the time underestimating\Ntheir amazing abilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.96,0:03:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's have a look at the beginning,\Nhow a plant is made.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.75,0:03:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A plant is a sessile organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.78,0:03:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sessile means that it cannot move.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.56,0:03:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The plants cannot move \Nfrom one place to the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.59,0:03:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they can move a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.58,0:03:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ops, I'm sorry, I do not know \Nwhat's happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.98,0:03:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the second, the second point \Nis that plants have no organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.03,0:03:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an unbelievable difference\Nwith the animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.42,0:03:49.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I mean - animals \Nconcentrate specific functions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.31,0:03:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside specific organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.38,0:03:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have eyes to see, \Nwe have lungs for breathing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.46,0:03:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have the stomach to digest and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.60,0:04:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the plants evolved \Nnot to have any organs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.10,0:04:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because having an organ is too dangerous,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.95,0:04:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for plants that have to be predated, \Nto be eated by animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.10,0:04:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can imagine \Nthat a single insect,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.21,0:04:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just eating a little bit of your brain\Nwould be enough to kill you, no?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.41,0:04:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, so this is why the plants \Nhave no organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.92,0:04:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, having no organs doesn't mean\Nthat they have not the function.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.25,0:04:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an important point.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.05,0:04:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, plants are able\Nto see without eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.41,0:04:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are able to hear without hearing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.94,0:04:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are able to taste, and to smell,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.35,0:04:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to breath without the organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.04,0:04:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they are also able\Nto make calculations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.29,0:04:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,memorize, learn without brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.32,0:04:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the point about plants\Nis that they cannot move.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.42,0:04:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually, they move a lot.\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.38,0:04:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are passive movements in plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.44,0:05:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like in this pine cone, no?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.76,0:05:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opening and the closing \Nof a pine cone,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.64,0:05:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been used for the production\Nof new passive materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.25,0:05:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, this very nice Erodium cicutarium.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.52,0:05:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a seed, that you can see.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.47,0:05:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just with the change\Nin the humidity it's turning,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.13,0:05:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and uses this ability\Nto enter in the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.67,0:05:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it's like a spermatozoa, \Nit works very well,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.91,0:05:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see that some of them \Nare also able to enter in the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.78,0:05:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what is amazing about that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.71,0:05:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they do this \Nwithout using any energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.29,0:05:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they have no muscles,\Nlook, it was able to enter.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.65,0:05:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they use no energy,\Nthey have no muscles,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.77,0:06:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's just the way the material is made
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.77,0:06:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is amazing, that makes possible\Nthis wonderful movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.26,0:06:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, there are active movements,\Nsome of them are very fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.40,0:06:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like in the case of the venus flytrap, \Ndionea, it's a carnivorous plant,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.36,0:06:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know that it's a very\Nfast movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.95,0:06:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of them can be exhibited
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.48,0:06:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by making a faster -\Nthe time lapse,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.70,0:06:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the so called... the time lapse technique.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.29,0:06:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we can see this graceful movement
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.67,0:06:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like in this case, \Nthis a young bean moving,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.01,0:06:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just three hours of time,\Nit's not a week.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.28,0:06:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the plants move a lot, \Nand we can see here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.67,0:06:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this growing of some flowers, no?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.22,0:06:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They grow altogether and even\Nthis growing together is important,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.78,0:07:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's an important moment \Nof their social life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.87,0:07:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they are really learning \Nhow to stay together
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.57,0:07:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during this first phase of their life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.99,0:07:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now I would like to put \Nour argumentation a little bit further.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.28,0:07:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we tell that plants \Nare conscious organisms?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.23,0:07:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So because I'm pretty sure \Nthat they are intelligent,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.88,0:07:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will not discuss with you about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.32,0:07:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plants are intelligent, \Nand they are able to solve problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.82,0:07:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is my preferred\Ndefinition of intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.96,0:07:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the point is, are plants conscious?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.68,0:07:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consciousness is - are plants aware of \Ntheir position in the environment?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.29,0:07:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's a problem to find \Nright definitions about consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.08,0:07:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's normally defined\Nby removing something.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.85,0:08:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michio Kaku is a quite famous physicist.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.69,0:08:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he wrote recently this book\N"The Future of The Mind,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.74,0:08:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a physicist, he gave \Na definition of consciousness
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.98,0:08:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's quite understandable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.17,0:08:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michio Kaku: Consciousness is
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.82,0:08:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of feedback loops \Nrequired to create a model
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.48,0:08:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of your position in space, \Nwith relationship to other organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.30,0:08:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and finally in relationship to time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.47,0:08:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stefano: So, consciousness is just \Nyour ability to build a model of yourself
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.68,0:08:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in relation to the space, \Nto the other organisms, and to the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.58,0:08:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are plants able to do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.25,0:08:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK. Let's have a look.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.79,0:08:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all ...
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.98,0:08:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michio Kaku: So think\Nof the consciousness of a thermostat.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.29,0:08:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that even a lowly thermostat \Nhas one unit of consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.57,0:08:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, it senses\Nthe temperature around it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.29,0:09:00.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we have a flower,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.79,0:09:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a flower has maybe, \Nten units of consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.74,0:09:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has to understand the temperature,\Nthe weather, humidity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.83,0:09:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where gravity is pointing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.67,0:09:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stefano: Well, so,\Nfor Michio Kaku, the sensing, no?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.39,0:09:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the first level of consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.59,0:09:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plants are unbelievably more\Nsensitive than animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.99,0:09:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single plant is able to detect
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.38,0:09:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least 20 different chemical \Nand physical parameters all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.19,0:09:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among them, there are all the --\Nour common sense, let's say,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.60,0:09:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also something a little bit strange,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.49,0:09:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as electrical gradient,\Nchemical gradient, magnetic fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.67,0:09:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, or, heavy metals\Nand so on, pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.68,0:09:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we know that plants, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.81,0:10:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are very sensitive to gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.47,0:10:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as every living organism \Non the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.04,0:10:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see here maize \Ngrowing according to gravity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.68,0:10:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's less well known that plants\Nare also able to sense vibrations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.06,0:10:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we can see here \Nhow the roots of the plants
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.06,0:10:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grow toward the source of sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.44,0:10:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they are able to sense the sound, \Nand they are able to grow
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.70,0:10:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toward the source of the sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.76,0:10:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, they are able to \Nproduce a sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.73,0:10:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Clicking)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.73,0:10:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This kind of click is very amplified sound
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.75,0:10:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a growing ... growing roots.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.41,0:10:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when the roots during -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.25,0:10:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is just in real time, \Nso it's few times, few seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.12,0:11:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A growing root is producing\Nspecific sounds
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.52,0:11:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that probably are used \Nby the other root apex,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.90,0:11:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have information about\Nthe position of the roots in the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.88,0:11:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's go on to the second point,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.30,0:11:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the first level \Nof consciousness, space.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.03,0:11:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michio Kaku: And then finally\Nwe go into the reptilian brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.94,0:11:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I call level-one consciousness,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.61,0:11:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reptiles basically have \Na very good understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.36,0:11:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their position in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.11,0:11:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially because they have to\Nlunge out, and grab pray.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.48,0:11:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stefano: OK, so, reptiles are \Nvery well aware of the space.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.30,0:11:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this the same for the plants?\NLet's have a look.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.01,0:11:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a, uh, this is a cuscuta plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.15,0:11:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cuscuta plant is a parasitic plant
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.80,0:11:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that needs to find a host \Nin a very short time before dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.25,0:11:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see how this plant\Nis immediately directing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.34,0:12:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards the tomato plant, finds it\N
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.77,0:12:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and parasitising the tomato plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.09,0:12:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is quite trivial.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.19,0:12:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just a chemical driving \Nthe information up to the plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.78,0:12:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's volatile.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.81,0:12:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, look at this case.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.79,0:12:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the same plant \Nthat has to take a decision,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.74,0:12:27.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's in the middle,\Nbetween wheat and tomato.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.80,0:12:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all the time, it's choosing tomato.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.100,0:12:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, because tomato, it's\Nmuch much easier to parasitise.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.74,0:12:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if there is no tomato, \Neven wheat can work.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.14,0:12:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, and this is something simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.32,0:12:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's, let's do something \Na little bit more curious.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.49,0:12:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a bean in my lab\Nand this is a support. \N
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.29,0:13:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see how it is moving,\Nfor reaching the support.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.78,0:13:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I mean, this plant knows exactly\Nwhere the support is, the pole is.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.19,0:13:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's trying to do\Nall its best for reaching it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.47,0:13:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know if you can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.83,0:13:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the apex of the shoots\Nalready made a kind of hook
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.84,0:13:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the right position, even if the plant\Ndidn't touch until now, the support.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.07,0:13:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see also the movement,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.56,0:13:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a wonderful movement. \NIt's just, in this case, just passive,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.51,0:13:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just based on multi traders, \Nlook at the hook, in the apex.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.10,0:13:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, almost ...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.56,0:13:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eh?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.73,0:13:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another try, and it's not enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.21,0:13:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can almost feel the effort, no?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.39,0:14:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, and look at the leaves now, \Nthat they reach the support.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.52,0:14:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's much much quieter, calmer.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.64,0:14:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, so we know that the bean\Nis aware of the pole.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.76,0:14:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK? It's the result of something \Nmore impressive
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.23,0:14:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, look in this case,\NI am putting a pole among two beans.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.36,0:14:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there is the sensing phase.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.73,0:14:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know there is a pole\Nand they start to compete.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.29,0:14:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And look when the first one\Nis winning, the winner,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.36,0:14:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other one changes direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.81,0:14:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you can repeat \Nthis experiment 100 times,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.11,0:14:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 100 times you will get \Nthe same result.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.28,0:14:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this means that the second plant \Nis not just aware of the support,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.48,0:14:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also aware of another\Norganism, of another plant,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.27,0:15:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is aware of what \Nthe other plant is able to do. OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.67,0:15:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great. Social life.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.61,0:15:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michio Kaku: Then we have level-two \Nconsciousness, the monkey consciousness.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.24,0:15:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The consciousness of emotions, \Nsocial hierarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.59,0:15:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where are we in relationship to the tribe?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.41,0:15:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stefano: OK. I don't want to \Nspend too much time,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.46,0:15:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the social life of the plants\Nis very well known.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.95,0:15:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plants are social organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.95,0:15:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at any level of their evolution, \Nfrom Chlamydomonas -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.73,0:15:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a single algae, unicellular algae\Nthat shows weird behaviour.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.54,0:15:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, a kind of social movement \Nlike the one of the hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:50.16,0:15:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These winged shoots, look how\Nthey oscillate altogether.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.44,0:16:00.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, this is a, this is something\Nvery easy to do, but it's not easy at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.27,0:16:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need to be in sync\Nwith your neighbor to do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.27,0:16:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you need to be well aware of what \Nthe movement of your neighbors are.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.56,0:16:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And kin recognition.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.90,0:16:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something unbelievably interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.50,0:16:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we know that today \Nthat plants have different behaviour
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.80,0:16:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to the degree \Nof relativeness of the other plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.48,0:16:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, normally, for example, beans, \Nthe very common bean, are cooperating,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.26,0:16:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they are in the same pot, \Nthey are related.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.29,0:16:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when the two plants are unrelated,\Nthey are normally competing.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.86,0:16:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, in a wood, it's a huge network
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.48,0:16:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of plants interacting each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.94,0:17:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we know that -\Nthis is a graph showing that a single tree
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.04,0:17:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is linked to 47 different trees, \Nand they use
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.79,0:17:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this network for sharing information,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.35,0:17:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for sharing even food and water,\Nnutrients and water.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.89,0:17:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there is much more with plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.48,0:17:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have not too much\Ntime to show all of the -
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.85,0:17:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wonderful things about plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.03,0:17:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plants, for example, are able to memorize.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.39,0:17:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are able to memorize and to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.16,0:17:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We demonstrated just a few months ago \Nthat it's possible to teach
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.33,0:17:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mimosa sensitive plant \Nnot to close anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.81,0:17:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there is a non dangerous stimulus.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.15,0:17:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, this sensitive plant is able to \Nmaintain the information for 40 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.04,0:18:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I mean, the memory lasts \Nat least 40 days. That is a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.88,0:18:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the average, the memory \Nof an insect is just 24 hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.51,0:18:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even for me, 40 days is a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.68,0:18:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.75,0:18:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, it's amazing to see that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.23,0:18:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plants are able to\Nmaintain information for so long.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.41,0:18:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, just a last thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.07,0:18:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From my point of view,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.94,0:18:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,intelligence and consciousness are\Nreal biological phenomenons.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.27,0:18:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they can be studied, as real,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.92,0:18:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they need to be studied as \Nreal biological phenomenons.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.10,0:18:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's something\Nlike reproduction, I mean,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.05,0:18:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reproduction is completely different \Nin bacteria, phangiae, and humans. OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.36,0:18:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is a common background \N
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.47,0:18:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that means that the phenomenon \Nis reproduction,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.10,0:19:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the same for intelligence, \Nit's different, but always the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.63,0:19:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.71,0:19:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)